Understanding Knowledge Chapter 2
Transcript of Understanding Knowledge Chapter 2
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Understanding
Knowledge
Chapter 2
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Chapter 2: Understanding Knowledge
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Overview
Definitions
Cognition
Expert KnowledgeHuman Thinking and Learning
Implications for Management
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Definitions
Knowledge: Understanding gained through
experience or study know-how
Intelligence: Capacity to acquire and apply
knowledge; thinking and reasoning; ability tounderstand and use language
Memory: Ability to store and retrieve relevant
experience at will; part of intelligence
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Definitions
Learning: Knowledge acquired byinstruction or study; consequence ofintelligent problem solving
Experience: Relates to what wevedone and to knowledge; experienceleads to expertise
Common Sense: Unreflective opinionsof ordinary people
Heuristic: A rule of thumb based onyears of experience
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Data, Information, and
KnowledgeData: Unorganized and unprocessed
facts; static; a set of discrete facts about
events Information: Aggregation of data that
makes decision making easier
Knowledge is derived from information inthe same way information is derived fromdata; it is a persons range of information
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Data, Information, and
Knowledge Data is a set of discrete facts about events
Information becomes knowledge with questions
like what implications does this information havefor my final decision?
Knowledge is understanding of informationbased on its perceived importance
Knowledge, not information, can lead to acompetitive advantage in business
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Types of Knowledge
Shallow (readily recalled) and deep
(acquired through years of experience)
Explicit (codified) and tacit (embedded inthe mind)
Procedural (psychomotor skills) versus
episodical (chunked by episodes;autobiographical)
Chunking knowledge
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Knowledge as Know-How
Know-how distinguishes an expert from
a novice
Experts represent their know-how interms of heuristics, based on
experience
Know-how is not book knowledge; it ispractical experience
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Reasoning and Heuristics
Humans reason in a variety of ways:
Reasoning by analogy: relating one
concept to anotherFormal reasoning: using deductive or
inductive methods
Case-based reasoning: reasoning fromrelevant past cases
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Deductive and inductive
reasoningDeductive reasoning: exact reasoning.
It deals with exact facts and exact
conclusions
Inductive reasoning: reasoning from a
set of facts or individual cases to a
general conclusion
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FROM PROCEDURAL TO EPISODIC KNOWLEDGE
Shallow Procedural Knowledge
Knowledge
Knowledgeof how to do a task that is essentially motorin
nature; the same knowledge isused overandover again.
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Declarative Knowledge
Surface-type information thatis available inshort-term memoryand easily verbalized;useful inearly stages
of knowledgecapture butless so in later stages.
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SemanticKnowledge
Hierarchically organized knowledgeof concepts, facts,
and relationshipsamong facts.
_______________________________________________ EpisodicKnowledge
Knowledgethat is organized by temporal spatial means,
not by conceptsor relations;experiential informationthat
is chunked by episodes. This knowledge ishighly compiled
Deep and autobiographical and is not easy to extractor capture.
Knowledge
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EXPLICIT AND TACIT
KNOWLEDGE Explicitknowledge: knowledge codified and
digitized in books, documents, reports,
memos, etc. Tacitknowledge: knowledge embedded in
the human mind through experience and jobs
Tacit and explicit knowledge have been
expressed in terms of knowing-how andknowing-that, respectively
Understanding what knowledge is makes iteasier to understand that knowledge hoarding
is basic to human nature.
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Knowledge As An Attribute of
Expertise An expert in a specialized area masters therequisite knowledge
The unique performance of a knowledgeable
expert is clearly noticeable in decision-making quality
Knowledgeable experts are more selective inthe information they acquire
Experts are beneficiaries of the knowledgethat comes from experience
See Figure 2.5 next: academic knowledgecontributes to conceptual knowledgea
prerequisite for practical knowledge
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Human Learning
Learning occurs in one of three ways:
Learning by experience: a function of timeand talent
Learning by example: more efficient thanlearning by experience
Learning by discovery: undirected approachin which humans explore a problem area with
no advance knowledge of what their objectiveis.
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Understanding
Knowledge
Chapter 2