Understanding RDF: the Resource Description Framework in Context (1999)
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The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
1
Institute for Learning and Research Technology
Understanding RDFThe Resource Description Framework in Context
Dan Brickley ILRT, University of Bristol
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
Outline• RDF overview (origin, aims…)
• target applications
• components of RDF– RDF data model– RDF syntax (in XML)– RDF vocabularies (schemas)
• current status
• issues and challenges
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF origins
• W3C Metadata Activity 1997-1999
• PICS (Internet content selection)
• Warwick Framework / Dublin Core
• XML (XML Data, Channels etc)
• MCF (Apple, Netscape)
• PICS-NG Working Group
• URI specification for Web identifiers
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF - architectural aims
• W3C Metadata needs: PICS,Dsig, DC
• Defines a convention for applications that exchange metadata on the Web
• XML used for ‘serialisation syntax’
• Vocabulary semantics defined by communities of expertise, not W3C
• Fine-grained mixing of diverse metadata
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
What is RDF, really? “Resource Description Framework”
• Resources: things that can be named with URIs (http, urn, doi...)• Description: statements about the properties of these resources• Framework: a common model for diversity
Builds on: URI for identifiers, XML for syntax (file format)URI: Uniform Resource IdentifiersXML: Extensible Markup Language
Self Describing! - a framework for describing resources...
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
Target applications• resource discovery, indexing, cataloging
• privacy, preferences, user profiles
• sitemaps / web collections
• content rating, filtering, trust (Dsig/PICS)
• intellectual property rights...
What can these diverse applications have in common?
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
Syntax: RDF uses XML(What does RDF add to XML?)
<XML> Extensible Markup Language </XML>
•A simple universal file format
•RDF adds interpretation rules: what does this data tell us?
•XML/RDF uses URIs to unambiguously name vocabularies
When we see XML using the RDF syntax, we can interpret the markup as making statements about the named properties of Web resources. Even if we’ve never heard of that vocabulary...
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF / Dublin Core example…
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.0/” > <rdf:Description about="http://docs” > <dc:creator> Joe Smith </dc:creator> </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF Model = Warwick Framework ?• No single vocabulary can describe it all...
• Dublin Core (common ‘discovery’ core)
• IMS Metadata (educational content)
• V-Card (data about people)
• Classification systems (thesauri etc.)
• Industry specific (eg. XMLNews.org)
• (your metadata application here…)
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF data model - example
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF data model: details...
R1 R2Nodes are resources connected
by named propertiesP1
R1 “foo” The degenerate case is an arc terminating in a fixed value
P1
R1 R2 R3
R6R4
An RDF description consists of a directed
graph of arbitrary complexity
R7
R5
R8
P1 P2
P3 P4 P5
P6
P7
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF model: one simple idea...(the same idea that underpins the Web)
“The most fundamental specification of Web architecture, while one of the simpler, is that of the Universal Resource Identifier, or URI. The principle that anything, absolutely anything, ‘on the Web’ should identified distinctly is core.” (Tim Berners-Lee)
RDF aims to build a Web of overlapping metadata vocabularies
We use URIs to define metadata vocabularies
We build ‘graphs’ using these vocabularies to say things...
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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The common model: Why use “Nodes and Arcs”?• Arbitrarily extensible (just add more arcs!)
• ‘Node and arc’ model can use multiple vocabularies, distinguished by URI
• We can disagree about semantics, but share infrastructure (syntax, query, editors)
• URIs create market for data merging, aggregation, annotation and filtering services
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RDF Schema Specification
• RDF schemas are Web resources (and have URIs) and can be described using RDF
• RDF properties (size, colour, price, creator...) describe resources and their relationships
• Resources are grouped into classes, which can be organised hierarchically
• Properties ‘make sense’ in context of certain classes of Web resource, eg. ‘sizeInBytes’
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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RDF Schema: example
rdfs:Resource
xyz:MotorVehicle rdfs:Class
s s
t
t
xyz:Truck
s
t
xyz:PassengerVehicle
s = rdfs:subClassOf t = rdf:type
xyz:Van s
s
xyz:MiniVan s
s
t
t
t
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
RDF Schema: extensibility• properties and classes in an RDF schema have URIs• Things with URIs can be described in RDF• A foundation for mapping between vocabularies
http://mymetadata.vocab.org/author
--- rdfs:subPropertyOf --->
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.0/Creator
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Current Status
• Model and Syntax is now W3C Recommendation
• RDF Schema is a Proposed Recommendation
• RDF Query - likely future work
• Tools are becoming available...
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
Getting started…W3C Site: http://www.w3.org/RDF/
RDF-DEV developers listhttp://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/discovery/rdf-dev/Several RDF parsers now available (Perl, Java...)
Netscape / Mozilla RDF implementation http://www.mozilla.org/rdf/doc/
Applications are starting to appear...
The Institute for Learning and Research Technology is a national centre of excellence in the development and use of technology-based methods in teaching, learning and research
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Institute for Learning and Research Technology
For discussion... What is the URI of a person? Of a museum
artifact? Of a Web site or page or alternate-language version of that page?
E-commerce will require unambiguity.
Progress with URIs needed
- RDF alone can’t fix the Web...