Under Choice Based Credit System - University of...

Proposed syllabus and Scheme of Examination

for

B.Sc. (Program) with Life Science

Submitted to University of Delhi

Delhi

Under Choice Based Credit System

June 2015

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

B.Sc. (PROGRAM) WITH

Life Science

Structure of B.Sc. Programme (Life Sciences)/ B.Sc. Medical under CBCS

CORE Ability Skill Enhancement Discipline Specific

COURSE(12) Enhancement Courses (SEC) (4) Elective DSE (4)

Compulsory

Courses

(AEC) (2)

I CC-Botany I English

CC-Zoology I communication

CC-Chemistry I

CC-Botany II Environmental

II CC-Zoology II Science

CC-Chemistry II

III CC-Botany III

SEC-I

CC-Zoology III

CC-Chemistry III

IV CC-Botany IV

SEC-II

CC-Zoology IV

CC-Chemistry IV

V

SEC-III DSE-Botany I

DSE- Zoology I

DSE-3 Chemistry I

VI

SEC-IV DSE-Botany II

DSE- Zoology II

DSE-3 Chemistry II

Details of Courses

Core Courses –Botany

1. Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)

2. Plant Ecology and Taxonomy

3. Plant Anatomy and Embryology

4. Plant Physiology and Metabolism

Core Courses: Zoology

1. Animal Diversity

2. Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology

3. Physiology and Biochemistry

4. Genetics and Evolutionary Biology

Core Courses-Chemistry

1. Atomic Structure, Bonding, General Organic Chemistry & Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

2. Chemical Energetics, Equilibria & Functional Group Organic Chemistry-I

3. Conductance, Electrochemistry & Functional Group Organic Chemistry-II

4. Chemistry of s- and p-block elements, States of matter and Chemical Kinetics

Discipline Specific Electives-Botany (Any two)

1. Economic Botany and Biotechnology

2. Cell and Molecular Biology

3. Analytical Techniques in Plant Sciences

4. Bioinformatics

5. Research Methodology

6. Dissertation

Discipline Specific Electives: Zoology (Any two)

1.Reproductive Biology

2.Wild Life Conservation and Management

3.Biotechnology

4.Immunology

5.Applied Zoology

6.Dissertation

Discipline Specific Electives-Chemistry (Any two)

3

1.Applications of Computers in Chemistry

2.Analytical Methods in Chemistry

3.Molecular Modelling & Drug Design

4.Novel Inorganic Solids

5.Polymer Chemistry

6.Research Methodology for Chemistry

7.Green Chemistry

8.Industrial Chemicals & Environment

9.Inorganic Materials of Industrial Importance

10.Instrumental Methods of Analysis

11.Chemistry of d-block elements, Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy

12.Organometallics, Bioinorganic chemistry, Polynuclear hydrocarbons and UV, IR

Spectroscopy

13.Molecules of Life

14.Dissertation

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses

1.Environmental Science

2.English/MIL Communication

Skill Enhancement Courses (Any four)

Botany

1.Biofertilizers

2.Herbal Technology

3.Nursery and Gardening

4.Floriculture

5.Medicinal Botany

6.Plant Diversity and Human Welfare

7.Ethnobotany

8.Mushroom Culture Technology

9.Intellectual Property Right

Zoology

10.Public Health and Hygiene

11.Aquarium Fish Keeping

12.Pisciculture

13.Poultry Farming

14.Sericulture

15.Apiculture

Chemistry

16.IT Skills for Chemists

17.Basic Analytical Chemistry

18.Chemical Technology & Society

19.Chemoinformatics

20.Business Skills for Chemists

21.Intellectual Property Rights

22.Analytical Clinical Biochemistry

23.Green Methods in Chemistry

24.Pharmaceutical Chemistry

25.Chemistry of Cosmetics & Perfumes

26.Pesticide Chemistry

27.Fuel Chemistry

5

Scheme of B.Sc. Programme (Life Sciences)/ B.Sc. Medical under CBCS

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED

COURSE NAME Credits

I Ability Enhancement English

2

Compulsory Course-I communications/

Environmental

Science

Core course Botany I Biodiversity 4

(Microbes, Algae,

Fungi and

Archegoniate)

