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Innovation
Foundations ?
Methods ?
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs ?
Innovators ?
Leaders ?
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
Entrepreneurship ?
What is an Innovation ? 5
“an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as
new by an individual or unit of adoption.”
1962
Everett Rogers
What is an Innovation ? 6
The embodiment of a useful idea in the market place
• Not Science • Not Invention
Eugene FitzgeraldMIT
What is an Innovation ? 7
Change
Breakthrough
Incremental
Random
Accident
IntentionalUtilitySustainable
Otherwise
INNOVATION
Derived from work by James Selman
10
“Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is
communicated through certain channels over time among
members of a social system.”
What is Innovation ?
1962
Everett Rogers
15
What’s the Value ?
“The strategic stimulus to economic development is innovation, defined as the commercial application of
something new … ‘
Joseph Schumpeter 1911
16
What’s the Value ?
“If the United States is to maintain its economic leadership … it is agreed that innovation is the key and engineering is essential…”
National Academy of Engineering
2004
Innovation
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
19
“the person who takes upon himself the
immediate responsibility, risk, and conduct of
industry whether upon his own or borrowed
capital”
Who is an Entrepreneur ?
Jean Baptiste Say
1803
20
Who is an Entrepreneur ?
Entrepreneurs “carry out new combinations of productive means”
Joseph Schumpeter 1911
Innovation
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
Innovators
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
22
Who is an Innovator ?
1962
Everett Rogers
“Uncertainty [among alternatives] motivates and individual to seek more information.”
Innovation
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
Innovators
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
Entrepreneurship
What is Entrepreneurship ?
Entrepreneurship
Small and MediumEnterprise
Local Markets
Innovation Driven Enterprise
Global Markets
Bill AuletMIT
Innovation
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
Innovators
Leaders
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
Entrepreneurship
28
Leaders
“ … this kind of labour requires a combination of moral qualities that are not often found together. Judgment, perseverance, and a knowledge of the world, as well as of business … there are abundance of obstacles to be surmounted, of anxieties to be repressed, of misfortunes to be repaired, and of expedients to be devised.”
Jean Baptiste Say 1803
29
Leaders
“The leader type appears only when new possibilities present themselves”
“Surmounting this opposition [to innovation] is always a special kind of task which does not exist in the customary course of life, a task which requires a special kind of conduct.” “… to carry any improvement into effect is a task, entirely different from the inventing of it, and a task, moreover, requiring entirely different kinds of aptitudes.”
Joseph Schumpeter
1911
Innovation
Foundations
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
Innovators
Leaders
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
Entrepreneurship
31
Foundations
What are the objectives of innovative engineers, managers, and computer scientists ?
• Design
• Decisions
• Discovery
32
Predictability
Certainty
Risk-free
Complete information
Deterministic
Unpredictability
Uncertainty
Risk
Incomplete information
Non-deterministic
Foundations
33
Foundations
“…Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from
the familiar notion of Risk”
Risk: “measureable uncertainty”
“True uncertainty … forms the basis for a valid theory of
profit.”
Frank Knight 1921
Foundations
Order Disorder
Complexity Random
EmergenceSelf organization
Adaptive Criticality
Groups / CollectivesObjectives
Sensing / Learning Interdependency
NonlinearDynamic
Heterogeneous elements
34
35
Foundations
Uncertainty and risk are reduced with new information
Information is developed and insight is attained via
Data, models, processes
Innovation
Foundations
Methods
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
Innovators
Leaders
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
Entrepreneurship
Design DecisionDiscovery
Methods
Data
Models
: Data Science
: Model Thinking
Processes
Design Thinking
Scientific Method
38
Methods: Data Science
Data modeling
Data visualization & exploration
Inferential statistics
Data analytics
Machine learning
Data
Models
Processes
39
Methods: Model Thinking
Data
Models
Processes
“Why Model Thinking?” • Clearer thinker
• The Many Model Thinker • Intelligent citizen the world• Understand and use data
• Understand patterns • Predict• Produce bounds • Retrodict• Inform data collection• Estimate hidden parameters • Calibrate
• Decide, strategize, and design
Scott Page
40
Methods: Model Thinking
A model can apply to multiple disciplines This leverages insight across disciplines
Multiple models can be used to study a problem
The wisdom or madness of crowds is due to independence and diversity of models for problem solving
41
Methods: Processes 43
Design Thinking
Agile Development
Technology ventures Lean startupLean launch padDisciplined entrepreneurship
Data
Models
Processes
Innovation
Foundations
Methods
What’s the value ? Entrepreneurs
Innovators
Leaders
What is an innovation ?
What is innovation ?
