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Transcript of Understanding Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Academic Biology 20CD/0076.JPG.
![Page 1: Understanding Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Academic Biology 20CD/0076.JPG.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551a569a55034643688b4796/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Understanding PhotosynthesisChapter 8
Academic Biology
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
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Did you know
?
![Page 3: Understanding Photosynthesis Chapter 8 Academic Biology 20CD/0076.JPG.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551a569a55034643688b4796/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS
began centuries ago with this
simple question:
When a tiny seed grows into a
huge plant, where does all the
“new plant” come from?http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered
it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________
__________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________.
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added!
In 1643-a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling.
Jan Van Helmont
seedling hadgained
soil unchanged
WATER
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html
Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something hecouldn’t see…__________________ from the air.carbon dioxide
water carbonCarbohydrates
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT1771- An English minister,
_________________________,
discovered that a flame burning
in a closed jar would die out.
If he placed a __________ in the
jar and allowed a few days to
pass, the candle could be lit again.
The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up
http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_7.htmlhttp://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_8.html
We now know it was …____________OXYGEN
Joseph Priestley
live plant
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1779
Dutch scientist ________________________
showed Priestley’s plant experiment only
worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ !
http://www.rgg.og.schule-bw.de/Dokus/d-faech/Biologie/Klasse%208/Bilder/Fotosynthese/Ingenhousz-Netz.JPG
Jan Ingenhousz
light
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EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT
1961- American chemist ________________________
received the Nobel prize for
figuring out the
chemical _______________
used by plants to make sugar
http://www.bookrags.com/Melvin_Calvin
Melvin Calvin
pathway
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Calvincycle.html
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THE BIG PICTUREThese experiments led to work by later
scientists who finally discovered that in the
presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water
into carbohydrates and release oxygen.
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
6 CO2_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2→
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In addition to water and carbon dioxide,
__________________
and
__________________
are needed for photosynthesis to happen.
chlorophyll
light energy
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm
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____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction.
Photosynthesis
consumed
Reaction 1 → Product → X
Reaction 2 → Product Y
A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________
biochemical pathway
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See a video about PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8B
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PHOTOSYNTHESISLIGHT ENERGY
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Did you know
?
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http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html
http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg
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Visible light is made up of many different_______________of light
Your eyes “see”different sizes ofwaves as different ___________
http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg
wavelengths
colors
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Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis,
BUT . . . .
Myth:
Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif
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BUT… We “see” reflected light
Light wavelengths that are ___________
off of objects bounce back to our eyes .
That is the ___________ we “see”
Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html
REFLECTED
COLOR
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This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue.
_______ light is ____________ to your eyes and itlooks BLUE
http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg
exceptabsorbs ALL
BLUEreflected
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The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of thecolors __________________________
Red wavelengths are_________________ to your eyes and theshirt looks RED
http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9
except red
reflectedGO CATS!
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Objects “look BLACK” because blackdye ________________ of thewavelengths of light.
When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave.
That is why wearing a blackT-shirt in the summer feelswarmer than wearing a white t-shirt.
http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif
absorbs ALL
ENERGY
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The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light.
_______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing whiteclothing is “cooler”.
REFLECTS ALL
LITTLE
http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gifhttp://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg
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Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING?
Images by: VanderWal
yellowPurple & yellow
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green
Image by: VanderWal
Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect?
So green leaves____________ thegreen wavelength of light.
REFLECT
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________.
pigments
By: VanderWal
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The main energy absorbing moleculein green plants is___________________
_________________ are plant pigments too.(These look yellow, orange, and red)
CAROTENOIDS
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg
CHLOROPHYLL
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GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______the other colors and leaves usually look green
ALL THE TIME
hides
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In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter.
FALL
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm
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Then we can see thecarotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll
http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg
HIDDEN
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll a absorbs the_____ & ________wavelengths best.
It absorbs very little ______ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red violet
Blue
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
There are two types of chlorophyll__________________ & ___________________
Chlorophyll babsorbs some ______light and even more_________ light.
Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b
red
Blue-violet
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red
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT!GREEN
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That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN…..
Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light!
http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg
REFLECTS
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That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______;
so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy.
http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1
USE MORE
ABSORB
DOESN’T
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Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
© Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved.
SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
THE ONESCHLOROPHYLLABSORBS THE BEST________ and_______________
red
Blue-violet
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Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light.
ENERGY
ABSORBS
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ENERGY & ELECTRONS
When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferredto electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif
http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif
HIGH ENERGY ____________make photosynthesis work!
ELECTRONS
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Any Questions
?
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Where does Photosynthesis
happen?
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
= sac-like
photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids
membranes
inside chloroplast
THYLAKOIDSGRANUM (pl. grana)
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
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SPACESTHYLAKOIDSPACE
STROMA
cytoplasm
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
Gel-filled spaceInside the thylakoid
sac
Gel-filled space inside
chloroplast surrounding
thylakoid sac
Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS
Proteins that are part of the thylakoid
membrane organize
________________________________ into clusters called _____________________PHOTOSYSTEMS
http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG
Light absorbing PIGMENTS
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LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS
Molecule that carries
= _______
Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS
= ___________
ATP
NADP+
Images by Riedell
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________ + _____ + _____ → ____________
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too
____________ is one
of the carriers that
cells use to transport
high energy electrons.
NADP+
2 e- H+
_______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-Independent
Reactions
Light & Water
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
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LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
PHOTOSYSTEM II
ATP SYNTHASE
↓
↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
ELECTRON TRANSPORTSYSTEM
↓INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE
OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA
Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
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PHOTOSYSTEM II
It was discovered and named 1st
↓
↓
PHOTOSYSTEM I
WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I?
Image modified from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
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See a video clip about the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION
(Part 2) 8D
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Molecules moveautomatically from“where there’s high
[ ]” to “where there’s low [
]”
Animatioin from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif
REMEMBER
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REMEMBER Diffusion happens anytime
there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another
= ________________________CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
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REMEMBER
…as long as membrane will let molecule through
Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO
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LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
SEE A MOVIEATP SYNTHASEIN ACTION
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
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LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONRequires ______________
Molecules are part of ________________
Made up of __________________
connected by ______________________
& ___________________
Uses light energy to change
ADP + P → _______
NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________
Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________
LIGHT
ATP
THYLAKOID membranes
PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
NADPHH20
oxygen
ATP SYNTHASE
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light-IndependentReactions
CALVIN CYCLE
Light & Water
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW
Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall
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CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon SugarProduced
Calvin Cycle
See Calvin cycleanimation
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CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________)
____________ require ____________
Happens in _________ between thylakoidsNADPH donates _______________
ATP donates _________________
CO2 donates ______________ to make __________
LIGHT
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
ENERGY
STROMAHydrogen + electrons
Carbon & oxygenGLUCOSE
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
DOES NOT
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis____________________
Water is one of the raw materials needed, so
A shortage of water can ________________
photosynthesis
AMOUNT OF WATER
http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG
Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss.
slow or stop
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C
At temperatures above or below
this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop
Conifers in winter may carry outphotosynthesis only occasionally
TEMPERATURE
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Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
____________________
More light increases rate of photosynthesis
up to a certain level until plant reaches its
maximum rate of photosynthesis
LIGHT INTENSITY
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THE BIG PICTUREPHOTOSYNTHESIS provides
the _____________ we breathe
and the __________
heterotrophs (like us)
consume to survive
_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________
Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen
OXYGEN
sugars
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Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Concept Map
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Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place intakes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Light-dependentreactions
Calvin cycle
Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from
sunlight
ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars
Section 8-3
Concept Map