Core Course Botany I Practical Biodiversity- 2

Practical

Core course Zoology I Biodiversity- 4

Animals

Core Course Zoology I Practical Biodiversity- 2

Animals Lab

Core course Chemistry I Atomic Structure, 4

Bonding, General

Organic

Chemistry &

Aliphatic

Hydrocarbons

Core Course Chemistry I Atomic Structure, 2

Practical

Bonding, General

Organic

Chemistry &

Aliphatic

Hydrocarbons

-Lab

II Ability Enhancement English

2

Compulsory Course-II communications/

Environmental

Science

Core course Botany II Plant Ecology and 4

Taxonomy

Core Course Botany -II Practical Plant Ecology and 2

Taxonomy-

Practical

Core course Zoology II Comparative

4

Anatomy

and

Developmental

Biology

Core Course Zoology II Practical Comparative

2

Anatomy

and

Developmental

Biology

Practical

Core course Chemistry II Chemical

4

Energetics,

Equilibria

&

Functional Group

Organic

Chemistry-I

Core Course Chemistry II Chemical

2

Practical Energetics,

Equilibria

&

Functional Group

Organic

Chemistry-I -Lab

III Core course Botany III Anatomy

and 4

Embryology of

Angiosperms

Core Course Botany -III Anatomy

and 2

Practical Embryology of

Angiosperms-

Practical

Core course Zoology III

Physiology and 4

Biochemistry

Core Course Zoology III Physiology and 2

Practical

Biochemistry-

Practical

Core course Chemistry III

Conductance,

4

Electrochemistry &

Functional Group

Organic Chemistry-

II

Core Course Chemistry III Conductance,

2

Practical

Electrochemistry &

Functional Group

Organic Chemistry-

II- Lab

Skill Enhancement Course-I

SEC-I

2

Core course Botany IV

Plant Physiology 4

IV

and Metabolism

Core Course Botany –IV Plant Physiology 2

Practical

and Metabolism

Practical

Core course Zoology IV

Genetics and 4

Evolutionary

Biology

Core Course Zoology IV Genetics and 2

Practical

Evolutionary

Biology Practical

Core course Chemistry IV

Chemistry of s- 4

and p-block

elements, States

of matter and

Chemical Kinetics

Core Course Chemistry IV Chemistry of s- 2

Practical

and p-block

elements, States

of matter and

Chemical

Kinetics-Lab

Skill Enhancement Course-II SEC-II

2

V Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany 1 4

Botany –I

Discipline Specific Elective

2

Botany I Practical

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology I 4

Zoology I


2

Zoology I Practical

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry I 4

Chemistry I


2

Chemistry I Practical

Skill Enhancement Course -III SEC-III

2

VI Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany II 4

Botany –II


2

Botany II Practical

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology II 4

Zoology II


2

Zoology II Practical

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry II 4

Chemistry III


2

Chemistry III Practical

Skill Enhancement Course –IV SEC-IV 2

Total: 120

BSc Program with Life Science

Core Papers Chemistry (Credits: 6 Each) ATOMIC STRUCTURE, BONDING, GENERAL ORGANIC

(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)

THEORY Lectures: 60 Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-1 (30 Periods)

Atomic Structure: Review of: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, Heisenberg Uncertainty

principle.

Dual behaviour of matter and radiation, de-Broglie’s relation. Hydrogen atom spectra. Need of a

new approach to Atomic structure.

What is Quantum mechanics? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of

various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2, Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial

and angular parts of the hydogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial and angular nodes

and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the concept of the most probable

distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals. Significance of quantum

numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers ml and ms. Shapes of s, p and d

atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin

quantum number (ms).

Rules for filling electrons in various orbitals, Electronic configurations of the atoms. Stability of

half-filled and completely filled orbitals, concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of

atomic orbitals, Anomalous electronic configurations.

(14 Lectures)

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic

bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and

solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for calculation of lattice

energy (no derivation), Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and

polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole

moment and percentage ionic character.

Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of

VSEPR (H2O, NH3, PCl5, SF6, ClF3, SF4) and hybridization with suitable examples of linear,

trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements.

Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic compounds. MO

Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their

characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combination

of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd periods

(including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO and

NO+

.

(16 Lectures)

Section B: Organic Chemistry-1 (30 Lectures)

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance and

Hyperconjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis.

