Understanding Students With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
description
Transcript of Understanding Students With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Understanding Students With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
Video
http://www.chadd.org/Content/CHADD/EspeciallyForPress/CHADD_video.htmhttp://www.chadd.org/Content/CHADD/EspeciallyForPress/CHADD_video.htm
IDEA Category
ADHD is a subcategory under Other Health Impaired– Has limited strength, vitality, or alertness,
including a heightened alertness with respect to the educational environment that
• Is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Adversely affects a child’s educational performance
Kids with ADHD
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rcy2jF1EXjk&feature=related
Prevalence One of the most frequent reasons children are referred to guidance clinics 3-7% of the school- age children suffer from ADHD – In a class of 25-30 students at least 1 student will
have ADHDOccurs more frequently in boys than girls; boys are 3 times more likely to be diagnosed– Boys exhibit noticeable hyperactive and impulsive
behaviors– Girls exhibit inattentive behavior
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Definition– Two types
• Inattention• Hyperactivity-Impulsivity
DSM-IV Classification– ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type– ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type– ADHD, Combined Type
Inattention Refers To:
Consistent (over 6 months) and highly inappropriate levels of at least six of the following:– Failing to pay close attention to details and
making careless mistakes that are inconsistent with child’s developmental level
– Failing to sustain attention to tasks and/or play activities
Inattention Refers To (continued)
– Failing to listen, even when spoken to directly
– Failing to complete tasks– Having difficulty with organization– Resisting to work on tasks that require
sustained attention– Losing materials and objects– Becoming easily distracted– Being forgetful
Hyperactivity Refers To
Consistent (over 6 months) and highly inappropriate levels of at least six of the following:– Hyperactivity
• Fidgeting or squirming• Having a difficult time remaining and seated in class• Running or climbing excessively when it’s not
appropriate• Having difficulty playing quietly• Acting a though he/she is “driven by a motor”• Talking too much
Impulsivity Refers To
Consistent (over 6 months) and highly inappropriate levels of at least six of the following:– Blurting out answers– Difficulty waiting for their turn– Interrupting others or butting into activities
Onset of inattention and/or hyperactivity should be present before age 7 and in two or more separate settings.
Simulation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCbrQp3MIwc&feature=related
Characteristics of ADHD
Poor sustained attention or vigilance
Impulsive or poor delay of gratification
Hyperactivity or poorly regulated activity
Diminished rule-governed behavior
Increased variability of task performance
Is ADHD Caused by…
A lack of will or self-controlParents who don’t discipline their childrenWatching too much TV or playing video gamesDietary issues such as too much sugarLiving in a fast-paced, stressful culture
Some Known CausesHeredity– Greater than 50% likelihood if have a parent with
ADHD– 5 to 7 times greater chance if sibling has ADHD
Structures of the brain– Frontal lobe, cerebellum and basal ganglia
Biological cause– Prenatal (exposure to cigarette smoke, lead, alcohol)– Perinatal (complications at delivery)– Postnatal (brain infections)
Affected Brain
There are 3 areas of the brain that have consistent abnormalities in people with ADHD– Prefrontal Lobes– Frontal Lobes– Basal Ganglia
Each of these areas are smaller in children and adults, abnormality shows more in the right side of the brain than other parts.
Prefrontal Lobes, Frontal Lobes, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum and Corpus Callosum
Prefrontal, Frontal Lobes– Regulates behavior
Basal Ganglia– Involves control of motor behavior and
coordinationCerebellum– Also responsible for coordination and motor
behavior controlCorpus Callosum– Connects left and right hemispheres of the brain,
necessary for communication between them.
Hereditary FactorsFamily Studies– If a parent has ADHD there is a 57% chance their child will
have ADHD– If a child has ADHD there is a 32% chance their sibling will
also have ADHD Twin Studies – If and identical twin and a fraternal twin have ADHD, the
second identical twin is more likely to have ADHD than the second fraternal twin
Molecular Genetic Studies– There is no specific gene that causes ADHD, it is a
combination of several genes.
Toxins & Medical Factors
Fetal alcohol and tobacco use by a mother puts the child at a higher risk of ADHD due to toxins Birth complications and low birthweight are also associated with ADHD– Low birthweight is caused by smoking
Coexisting Conditions
ADHD often occurs simultaneously with other behavioral and/or learning problems25% to 50% of people with ADHD also exhibit some form of emotional or behavioral disorderIn addition, persons with ADHD run a higher risk than the general population for substance abuseAdolescents with ADHD are more likely to experiment prematurely with alcohol, tobacco or illicit drugs. Not exactly known why this is.
Medication as Treatment
Stimulant medication• Ritalin• Dexadrine• Adderall• Cylert• Concerta
Medication is only one aspect of a treatment plan
Medication Issues
http://www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd_medications.htm
Educational Interventions
Use novelty in instruction and directions
Maintain a schedule
Prepare students for transitions and provide support in completing transitions
Emphasize time limits
Educational Interventions
Provide organizational assistanceProvide rewards consistently and oftenBe brief and clearArrange the environment to facilitate attentionProvide optimal stimulationAllow for movement and postures other than sitting
Educational Interventions
Keep homework assignments separate from unfinished school workUse homework as practice for materials that have already been taughtIdentify the minimum amount to demonstrate learningProvide timelines for tasks associates with long-term assignments