UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10 TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman...
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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10 TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt 1 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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Transcript of UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10 TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman...
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10TH EDITIONBy Robert FeldmanPowerpoint slides by Kimberly ForemanRevised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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MODULE 1: Psychologists at Work
What is the science of psychology?
What are the major specialties in the field of psychology?
Where do psychologists work?
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MODULE 1: Psychologists at Work
Definition of Psychology› Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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MODULE 1: Psychologists at Work
Subfields of Psychology:› Psychology’s Family Tree
Separated by the basic questions about behavior that they address
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What Are the Biological Foundations of Behavior?
Behavioral Neuroscience› Examines how the brain and the nervous system
– as well as other biological processes – determine behavior
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How Do People Sense, Perceive, Learn, and Think About the World?
Experimental Psychology› Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving,
learning, and thinking about the world› Subspecialty
Cognitive psychology
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What Are the Sources of Change and Stability in Behavior Across the Life Span?
Developmental Psychology› Studies how people grow and change from the
moment of conception through death
Personality Psychology › Focuses on the consistency in people’s behavior
over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another 9
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How Do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health?
Health Psychology› Explores the relationship between psychological
factors and physical ailments or disease
Clinical Psychology› Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of
psychological disorders10
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How Do Psychological Factors Affect Physical and Mental Health?
Counseling Psychology› Focuses primarily on educational, social, and
career-adjustment problems
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How Do Our Social Networks Affect Behavior?
Social Psychology› Study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and
actions are affected by others
Cross-Cultural Psychology› Investigates the similarities and differences in
psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups
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Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers
Evolutionary Psychology› Considers how behavior is influenced by our
genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Behavioral Genetics› Seeks to understand how we might inherit certain
behavioral traits and how the environment influences whether we actually display such traits
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Expanding Psychology’s Frontiers
Clinical Neuropsychology› Unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical
psychology› Focuses on the origin of psychological disorders
in biological factors
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Psychologists: A Portrait
Today, ~75% of new psychology doctorates are earned by women.
Vast majority of psychologists in the United States are white› 6 percent are members of racial minority groups› Limiting diversity of the field
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The Education of a Psychologist
Ph.D.› Doctor of philosophy
Psy.D.› Doctor of psychology
M.A. or M.S. › Master’s degree
B.A. or B.S.› Bachelor’s degree
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Careers for Psychology Majors
Most common areas of employment are in social services:› Administrator› Counseling› Provision of direct care
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MODULE 2: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future
What are the origins of psychology?
What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology?
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The Roots of Psychology
Structuralism› Wilhelm Wundt› Focused on uncovering the fundamental mental
components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities Introspection
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The Roots of Psychology
Functionalism› William James› Concentrated on what the mind does and how
behavior functions Stream of consciousness
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The Roots of Psychology
Gestalt Psychology› Hermann Ebbinghaus › Max Wertheimer› Emphasized how perception is organized › “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”
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Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers
Margaret Floy Washburn › First woman to receive a doctorate in psychology
Leta Stetter Hollingworth› One of the first psychologists to focus on child
development and on women’s issues
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Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers
Mary Calkins› Studied memory › First female president of the American
Psychological Association
Karen Horney› Focused on the social and cultural factors behind
personality
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Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers
June Etta Downey› First woman to head a psychology department at
a state university
Anna Freud› Notable contributions to the treatment of
abnormal behavior
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Women in Psychology: Founding Mothers
Mamie Phipps Clark› Pioneered work on how children of color grew to
recognize racial differences
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Today’s Perspectives
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The Neuroscience Perspective: Blood, Sweat, and Fears
Neuroscience Perspective› Considers how people and nonhumans function
biologically
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The Psychodynamic Perspective: Understanding the Inner Person
Psychodynamic Perspective› Sigmund Freud› Behavior is motivated by inner forces and
conflicts about which we have little awareness or control
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The Behavioral Perspective: Observing the Outer Person
Behavioral Perspective› John B. Watson› B. F. Skinner› Focuses on observable behavior that can be
measured objectively
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The Cognitive Perspective: Identifying the Roots of Understanding
Cognitive Perspective› Focuses on how people think, understand, and
know about the world Information processing
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The Humanistic Perspective: The Unique Qualities of the Human Species
Humanistic Perspective› Carl Rogers› Abraham Maslow› Emphasis is on free will› Achieving self-fulfillment
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MODULE 3: Psychology’s Key Issues and Controversies
What are psychology’s key issues and controversies?
What is the future of psychology likely to hold?
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Key Issues
Nature versus Nurture
Conscious versus Unconscious Causes of Behavior
Observable Behavior versus Internal Mental Processes
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Key Issues
Free Will versus Determinism
Individual Differences versus Universal Principles
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Psychology’s Future
Psychology will become increasingly specialized and new perspectives will evolve
Neuroscientific approaches will likely influence other branches of psychology
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Psychology’s Future
Influence on issues of public interest will grow
Issues of diversity will become more important to psychologists providing services and doing research
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