Reaction intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions and free radicals. Electrophiles and

nucleophiles

Aromaticity: Benzenoids and Hückel’s rule.

(8 Lectures)

Stereochemistry

Conformations with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of Wedge

Formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Concept of chirality (upto two

carbon atoms). Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism; Enantiomerism,

Diastereomerism and Meso compounds). Threo and erythro; D and L; cis - trans nomenclature;

CIP Rules: R/ S (for upto 2 chiral carbon atoms) and E / Z Nomenclature (for upto two C=C

systems).

(10 Lectures)

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations physical property &

chemical reactions) to be studied with mechanism in context to their structure.

Alkanes: Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s synthesis, Grignard

reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution: Halogenation.

Alkenes: Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation

of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes

(Birch reduction). Reactions: cis-addition (alk. KMnO4) andtrans-addition (bromine), Addition

of HX (Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s addition), Hydration,

Ozonolysis, oxymecuration-demercuration, Hydroboration-oxidation.

Alkynes: Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into higher alkynes; by

dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal-dihalides.

Reactions: formation of metal acetylides and acidity of alkynes, addition of bromine and alkaline

KMnO4, ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alk. KMnO4. Hydration to form carbonyl compounds

(12 Lectures)

Reference Books:

J. D. Lee: A new Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E L. B. S.17 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.

Douglas, McDaniel and Alexader: Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.

James E. Huheey, Ellen Keiter and Richard Keiter: Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of

Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Publication.

T. W. Graham Solomon: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman.

E. L. Eliel: Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill.

I. L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.

R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.

Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand

Atkins, Overton, Rourke, Weller, Armstrong, Shriver and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford

CHEMISTRY LAB: ATOMIC STRUCTURE, BONDING, GENERAL

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

60 Lectures

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry - Volumetric Analysis

1. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture.

2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO4.

3. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO4.

4. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K2Cr2O7 using internal indicator.

5. Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na2S2O3.

Section B: Organic Chemistry

1. Purification of OC by crystallisation (from water and alcohol) and distillation.

2. Criteria of purity: Determination of Mpt/Bpt

3.Detection of extra elements (N, S, Cl, Br, I) in organic compounds

4.Separation of mixtures by Chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case (combination of

two compounds to be given)

(a)Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of 2 amino acids (glycine, aspartic

acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine or any other amino acid) by paper chromatography

(b)Identify and separate the sugars present in the given mixture by paper chromatography.

Reference Books:

Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Prentice Hall, 7th Edition.

Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition.

Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, A.I. Vogel , Prentice Hall, 5th edition.

Practical Organic Chemistry, F. G. Mann. & B. C. Saunders, Orient Longman, 1960.

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA & FUNCTIONAL

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I


THEORY: Lectures: 60

Section A: Physical Chemistry-1 (30 Lectures)

Chemical Energetics

Review of thermodynamics and the Laws of Thermodynamics.

Important principles and definitions of thermochemistry. Concept of standard state and standard

enthalpies of formations, integral and differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation of

bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data. Variation of

enthalpy of a reaction with temperature – Kirchhoff’s equation.

Statement of Third Law of thermodynamics and calculation of absolute entropies of substances.

(10 Lectures)

Chemical Equilibrium:

Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical

equilibrium. Distinction between G and Go, Le Chatelier’s principle. Relationships between Kp,

Kc and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases.

(8 Lectures)

Ionic Equilibria:

Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization,

ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases, pH scale,

common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH

for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts –

applications of solubility product principle.

(12 Lectures)


Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations physical properties and

Chemical reactions) to be studied in context to their structure with mechanism.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Preparation (benzene): from phenol, by decarboxylation, from acetylene, from benzene sulphonic

acid.

Reactions: (benzene): Electrophilic substitution reactions: nitration, halogenation

sulphonation. Friedel-Craft’s reaction (alkylation and acylation) Side chain oxidation of alkyl

benzenes.

(8 Lectures)

Alkyl and Aryl Halides

Alkyl Halides .

Preparation: from alkenes and alcohols.

Reactions: Types of Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1, SN2 and SNi) reactions, hydrolysis, nitrite &

nitro formation, nitrile & isonitrile formation. Williamson’s ether synthesis: Elimination vs

substitution.

Aryl Halides Preparation: (Chloro, bromo and iodo-benzene case): from phenol, Sandmeyer &

Gattermann reactions.

