Understanding a Development Miracle

Education Development in China

Social Economic Development

Background The imperial examination system was applied in the

feudal society to select officials from intellectuals. The Imperial Examination System in China lasted for 1300 years, from its founding during the Sui Dynasty in 605 to its abolition near the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1905.

Imperial Examination in Ancient China

Education in China

Degree types:

Shēngyuán (生员 ), also called xiùcái (秀才 ), licentiate; administered at exams held in the county level each year.

Jǔrén (举人 ) or "recommended man", a provincial graduate, administered at the provincial level every three years

Gongshi (贡士 ), a national degree "tribute personnel" Jìnshì (进士 ) or "presented scholar", a metropolitan graduate,

administered in the capital every three years Zhuangyuan (狀元 ), lit. jìnshì who ranked #1 first class

Bangyan (榜眼 ), lit. jìnshì who ranked #2 first class.

Tanhua (探花 ), lit. jìnshì who ranked #3 first class

Education in China

Eight-legged essay The eight-legged essay was a style of essay writing that had to be

mastered to pass the imperial examinations .It is named so because it was divided into eight sections.

(1) Opening: two sentences of prose whose function is to broach the topic

(2) Amplification: five sentences of prose, elaborating upon and clarify the theme.

(3) Preliminary exposition : Prosaic writing

(4) Initial argument : a specified number sentences pairs written in parallel, developing the initial argument.

(5) Central argument:

(6) Latter argument

(7) Final argument

(8) Conclusion

Education in China

Shanghai Imperial Examination Museum:

Chinese Businessmen: Characteristics and New Change

Background Since the founding of the People‘s Republic of

China in 1949, an important governmental effort has been to eliminate illiteracy and popularize compulsory education (compulsory education covering primary and junior middle schooling duration) .

Education Development in China

Education in China

Education System

China's education system is composed of 4 components, i.e. basic education, occupational/polytechnic education, common higher education and adult education.

Educational Stages in China

Education in China

Age Education Compulsory

18-22

15-18

12-15

6-12

University or college

Senior high school (middle school ) or

Vocational school

Junior middle school

Primary school

No

No

Yes

Yes

Basic Education:

Basic education in China includes pre-school education,

primary education(6 years) and regular secondary

education(6 years). Pre-school education: It is an important component of education

cause in China. In urban areas, pre-school education is mainly

kindergartens of 3 years. In rural areas, pre-school education is mainly

nursery classes and seasonal kindergartens in addition.

Primary and Secondary Education: In China, primary and secondary

education takes 12 years to complete, divided into primary, junior

secondary and senior secondary stages. 9-year schooling in primary

and junior secondary schools pertains to compulsory education.

Education in China

Medium-level Occupational and Polytechnic Education

Mainly composed of medium-level professional schools, polytechnic

schools, occupational middle schools as well as short-term

occupational and technical training programs of various forms.

Common Higher Education

Common higher education comprises of junior college, bachelor,

master and doctoral degree programs. Junior college program

usually last 2~3 years; bachelor program 4 years (medical and

some engineering and technical programs, 5 years); master

program 2~3 years; doctoral program 3 years.

211 project, 985 project

Education in China

Adult Education

Adult education comprises of schooling education, anti-illiteracy

education and other programs oriented to adult groups.

China's adult education has evolved rapidly since the Liberation.

There are many colleges and universities destined to adult

education and some 800 correspondence-based and evening

adult education programs launched by common colleges.

International Cooperation

Education in China

Chinese attitudes toward National Higher Education Entrance Examination

National Higher Education Entrance Examination (高考 )

Prior to 2003, the examination was held in July, but has since been moved to the month of June. This move was made in consideration of the adverse effects of hot weather on students living in southern China and possible flooding during the rainy season in July.

In different places, students list their university or college preferences prior to the exam, after the exam, or after they learnt their scores. The preferences are given in several tiers (including at least early admissions, key universities, regular universities, technical colleges), each of which can contain around 4-6 choices in institution and program. In some places, students list preferences of different tiers at different times. For example, in Shanghai, students list their preference for early admission, key universities and regular universities prior to the exam, but other colleges after they learned of their scores

Education in China

National Higher Education Entrance Examination

The exam is administered for 3 days. Three subjects are mandatory everywhere: Chinese, Mathematics and a foreign language -- usually English, but may also be substituted by Japanese, Russian or French. The other 6 standard subjects are 3 sciences Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and 3 humanities History, Geography and Political Education[1].

Applicants to science/engineering or art/humanities programs typically take 1-3 from the respective category. Since 2000s, a integrated test, science integrated test, humanities integrated test or wider integrated test is introduced in some places. This integrated test may or may not be considered during admission. Besides, some special regional subjects are required or optional in some places. Currently, the actual requirement varies from province to province.

Education in China

National Higher Education Entrance Examination

A university usually sets a fixed admission quota for each province, with a higher number of students coming from its home province. As the number and quality of universities is very uneven across China, it is argued that people are being discriminated against during the admission process based on their geographic region. For example, compared to Beijing, Henan province has fewer universities per capita. Therefore an applicant in Henan needs a significantly higher position among applicants than his Beijing counterpart to get into the same university. This is not similar to the practice of regional universities in other countries which receive subsidies from regional governments in addition to or in place of those received from national governments, as universities in China largely depend on state budget rather than local budget.

Education in China

Question:

(1) What’s the relationship between education and job opportunity?

(2) Make a comparative study in education

structure between China and your country.

Education in China

Education in Rural Areas Hope Project (希望工程 )

Education in China

The goal of the non-governmental Hope Project is to support young drop-outs in poverty-stricken areas. China, a developing country, faces a shortage of education funds, especially in poverty-stricken areas. More than 30 million children between the ages of 6-14 are unable to attend school or are forced to drop out, with 84 percent of the total number of related youngsters coming from the countryside. Each year, there are 1 million children deprived of education due to poverty.

Education in China

The purpose of the foundation was to "help children with funds collected from society." Subsidization methods include:

1) establishing long-term grant-in-aid programs to help educationally deprived young students with good character return to school in spite of poor family conditions;

2) building and refurbishing schools for poverty-stricken villages;

3) providing teaching aids, writing materials and textbooks;

4) providing special scholarships enabling outstanding primary and middle school students in poverty-stricken areas to receive college education.

Education in China

Hope Project and SEM, TONGJI University

SEM has established long-term grant-in-aid program in Dingxi City, Gansu Province from 1995.

14 hope primary school

25 libraries

donation: 3.3 million RMB

Education in China

Rural Rear Children

Loneliness

High dropout rate

education and future development

Education in China

Schools for Children of Migrant Workers

registered residence in China

Education in China

Problems in Rural Education

Many schools but improper distribution of education

resources

Rural teachers: lower degree and lower income

Poor facility: no labs, no library, no computers

Inadequate curriculum

Education in China

School choice (择校 ) in big cities

Education in urban areas

Intensive competition

Inadequate education resources

Studying abroad instead of joining GAOKAO

Various cramming school

Big-name foreign universities are the powerful competitors of higher education in China. In China, many families decide to send children study abroad.

Why Are China's Universities Losing Their Star Students?

While 9.3 million Chinese students took the college-entrance exam in 2011, close to 1 million high school graduates did not, and among them, some 200,000 chose to go to foreign universities instead. Today over 100,000 Chinese high school graduates attend college in the U.S. each fall, and this year at least 17 of the top 100 mainland students chose to go to the University of Hong Kong.

Question:

(1) Do you have some suggest for Chinese education development ?

(2) how to deal with the unfairness in education?

Education in China