Underground mine

Surface facilities

Development openings

Underground production

Development for production

Exploration

Primary access to the deposit

Level development

Production operations

Drilling and blasting

LHD mucking

Ore pass

Bolting

Barricade

Hydraulic filling

Point de chargementHaulage

DrillingBlastingMuckingLoadingHaulage

ReinforcementBackfilling

Primary access to the deposit

Shaft

Decline

Ramp

Principal Functions :

VentilationPersonnel and Equipment trafficExtraction of Ore and WasteDewatering

Supply of :Electricity Compressed airWaterFill materialSupplies

Principal primary openings :

Ore extraction by shaft - non mechanized mine

200 m3/sec 130 m3/sec 200 m3/sec 10 m3/sec 110 m3/sec

levels

1-5 - shafts

6 - winze

7 - concealed orebody

8 - loading hopper

9 - feeder

10 - orepass

11 - wastepass

12 - lift

13 - pump station

14 - sump, water basin

Ore extraction by shaft - mechanized mine

Ramp

Ventilation shaft (2)

Main shaft (1)

Ore body

Main level

Crosscuts

Ore pass

Drifts

Waste pass

Ore extraction by shaft - mechanized mine at big depth

1 - ore shafts

2 - ventilation shaft

3 - rockfill pass

4 - ramp

5 - orepass

6 - ventilation rise

7 - sublevels

8 - waste pass

9 - crusher

10 - ore pocket

11 - conveyer

12 - loading hopper

305 m level 1

610 m level 2

765 m level 3

915 m level 4

1040 m level 5

1160 m level 6

1220 m level 7

1280 m level 8

1340 m level 9

1400 m level 10

1460 m level 11

1500 m level 12

12

3

4 5

6

7

8 9

101112

Vertical shaft section

Two rock skips Single cage6 Mt/year capacity

Vertical shaft section

Four 23 t rock skips Single, 200 - man single-deck cagemeasuring 3.9 x 7.9 m allows access for LHDs without dismantling them.

Access by shaft

Important capital costs

Low operating costs

Unique or few loading stations

Good knowledge of deposit geometry required

Unique solution for depth grater than 300-400 m

Ore extraction by decline

1 - shaft

2 - orepass

3 - crusher and loading hopper

4 - ore conveyer decline

levels

Angle 16°

Ore extraction by decline

1 - decline

2 - ore conveyer

3 - crusher and loading hopper

4 - ventilation shaft

5 - inclined shaft

levels

Section of decline

Access by decline

Important and difficult to move crashing station is required

Deposit must be well known

Straight shape is requires

Heading is difficult and expensive

Used for massive deposits of intermediate depth (up to 300 m) and a high production rate (more than 3 Mt)

Ore extraction by ramp

1 - decline; 2 - ramp; 3 - crosscut ; 4 - haulage drift ; 5 - drifting; 6 - caved rock

Angle 18° max and 10 to 12° average

Ore extraction by ramp

Ore extraction by ramp

Ore extraction by ramp

Section of ramp

L

H =

(0.

9

1)

L

Access by ramp

High flexibility of exploitation with diesel driven tracks but important gaze emission

Using of electric tracts reduces the gas emission but also reduces the flexibility

Deposit geometry can be not necessary well known

Low capital cost

High operating costs

Used for deposit of feeble depth (up to 200) and low production rate (300 Mt/year)

Siting of primary access

- orebody dip - angle of draw in overburden - angle of draw in rock l - safety distance

1 - shaft2 - safety distance3 - zone of subsidence

Shaft locations

Two-shaft mine : side location Three shaft mine : centrally located main shaftand peripheral ventilation shafts

Minimizes the costs of primary accessIncreases the costs of production developmentIncreases the transport cost

Optimizes the costs of production developmentOptimizes the transport costIncreases the costs of primary access

Production development by drifts

One drift in ore

Drift in ore + footwall drift

Ore width up to 5 m

Production development by blind crosscuts

Ore width 5 to 10 m

Production development by blind crosscuts

Ore width 10 to 30 m

One footwall drift + crosscuts

Footwall drift + fringe drift + crosscuts

Production development by blind crosscuts

Waste passe

70 of 120m

About of 65m

10m

Ore body

Haulage drift

To ramp

Stopes

Ore passe

about of 250m

Crosscuts

Production development by crosscuts

Hanging-wall drift + footwal drift + crosscuts

Ore width > 30 m

Examples

Mine of Kiruna Suede Mine of Gubkine in Russia

Sizing of circular shaft

4

4,5

5

5,5

6

6,5

7

7,5

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Tonnes mined per day

Shaf

t di

amet

er in

m

m,P7.1D 15.0sh where : 1.7 et 0.15 - coefficients ;

P - tonnes hoisted per operating day, t/j ;Dsh -shaft diameter, m.

The circular shaft diameter for skip hoisting ore and cage hoisting miners and supplies :

COSTS OF SHAFT SINKING

Fixed costs for circular shaft sinking :

Unit costs for circular shaft sinking :

$,D244527C 5.0

fix

$,HD2455C 05.15.0

un

Total costs for circular shaft sinking : $,CCCunitfixedtotal

where : D - diameter of shaft, mH - shaft depth, m

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8

Shaft diameter in m

Cos

t p

er m

eter

in $

/m

Coût fixe Coût variable

Profondeur 300 m

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Shaft depth in m

Fix

ed c

ost

per

met

er in

$/m

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

Uni

t co

st p

er m

eter

in $

/m

Coût fixe Coût variable Coût total, $/m

Diamètre 7 m

DEVELOPMENT COST

Cost per meter of length of an excavation of cross-sectional area S

lengthofm/$,SkCC 6.0

excref

where : S - cross-sectional area of the excavation, m²Cref - reference cost, the cost per meter of a standard 2.5 x 2.5 m, Cref = 1100 $/mkexc - factor taking into account the type of excavation :

Drift or crosscuts : kexc = 0.34Inclined ramps : kexc = 0.4Timbered rise : kexc = 0.11Bare rise : kexc = 0.09Rise in backfill : kexc = 0.07Service excavations : kexc = 0.095