Reactions (Chlorobenzene): Aromatic electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution (replacement by –

OHgroup) and effect of nitro substituent. Benzyne Mechanism: KNH2/NH3 (or NaNH2/NH3).

Relative reactivity of alkyl, allyl, benzyl, vinyl and aryl halides towards Nucleophilic substitution

reactions. .

(8 Lectures)

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers )

Alcohols: Preparation: Preparation of 1о, 2о and 3о alcohols: using Grignard reagent, Ester

hydrolysis, Reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and esters.

Reactions: With sodium, HX (Lucas test), esterification, oxidation (with PCC, alk. KMnO4, acidic

dichromate, conc. HNO3), factors affecting acidity, Oppeneauer oxidation

Diols: oxidation of diols. Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.

Phenols: (Phenol case) Preparation: Cumene hydroperoxide method, from diazonium

salts. Reactions: Electrophilic substitution: Nitration, halogenation and sulphonation. Reimer-

Tiemann Reaction, Gattermann-Koch Reaction, Houben–Hoesch Condensation, Schotten – Baumann

Reaction. acidity and factors affecting

Ethers (aliphatic and aromatic).

Preparation : Williamson ether synthesis.

Reactions: Cleavage of ethers with HI

Aldehydes and ketones (aliphatic and aromatic):

Preparation: from acid chlorides and from nitriles.

Reactions – Nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic addition – elimination reaction including Reaction

with HCN, ROH, NaHSO3, NH2-G derivatives. Iodoform test. Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro’s

reaction, Wittig reaction, Benzoin condensation. Clemensen reduction and Wolff Kishner

reduction. Meerwein-Pondorff Verley reduction.

(14 Lectures)

Reference Books:

T. W. Graham Solomons: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman.

I.L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.

R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.

Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.

G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw Hill (2007).

G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).

J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening India Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi (2009).

B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).

R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York (1985).

CHEMISTRY LAB: CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA &

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

60 Lectures Section A: Physical Chemistry

Thermochemistry

1.Determination of heat capacity of calorimeter for different volumes.

2.Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.

3.Determination of enthalpy of ionization of acetic acid.

4.Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3, NH4Cl).

5.Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.

6. Study of the solubility of benzoic acid in water and determination of H.

Ionic equilibriapH measurements

a)Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps (use

dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) using pH-meter.

b)Preparation of buffer solutions:

(i)Sodium acetate-acetic acid

(ii)Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide

Measurement of the pH of buffer solutions and comparison of the values with theoretical values.


1. Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed. Recrystallisation,

determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative yields to be done.

(a)Bromination of Phenol/Aniline

(b)Benzoylation of amines/phenols

(c)Oxime and 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone

2. Systematic Qualititive organic analyses of organic compounds possessing monofunctional groups (

Alcohals, Phenols, Carbonyl,- COOH) and preparation of one suitable derivative.

Reference Books:

A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall.

F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman (1960).

B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.

SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM, CONDUCTANCE,

ELECTROCHEMISTRY & FUNCTIONAL GROUP

ORGANICCHEMISTRY-II


THEORY: Lectures: 60

Section A: Physical Chemistry-2 (30 Lectures)

Solutions

Thermodynamics of ideal solutions: Ideal solutions and Raoult’s law, deviations from Raoult’s law –

non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and temperature- composition curves of ideal

and non-ideal solutions. Distillation of solutions. Lever rule. Azeotropes.

Partial miscibility of liquids: Critical solution temperature; effect of impurity on partial miscibility of

liquids. Immiscibility of liquids- Principle of steam distillation. Nernst distribution law and its

applications, solvent extraction.

Phase Equilibrium

Phases, components and degrees of freedom of a system, criteria of phase equilibrium. Gibbs Phase

Rule and its thermodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius – Clapeyron equation and its

importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of one-componentsystems (water and sulphur) and

two component systems involving eutectics, congruent and incongruent melting points (lead-

silver, FeCl3-H2O and Na-K only).

Conductance

Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for weak and strong

electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.

Transference number and its experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving boundary

methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements: determination of degree of

ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic

product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt. Conductometric titrations (only acid-base).