Types & Categories
Entrepreneurship
Board Presentation April 201151
Continuously develop curriculum and learning experience in computer science and management with innovation and leadership as integrating themes
Multidisciplinary
Emphasized topics
Innovation & Leadership
Integration
Integrated topics
Interdisciplinary
Connected topics
Create the premier program for the development of innovators and leaders in the global information based economy
TopicsComputer Science: Application software design and developmentManagement: Decision support and value creation via information based methods
IntegrationDevelop curriculum from multi-disciplinary to inter-disciplinary and to integration
Board Presentation April 2011Integrating theme of innovation
Enhance student’s understanding of decision making and design in scenarios with limited information or complex interactions• Primary concepts
– Risk v. uncertainty – Complete v. incomplete information – Systems theory
• Deterministic • Stochastic / random • Complex
• Related concepts – ‘Systems thinking’– ‘Design thinking’ – Creativity (creative v. adaptive thinking)
• Methods based on simulation and on searching, learning, testing, and adapting – Lean startup model
• “Unknown problem” (market opportunity) and “unknown solution” (product) • Uses agile product development vs. waterfall (“known problem, known solution”)
52
Current Academic Program
Minor in computer science
Minor in business administration RAIK xxx H
20 honors courses7 business6 computer science4 design studio1 leadership2 communication
55
56
Computer Science
Management
Models and Computation
Software Engineering
Academic Topics
Technology Ventures
Management Science
57
Models and Computation
Software Engineering
Integrating Themes
Technology Ventures
Management Science
Model Thinking
Design Thinking
Models and Computation
Software Engineering
Topics, Themes & Speakers
Technology Ventures
Management Science
Model Thinking
Design Thinking
Fall 2013
Spring 2014
Spring 2015
Fall 2014 58
What is An Innovation ?
An innovation is a “new combination of productive
means”
Joseph Schumpeter 1911
59
“Schumpeter is now regarded as the founding father of the modern concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship.” The Economist
Theory of Economic Development
1911
62
Types of Innovation
Joseph Schumpeter 1911
Five cases of new combinations• New good• New method of production• Opening of a new market• New source of supply• New organization
63
Types of Innovation
Tom Byers2005
“Innovations can be new products, new processes, new services and new ways of doing business.”
Types and Categories
Types
Technology ProcessBusiness ModelsPositionOther
Categories
Disruptive IncrementalLateral
Bill Aulet
Foundations
Basarab Nicolescu
Topic
Multidisciplinarity “ … concerns studying a research topic not in one discipline but in several at the same time. “
Discipline A
Discipline B
Interdisciplinarity “ has a different goal ... it concerns the transfer of methods from one discipline to another.”
Method
Disciplines
65
Foundations
• Transdisciplinarity – “concerns that which is at
once between the disciplines, across the
different disciplines, and beyond all
discipline.”
– “Its goal is the understanding of the
world, of which one of the imperatives is
the unity of knowledge.”
Basarab Nicolescu 66
67
Computing 1 & 2Design Thinking
Financial AccountingEconomics
Data Structures & AlgorithmsSoftware Engineering
Data Modeling & VisualizationOperations Management
Finance Management Science
Marketing Multi Agent Systems
DS: Development OperationsDS: Software Design Methods
Business Capstone DS: Leading Product Development Teams
DS: Developing for Big Data
Data Science
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Raikes School curriculum
68
Computing 1 & 2Design Thinking
Financial AccountingEconomics
Data Structures & AlgorithmsSoftware Engineering
Data Modeling & VisualizationOperations Management
Finance Management Science
Marketing Multi Agent Systems
DS: Development OperationsDS: Software Design Methods
Business Capstone DS: Leading Product Development Teams
DS: Developing for Big Data
Model Thinking
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Raikes School curriculum
69
Computing 1 & 2Design Thinking
Financial AccountingEconomics
Data Structures & AlgorithmsSoftware Engineering
Data Modeling & VisualizationOperations Management
Finance Management Science
Marketing Multi Agent Systems
DS: Development OperationsDS: Software Design Methods
Business Capstone DS: Leading Product Development Teams
DS: Developing for Big Data
Design Thinking
Freshman
Sophomore
Junior
Senior
Raikes School curriculum
“We believe that it is no longer enough for engineers to leave school with a purely technical education. By embedding innovation and entrepreneurship into the undergraduate experience, we believe that the next generation of engineers will be better able to solve big problems our society is facing, enhance our country’s economic competitiveness, and create new and fulfilling jobs for themselves and others. We’re working with engineering faculty, university leaders, and students themselves to make this happen on a national scale.”
Tom ByersStanford University Technology Ventures ProgramEpicenter
Junior Business
Finance Fall Semester Venture Equity
Foreign exchange
Corporate Finance
Market & Portfolio Models
Project: Portfolio models using R
Innovation MethodsBusiness Innovation: Lean Startup
A startup is a temporary organization designed to search for a scalable and repeatable business model. While companies execute a business plan, startups search for a business model. Steve Blank
75
Copied from Steve Blank’s website
Blank: Hypothesis, test, verify
Ries: Build, measure, learn
Peter Drucker
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship 1985
• “Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity …It is capable of being presented as a discipline, capable of being learned, capable of being practiced.”
• “Systematic innovation consists of the purposeful and organized search for changes, and in the systematic analysis of the opportunities such changes might offer for economic and social innovation.”
Chaos
Deterministic
Model ThinkingModels
Predictable Unpredictable
Complex
All possible results are known
Risk
Result can be computed or optimized
Certainty
All possible results are not known
Uncertainty
Random
Non-deterministicDeterministic
Differential equations,
Linear algebra
Stochastic differential equations,
Monte Carlo simulation
Multi Agent SimulationNetwork Models
Nonlinear dynamic differential
equations with sensitivity to initial
conditions
Pathways to Innovation Program
“designed to help institutions transform the experience of their undergraduate engineering students and fully incorporate innovation and entrepreneurship into a range of courses as well as strengthen co- and extra-curricular offerings.”
Sophomore Business Topics
Operations Management Fall Semester Time series data: Modeling and forecasting Operations research models (deterministic) Operations research models (stochastic)
Management Science Spring Semester Networks and complexity for evolving systems Optimization with process mining techniques
Machine learning classification methods