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Underpinning the psychological aspects of expatriation: a qualitative
investigation
The Postgraduate Business Psychology Conference 2010
22nd March 2010
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Outline
Introduction
Methodology
Discussion of ResultsPull factors of expatriation
Cross‐cultural experience
Aftermath of expatriation
Reflexive analysis / Conclusion
References
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Introduction
• International assignments are challenging for expatriates:
• Increased multiculturalism in organisations• More and more international assignments
• Much research has been done on expatriation, however psychological aspects have not been entirely tackled
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Introduction previous research
Hofstede(1981, 2005):„Cultural Dimensions“1.Power Distance Index2. Masculinity vs Femininity3. Uncertainty Avoidance4. Long Term vs Short Term5. Individualist vs. Collectivist
Honeymoon
Culture Shock
Adjustment
Mastery
Lysgaard (1995), U-Curve Theory (Lee,2005)
Extensive research has been done !!However psychological aspects have not been
tackled in their entirety=> Qualitative research
Trompenaars (1998):Cultural construct of time Orientation:-> Mono vs. Poly chronic
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MethodologyWhy qualitative research?
Qualitative research enables the researcher to understand how people make sense of the world and how theyexperience events (Willig, 2009) hence concentrating on the candidate´s feelings
Semi‐structured Interviews central to data gathering
Thematic analysis enabling researcher to identify patternsand themes relevant to the research
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MethodologyParticipants
Eight semi‐structured interviews with German expatriates
Different Industries: Banking, Insurance, Civil Engineering, Telecoms and military healthcare
Split: 4 Males and 4 Females
Marital Status: married, single and with family
Snow ball effect for selection of candidates
Mean age: 33,75 years old
Diversity and broad experiencerange
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MethodologyQuestionnaire
Structure of the questionnaire: Spradley´s (1979) question types:
Demographics
Pre‐expatriation
During expatriation
Post expatriation
Descriptive
Structural
Contrast
Evaluative
Ethical guidelines as prescribed by the BPS on anonymity andconfidentiality were fully adhered by the researcher
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MethodologyThematic Analysis
Familiarize with Data
Generate initial codes
Search for themes
Review ThemesDefine and
name themesProduce the
Report
Phases of Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006)
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Discussion of ResultsThematic overview
Pull factors of expatriatism
Cross cultural experience
Aftermath of expatriation
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Pull factors of expatriation
CAREER DEVELOPMENT• Personal interest• Positive influence oncareer
• Freedom & responsibility• Developing knowledgeand skills
• Promotion & higher salary
OGANISATIONAL SUPPORT• Administration (e.g. Visa…)• Mc Caughey & Bruning(2001) 5 steps:
1. Information tax & insurance2. Compensation package3. Short orientation4. Visit new location5. Housing & car provision
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Cross cultural experience
INTERCULTURAL TRAINING• New people, culture &work ethics
• Positive impact on skills &knowledge development
• Negative: not enough info& not specific enough
WORK ENVIRONMENT• Psychological adjustment• Understand work ethics inhost country
• Identify with parent and host culture ‐ ADAPT
INTEGRATION• Social life : expats or locals?• Making new friends• Understand meaning of friendship in host country
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Aftermath ofexpatriation
INTRINSIC CHANGES• More aware & acceptingof differences
• Sense of belonging toparent culture developed
• More self‐esteem, independence, and acceptance of differences
IMPACT ON HOME COUNTRY• Feeling of isolation• Sense of loss of autonomy in decision making at work
• Political games• Repatriation given little attention from parentcompany
80% of expatriates experienceculture shock when repatriated
(Black et al., 1992)
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Conclusion
Yes, expatriates
havepsychologicalconcerns
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY• Sampling• Information gathering• Positive about leaving• Performance not taken into account
FINDINGS• Develop cross‐culturalcompetence‐based training
• Need to develop support upon return to avoid culture shock
• Provide pre and post expattraining & follow up to reduce stress & anxiety
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Questions ?
Thank you !!!
If you have further questions or would likeinformation please feel free to contact us:
nadege.welsch@be‐a‐chameleon.comTel: +44(0) 20 77 17 28 34 16www.be‐a‐chameleon.com
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References
• Black, Stewart J & Gregersen, Hal B. (1992). Antecedents to commitment to a parent company and a foreign operation. Academy of management Journal, Vol. 35, No 1.
• Hofstede, Geert & Hofstede, Gert Jan (2005). Cultures and organisations: software of the mind, 2nd Ed. NY: MC GrawHill
• Lee, H.W (2005). The factors influencing expatriates. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, No.2.
• McCaughey, Deirdre & Bruning, Nealia S. (2001). Enhancing opportunities for expatriate job satisfaction: HR strategies for foreign assessment success. Human Resources Planing. Vol 28, No. 4.
• McFarland, Jean (2006). Culture Shock. Benefits Canada, 07037732, Vol 30, Issue 1.
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