Electrochemistry

Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst

equation and its importance. Types of electrodes. Standard electrode potential. Electrochemical

series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of thermodynamic

properties: G, H and S from EMF data.

Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference and

without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge.

pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode.

Potentiometric titrations -qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).


Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations Physical Property & Chemicals

reactions) to be studied in context to their structure with machanism.

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives

Carboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic)

Preparation: Acidic and Alkaline hydrolysis of esters.

Reactions: Hell – Vohlard - Zelinsky Reaction, Acidity of carboxylic acid, effect of substitution on

acid strength.

Carboxylic acid derivatives (aliphatic):

Preparation: Acid chlorides, Anhydrides, Esters and Amides from acids and their interconversion

claisen condensation .

Reactions: Relative reactivityes of acid derivatives towards nucleophiles, Reformatsky Reaction,

Perkin condensation.

(6 Lectures)

Amines and Diazonium Salts

Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic):

Preparation: from alkyl halides, Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis, Hofmann Bromamide reaction.

Reactions: Hofmann vs. Saytzeff elimination, Carbylamine test, Hinsberg test, reaction with HNO2,

Schotten – Baumann Reaction. Electrophilic substitution (case aniline): nitration, bromination,

sulphonation basic character of amines. .

Diazonium salts: Preparation: from aromatic amines.

Reactions: conversion to benzene, phenol, dyes.

(6 Lectures)

Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins:

Zwitterion, Isoelectric point and Electrophoresis

Preparation of Amino Acids: Strecker synthesis using Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis.

Reactions of Amino acids: ester of –COOH group, acetylation of –NH2 group, complexation with

Cu2+ ions, ninhydrin test.

Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of proteins.

Determination of Primary structure of Peptides by degradation Edmann degradation (N- terminal)

and C–terminal (thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides

(upto dipeptides) by N-protection (t-butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C- activating groups and

Merrifield solid-phase synthesis.

(10 Lectures)

Carbohydrates: Classification, and General Properties, Glucose and Fructose (open chain and cyclic

structure), Determination of configuration of monosaccharides, absolute configuration of Glucose

and Fructose, Mutarotation, ascending and descending in monosaccharides. Structure of

disacharrides (sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, lactose) and polysacharrides (starch and cellulose)

excluding their structure elucidation.

(8 Lectures)

Reference Books:


G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).

J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, General Chemistry, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.:

New Delhi (2009).

B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry, 3rd Edn. Narosa (1998).

R. H. Petrucci, General Chemistry, 5th Edn., Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York (1985).

Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson

Education).

Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson

Education).

Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson

Education).

Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman.

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman

CHEMISTRY LAB: SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM,

CONDUCTANCE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY & BIOMOLECULES

60 Lectures

Section A: Physical Chemistry

Distribution

Study of the equilibrium of one of the following reactions by the distribution method:

I2(aq) + I-(aq) I3-(aq)

Cu2+(aq) + xNH2(aq) [Cu(NH3)x]2+

Phase equilibria

a)Construction of the phase diagram of a binary system (simple eutectic) using cooling curves.

b)Determination of the critical solution temperature and composition of the phenol water system and

study of the effect of impurities on it.

c)Study of the variation of mutual solubility temperature with concentration for the phenol water

system and determination of the critical solubility temperature.

Conductance

I.Determination of cell constant

II.Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation constant of a

weak acid.

III.Perform the following conductometric titrations:

i.Strong acid vs. strong base

ii.Weak acid vs. strong base

Potentiometry

Perform the following potentiometric titrations:

i.Strong acid vs. strong base

ii.Weak acid vs. strong base

iii.Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt


I Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional

groups (amide, nitro, amines, Hydrocorbans, Halo Hydrocorbans) and preparation of one derivative.

II

1. Determination of the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method

2. Action of salivary amylase on starch

3. Differentiation between a reducing and nonreducing sugar

Reference Books:

A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 5th Edn.

F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders: Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman, 1960.

B.D. Khosla: Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.

Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,

Universities Press.

CHEMISTRY OF S- AND P-BLOCK ELEMENTS, STATES OF

MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS


THEORY: Lectures: 60 General Principles of Metallurgy

Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham

diagrams for reduction of metal oxides using carbon as reducing agent.

Hydrometallurgy with reference to cyanide process for silver and gold, Methods of purification

of metals (Al, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn): electrolytic, oxidative refining, van Arkel-de Boer

process and Mond’s process.

