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Understanding Autism 03 18 2015 Hedges & Mentzer
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Transcript of Understanding Autism 03 18 2015 Hedges & Mentzer
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James H Hedges, Ph.D.
Amanda S Mentzer, M.Phil.
UNDERSTANDING AUTISM
Queens College: Neuroscience Club
Wednesday, March 18th, 2015
New Science Building, E.302
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James H Hedges● Motor Control
○ preparation of movements
● Visual Perception○ models of ambiguous visual motion
● Neurocognitive○ fMRI-based maps of visual attention and
working memory
● Translational○ effects of concussions on eye movements
and reaction times
● Development○ role of play in development of attention
OUR RESEARCH COLLABORATION
Amanda S Mentzer● BS in Psychology, PS Harrisburg
○ learning & behavior○ service provision
● MA in ABA, PS Harrisburg○ feedback characteristics○ clinical internships: autism, feeding
● MA in Psychology, QC CUNY○ effects of feedback on customer service performance○ independent employment: DOE
● MPhil in Psychology, GC CUNY○ feedback characteristics
● PhD in Psychology, GC CUNY○ effects of feedback on performance
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OVERVIEW OF UNDERSTANDING AUTISM
● INTRODUCTION
○ What Is Autism?
○ Prevalence of Autism
● Facial Perception
● Cerebellar model
● CONCLUSION
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● a complex disorder impacting ...
○ neurological
○ behavioral
○ developmental
WHAT IS AUTISM?
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WHAT IS AUTISM?
● a complex disorder impacting ...
○ neurological
○ behavioral
○ developmental
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WHAT IS AUTISM?
● a complex disorder impacting ...
○ neurological
○ behavioral
○ developmental
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WHAT IS AUTISM?
● a complex disorder impacting ...
○ neurological
○ behavioral
○ developmental
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http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/searching-for-answers/autism-rise
Gurney, J. G., Fritz, M. S., Ness, K. K., Sievers, P., Newschaffer, C. J., & Shapiro, E. G. (2003). Analysis of prevalence trends of autism spectrum disorder in Minnesota. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157(7), 622-627. 8
PREVALENCE: WHY ARE CASES ON THE RISE?
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Hansen, S. N., Schendel, D. E., & Parner, E. T. (2015). Explaining the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: The proportion attributable to changes in reporting practices. JAMA pediatrics, 169(1), 56-62. 9
PREVALENCE: RELATED TO CRITERIA
most of change in prevalence explained by diagnostic criteria and inclusion of outpatient data
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Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., De Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 29(6), 499-508.
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FACIAL PERCEPTION: FACIAL RECOGNITION IN CHILDREN
differences in face recognition age equivalents and raw scores
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Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Steele, S., ... & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2004). Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage, 22(3), 1141-1150. 11
FACIAL PERCEPTION: FFA ACTIVATION IN ADULTS
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Koshino, H., Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Just, M. A. (2008). fMRI investigation of working memory for faces in autism: visual coding and underconnectivity with frontal areas. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 289-300. 12
FACIAL PERCEPTION: WORKING MEMORY IN ADULTS
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13Koshino, H., Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Just, M. A. (2008). fMRI investigation of working memory for faces in autism: visual coding and underconnectivity with frontal areas. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 289-300.
FACIAL PERCEPTION: WORKING MEMORY IN ADULTS
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Morin, K., Guy, J., Habak, C., Wilson, H. R., Pagani, L., Mottron, L., & Bertone, A. (2015). Atypical Face Perception in Autism: A Point of View?. Autism Research.
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FACIAL PERCEPTION: PROCESSING POINT OF VIEW
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● Impairments in Facial Processing
○ mixed findings
● Variables Influencing Face-related Effects
○ characteristics of group, stimulus set, and task
● Attention during Facial Perception
○ related to visual, local, and feature qualities
● Reliance on Different Brain Regions
SUMMARY: IMPLICATIONS OF FACIAL PERCEPTION
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Wang, S. S. H., Kloth, A. D., & Badura, A. (2014). The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism. Neuron, 83(3), 518-532.
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CEREBELLAR INJURY CONFERS ASD RISK
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Wang, S. S. H., Kloth, A. D., & Badura, A. (2014). The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism. Neuron, 83(3), 518-532.
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CEREBELLAR ROLE IN DISORDERS
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Wang, S. S. H., Kloth, A. D., & Badura, A. (2014). The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism. Neuron, 83(3), 518-532.
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UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM TARGETS
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Wang, S. S. H., Kloth, A. D., & Badura, A. (2014). The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism. Neuron, 83(3), 518-532.
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CEREBELLUM AND FOREBRAIN LINK
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Carper, R. A., & Courchesne, E. (2000). Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism. Brain, 123(4), 836-844.
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CEREBELLUM AND FRONTAL LOBE LINK
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Carper, R. A., & Courchesne, E. (2000). Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism. Brain, 123(4), 836-844.
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INVERSE: CEREBELLUM, FRONTAL LOBE
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ABNORMAL SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade
Schmitt, L. M., Cook, E. H., Sweeney, J. A., & Mosconi, M. W. (2014). Saccadic eye movement abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder indicate dysfunctions in cerebellum and brainstem. Molecular autism, 5(1), 47.
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SUMMARY: IMPLICATIONS OF CEREBELLUM
● Cerebellum plays a role in risk of autism and may
contribute to some autism characteristics
● Neuroanatomical links between cerebellum and
other areas, including the frontal lobe
● Differences in saccadic eye movements may be
related to cerebellum and to differences in face
perception23