Understanding Communication and Cognition and Students with special needs
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Transcript of Understanding Communication and Cognition and Students with special needs
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Understanding Communication and Cognition and Students with special
needsAlice Hammel, Virginia Commonwealth and James Madison
Universities
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The Basics of a Label-free Approach
• Use labels to gain general information
• Concentrate on Music Teaching and Learning
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Teaching Music to students with autism
• Follows same approach
• Domains
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CommunicationThe Communication Domain
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Communication“The ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts of verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbol systems” (Heflin & Alamo)
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Communication Process
Receive Information
Understand and Process Information
Commit to Long Term Memory
Express Understanding
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Receptive LanguageReceptive language refers to the ability of a
student to receive and process/decode information.
Receptive Language
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Expressive Language
Expressive Language
Expressive language is defined as the ability to use symbols of language to express thoughts
(Lewis & Doorlag, 2006)
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Specific challengesWithin the Communication Domain
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Eye contact
• Gather information
• Indicate interests and emotions
• The intent of others can be very confusing
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Why? • Attention has been drawn elsewhere• Anxiety related to the expectations of the
classroom at the moment• Sensory input needs (hypo or hyper)• Delay in cognitive processing necessary to
comprehend or retain information
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Joint attention• Attending to the interest of
others
• This can be extremely difficult.
• Some students are not interested in engaging with others, their objects, or situations.
• An inability to process via eye gaze, theory of mind, or other means can exacerbate joint attention miscues.
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Accommodation/Modification EXAMPLEs
• Provide simple and clear instructions. Individual instructions for a specific student can be very helpful.
• Partner written instructions with other modalities (aural, kinesthetic)
• Establish a communication journal between you, the special education team, and the parents/guardians (if possible).
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Accommodation/Modification EXAMPLEs
• Utilize digital video and audio recordings for students to take home and practice
• Communicate instructions in a multi-modal way
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Alternative Communication
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The Skoog
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Other Alternatives• Big Mack (able net)• Sign Language• Clickers
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Makey makey
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Social Stories• As individual books
• Using pictures of the student
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Let’s Make Music
• I Love My Little Rooster
• Ultimate Guitar (hold hand)
• Find your Family (rhythm/solfege)
• Hungry Caterpillar
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Hungry caterpillar
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CognitionThe Cognitive Domain
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Cognitive Domain• The ability of a student to receive, process,
and commit information to memory • (Davis, Gfeller, and Thaut, 1999)
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Cognitive Domain
Receive through sensory receptors (i.e. ears, eyes, etc.)
Understand and process information
Commit to long term memory
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Central Coherence
• Central Coherence Theory
• Focus on the local rather than the global aspects of an object of interest
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Theory of mind
• Trouble predicting actions, intent by assuming beliefs or state of mind
• Tone of voice
• Often cannot understand looks, glances, figures of speech, tone of voice, etc.
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Executive Function• Motor Planning
• Multi-step directions
• Megacognition
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Strategies for Music Teachers (all levels)
• Observe student in other settings and specifically attend to cognitive issues
• Self-assess delivery of material during class/rehearsal• Are there ways to make the cognitive process easier
for the student
• Discuss and strategize with the special education team and parents
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Accommodation Modification EXAMPLEs
• Modify projects, assignments, and exams to include less material but the same expectations (if possible)
• Provide peer support for re-directing or simplifying directions
• Allow for pull out time with a peer or team teacher to reinforce understanding
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Accommodation Modification EXAMPLEs (secondary performance)
• Have a student perform only what he can contribute to a meaningful performance.
• Provide material well in advance.
• Rehearse a segment and allow a student to practice this exact segment individually before continuing in the piece.
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Elementary Activities to strengthen the cognitive domain
• Jack in the Box• Lucky Stuff
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Active Social Engagement
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Challenges• Little interest in objects of
people
• May not play simple interaction games
• May not laugh or smile in response to positive statements
• Limited interest in social speech, imitation, and joint attention
• Lack of social function or understanding of social cues
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Socialization and Academic Progress
• Social communication and academic progress are inherently linked
• We learn by observing others and through witnessing the outcomes of those behaviors
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Fundamentals of Social Development
• Social speech• Collaborative play• Eye contact• Joint attention
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Let’s make music!Pass the Ball
We are the Dinosaurs
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Other Challenges for Students with special needs
• Language Delays
• Age Appropriate Interests
• Difficulty interpreting behaviors and emotions
• Difficulty interpreting facial expressions that include emotion
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Socialization Strategies
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Considerations for lesson planning
• Imitation
• Fine motor movements
• Motor planning
• Taking turns on instruments
• Performing partner songs
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Social Stories• As individual books
• Using pictures of the student modeling appropriate social behavior
• “Setting up” social scenarios
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Lets make music!Lucy Locket
Great Big House in New Orleans
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Strategies for Educators
• Eye Contact
• Appropriate Responses
• Joint Attention
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Interest• Finding interests
that connect students
• May not be typical or age appropriate
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I love to Laugh
• The Prism Project
• Theory of Mind (revisited)
• What is means to be funny
• Telling Jokes
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I love to laugh
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Other considerations• Appropriate Atmosphere
• Reverse Inclusion Opportunities
• Pairing or “Buddying Up”
• Literal Explanation (slang, etc.)
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Lets MoveUp, Up, and AwayBach Movement
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Reverse Inclusion• Students who are
neurotypical may be included in music settings with students with autism. Some models of this include:
• ASSET (Autism Spectrum Support Education and Training)
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The Prism Project: Hip-Hop Experience
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Concluding thoughtsAlice Hammel