(4 Lectures)

s- and p-Block Elements

Periodicity in s- and p-block elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic and

ionic size, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity (Pauling, Mulliken, and Alfred-Rochow

scales). Allotropy in C, S, and P.

Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states like carbides and

nitrides), inert pair effect, diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of first member

of each group.

Compounds of s- and p-Block Elements

Diborane and concept of multicentre bonding

Structure, bonding and their important properties like oxidation/reduction, acidic/basic nature of

the following compounds and their applications in industrial and environmental chemistry.

Hydrides of nitrogen (NH3, N2H4, N3H, NH2OH) Oxoacids of P, S and Cl.

Halides and oxohalides: PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2 and SO2Cl2

(26 Lectures)

Section B: Physical Chemistry-3 (30 Lectures)

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases and derivation of the kinetic gas equation.

Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation. van der

Waals equation of state for real gases. Boyle temperature (derivation not required). Critical

phenomena, critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals equation. Andrews isotherms

of CO2.

Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities and molecular energies (graphic

representation – derivation not required) and their importance.

Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean square

velocities (no derivation). Collision cross section, collision number, collision frequency, collision

diameter and mean free path of molecules. Viscosity of gases and effect of temperature and pressure

on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only).

Liquids

Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer. Viscosity of a liquid and determination of

coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer. Effect of temperature on surface tension and

coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only)

Solids

Forms of solids. Symmetry elements, unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and

identification of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial angles,

Law of rational indices. Miller indices. X–Ray diffraction by crystals, Bragg’s law. Structures of

NaCl, KCl and CsCl (qualitative treatment only). Defects in crystals. Glasses and liquid crystals.

Chemical Kinetics

The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on reaction

rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for zero, first and

second order reactions (both for equal and unequal concentrations of reactants). Half–life of a

reaction. General methods for determination of order of a reaction. Concept of activation energy and

its calculation from Arrhenius equation.

Theories of Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated Complex theory of bimolecular reactions.

Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).

Reference Books:


G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).

J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening India Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi (2009).

B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).

R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York (1985).

J. D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.

F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.

D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins: Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press.

Gary Wulfsberg: Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

Miessler, G. L. & Donald, A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry 3rd

Ed.(adapted), Pearson, 2009 ISBN

978-81-31718858.

CHEMISTRY LAB: CHEMISTRY OF s- AND p-BLOCK ELEMENTS,

STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS

60 Lectures

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry

Semi-micro qualitative analysis of mixtures using H2S or any other scheme- not more than four

ionic species (two anions and two cations and excluding insoluble salts) out of the following:

Cations : NH4

+

, Pb2+

, Bi

3+

, Cu2+

, Fe3+

, Al

3+

, Co2+

, Ni2+

, Mn2+

, Zn2+

, Ba2+

, Sr2+

, Ca2+

, K+

Anions : CO3

2–

, S2–

, SO3

2–

, NO3

–

, CH3COO–

, Cl–

, Br

–

, I–

, NO3

–

,SO4

2-

, PO43-

, BO33-

, C2O4

2- F

-

(Spot tests should be carried out wherever feasible)

Section B: Physical Chemistry

(I)Surface tension measurement (use of organic solvents excluded).

a)Determination of the surface tension of a liquid or a dilute solution using a stalagmometer.

b)Study of the variation of surface tension of a detergent solution with concentration.

(II)Viscosity measurement (use of organic solvents excluded).

a)Determination of the relative and absolute viscosity of a liquid or dilute solution using an

Ostwald’s viscometer.

b)Study of the variation of viscosity of an aqueous solution with concentration of solute.

(III) Chemical Kinetics

Study the kinetics of the following reactions.

1.Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction

2.Integrated rate method:

a.Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.

b.Saponification of ethyl acetate.

c.Compare the strengths of HCl and H2SO4 by studying kinetics of hydrolysis of methyl acetate

Reference Books:

A.I. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn.

A.I. Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.

B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.

