Understanding IntervalsAny study of harmony must begin with intervals. Intervals are the musical unit of measurementbetween two notes. In the same way that we have inches, feet and yards to determine the exactdistance from one point to another, intervals define the exact distance from one note to another.

The Diatonic Intervals

Diatonic means notes that belong to a scale or stay within the restrictions of a specific scale suchas the major scale.

If we write out the C major scale in two octaves we will have:

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R 2 3 4 5 6 7

octave� 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

double octave� 15

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By measuring the distance from C to every scale degree, we would come up with the following in-tervals:

�Perfect Unison Major Second Major Third Perfect Fourth Perfect Fifth Major Sixth Major Seventh Perfect Octave

�Major Ninth Major Tenth Perfect Eleventh Perfect Fifth Major Thirteenth Major Seventh Perfect Fifteenth

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Notice that fifths and sevenths are usually called the same thing in any octave.

The next area of classification involves chromatic notes. Notice that all of the previous intervals –the perfect and major – relate directly to the diatonic notes of the major scale.

Any interval we name could contain notes written many ways enharmonically. The specific way anote is written is critical when figuring the name of the corresponding interval.

Chromatic intervals are determined by raising or lowering the diatonic notes of a major scale by ahalf-step, which is the distance of one fret on the bass guitar. Here’s an example:

The Chromatic Intervals

Look at the diatonic interval chart and notice the major second interval. Because we’veestablished that C going up to D is a major second, this means that if we have C going upto any kind of a D (sharp or flat), it will become some kind of a 2nd interval. The only dif-ference is that we will use a different adjective to describe what kind of second it will be.

1

The following diagram will outline a visual overview of how the diatonic scale degrees of a majorscale can be raised or lowered and which adjective is used in each instance:

Although many possibilities exist (for example: the interval of C up to Eb is a minor 3rd, while C upto D# is an augmented 2nd) the most common way of relating to the twelve possible chromatictones is like this:

� Minor Second Major Second Minor Third Major Third

� Perfect FourthAugmented Fourth

Diminished Fifth Perfect Fifth

Augmented Fifth

Minor Sixth

�Major Sixth

Diminished Seventh Minor Seventh Major Seventh Perfect Octave

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Chromatic Intervals Master Chart

Interval Construction in Half-Steps

Number of Half-Steps Interval Name 0 Perfect Unison 1 Minor Second 2 Major Second 3 Minor Third 4 Major Third 5 Perfect Fourth 6 Augmented Fourth or Diminished Fifth 7 Perfect Fifth 8 Augmented Fifth or Minor Sixth 9 Major 6th or Diminished Seventh 10 Minor Seventh 11 Major Seventh 12 Perfect Octave

To construct intervals using half steps, visualise your fretboard and start by counting the first noteas zero (0). From there count in half steps until you reach the correct number for the interval thatyou want. For example, to find a minor 6th interval above D, count D as zero (0), Eb as 1, E as 2,F as 3, F# as 4, G as 5, Ab as 6, A as 7 and Bb as 8. Check with the half step chart above andyou will discover that there are 8 half steps in a minor 6th interval. You will also notice that theaugmented 5th has 8 half steps. The procedure to check for the correct letter name is by relatingto the diatonic notes of the major scale. Because D to B is a major 6th, D to Bb will become aminor 6th. Similarly, D to A is a perfect 5th, which indicates that D to A# will become an aug-mented fifth. The way in which we count scale degrees is different to the way that we count halfsteps. When counting half steps the starting note is referred to as zero (0), whereas when count-ing scale degrees the starting note is counted as one (1).

Inverting Intervals

When you invert an interval:

• Major becomes Minor• Minor becomes Major• Augmented becomes Diminished• Diminished becomes Augmented• Perfect remains Perfect

• 2nds become 7ths• 7ths become 2nds• 3rds become 6ths• 6ths become 3rds• 4ths become 5ths• 5ths become 4ths

� Minor 2nd Major 7th

� Major 2nd Minor 7th

� Minor 3rd Major 6th

� Major 3rd Minor 6th

� Perfect 4th Perfect 5th

� Augmented 4th Diminished 5th

� Perfect 5h Perfect 4th

� Minor 6th Major 3rd

� Major 6th Minor 3rd

� Minor 7th Major 2nd

� Major 7th Minor 2nd

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Interval Fretboard Studies

All intervals up to a perfect 5th above the octave can be found within a five fret span either side ofa given note. In the following example we can measure the distance from C to every note in thissequence. This covers the distance between the root (C) on the E-string to the minor 2nd (Db) onthe A-string moving up to the major 6th (A).

In the next example we cover the distance from the root (C) on the E-string to the diminished 5th(Gb) on the D-string moving up to the major 9th (D).

This next exercise covers the distance from the root (C) on the E-string to the major 7th (B) on theG-string moving up to the perfect 5th (G) above the octave. Please note that Db will be a minor9th; D will be a major 9th; Eb a minor 10th; E a major 10th and F a perfect 11th. 5ths and 7thsusually are called 5ths and 7ths in any octave.

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Write out the Chromatic Master Chart in every key! Mentally practice these intervallic relationshipsaway from your instrument. Then practice fretboard intervallic relationships in all keys. All MusicTheory problems will bring you back to intervals, so with that in mind it is essential that you knowthis information like you know your own name!

Understanding Key Signatures © Joe Hubbard Bass 2011 All Rights Reserved Cool Free Bass Stuff

Understanding Key Signatures

Every major scale (with the exception of the C major scale) and its relative minor scale will have from

one to seven sharps or flats. A collection of predetermined sharps and flats that represent the major

and minor keys (tonalities) are presented at the beginning of a composition to indicate to the reader

which notes are to be sharped or flatted throughout the music. For example, the key of Eb major

has three flats: Bb, Eb, and Ab; therefore, the “key signature” that is placed at the beginning of the

piece of music communicates to the player that all B’s, E’s and A’s are to be flatted automatically

unless they are preceded by another accidental such as a natural sign or a double flat.

There are seven different notes in each major and relative minor scale. The key of C major (A minor)

has no sharps or flats, but it is possible to either flat all seven notes in a scale or sharp all seven

notes in a scale. With that said, there are fifteen different key signatures that represent all the

major and relative minor key areas.

The following table illustrates how the fifteen key signatures relate to the number of accidentals; the

order of accidentals and the corresponding key names for both major and relative minor tonalities.

Understanding Key Signatures © Joe Hubbard Bass 2011 All Rights Reserved Cool Free Bass Stuff

Useful Tip: When learning to memorize the different key signatures, the last sharp in all of the sharp

keys will be the seventh (7th) degree of the scale or a semi tone below the root note.

Useful Tip: The second to the last flat in each flat key is the name of the key. Because the key of F

major (D minor) only has one flat, you’ll just have to remember that one!