Discipline Specific Elective Papers; Credits 6

each (DSE 1, DSE 2): Chemistry of d-block Elements,

Quantum Chemistry & Spectroscopy is compulsory Chose any One

more

CHEMISTRY

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS IN CHEMISTRY


Theory: 60 Lectures

Basic Computer system (in brief)-Hardware and Software; Input devices, Storage

devices, Output devices, Central Processing Unit (Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic

Unit); Number system (Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Operating System); Computer

Codes (BCD and ASCII); Numeric/String constants and variables. Operating Systems

(DOS, WINDOWS, and Linux); Software languages: Low level and High Level

languages (Machine language, Assembly language; QBASIC, FORTRAN and C++);

Software Products (Office, chemsketch, scilab, matlab, hyperchem, etc.), internet

application. (5 Lecture)

Use of Programming Language for solving problems in Chemistry

Computer Programming Language- QBASIC, (for solving some of the basic and in turn

complicated chemistry problems). QB4 version of QBASIC can be used.

Programming Language – QBASIC; Commands: INPUT and PRINT

Commands; GOTO, If, ELSEIF, THEN and END IF Commands; FOR and NEXT

Commands; Library Functions ( ABS, ASC, CHR$, EXP,INT, LOG, RND, SQR,

TAB and trigonometric Functions), DIM, READ, DATA, REM, RESTORE, DEF

FNR, GOSUB, RETURN, SCREEN, VIEW, WINDOW, LINE, CIRCLE.

LOCATE, PSET Commands.

Simple programs using above mentioned commands.

QBASIC programs for Chemistry problems - Example: plotting van der Waal

Isotherms (Simple Problem, available in general text books) and observe whether

van der Waal gas equation is valid at temperatures lower than critical temperature

where we require to solve a cubic equation and calculation of area under the

curves (Complicated Problem, not available in general text books).

Solution of quadratic equation, polynomial equations (formula, iteration and

Newton – Raphson methods, binary bisection and Regula Falsi); Numerical

differential, Numerical integration (Trapezoidal rule), Simultaneous equations,

Matrix addition and multiplication, Statistical analysis.

(40 Lecture)

Use of Software Products

Computer Software like Scilab, Excel, etc to solve some of the plotting or calculation

problems.

Basic idea of Molecular Modelling using software like chemsketch, arguslab and

Accelerys JDraw etc for geometry optimization and potential energy surface (local and

global minima) (15 lecture)

Practical: 60 Periods

Computer programs using QBASIC based on numerical methods

1. Roots of equations: (e.g. volume of gas using van der Waals equation and comparison

with ideal gas, pH of a weak acid).

2. Numerical differentiation (e.g., change in pressure for small change in volume of a van

der Waals gas, potentiometric titrations).

3. Numerical integration (e.g. entropy/ enthalpy change from heat capacity data).

4. Probability distributions (gas kinetic theory) and mean values.

5. Matrix operations.

6. Graphic programs related to Chemistry problems. e.g. van der Waals isotherm,

Compressibilty versus pressure curves, Maxwell distribution curves, concentration-time

graph, pH metric titration curve, conductometric titration curves, Lambert Beer’s law

graph, s, p, d orbital shapes, radial distribution curves, etc.

Use of Software Products

1. Computer Software like Scilab and Excel, etc for data handling and manipulation.

2. Simple exercises using molecular visualization software like Chemsketch, Arguslab

and Accelerys JDraw, geometry optimization and potential energy surface of

molecules like carbon dioxide, water, ethane, cyclohexane and benzene (local and

global minima)

Reference Books:

• McQuarrie, D. A. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry University Science Books (2008).

• Mortimer, R. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry. 3rd Ed. Elsevier (2005).

• Steiner, E. The Chemical Maths Book Oxford University Press (1996).

• Yates, P. Chemical Calculations. 2nd Ed. CRC Press (2007).

• Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.

• Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data analysis,

Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.

• Noggle, J. H. Physical Chemistry on a Microcomputer. Little Brown & Co. (1985).

• Venit, S.M. Programming in BASIC: Problem solving with structure and style. Jaico

Publishing House: Delhi (1996).

ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY (Credits: Theory-04,

Practicals-02)

Theory: 60 Lectures

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of analysis: Sampling, evaluation of analytical data, errors, accuracy and precision, methods of their

expression, normal law of distribution of indeterminate errors, statistical test of data; F, Q and t

test, rejection of data, and confidence intervals.

Optical methods of analysis:(5 Lectures)

Origin of spectra, interaction of radiation with matter, fundamental laws of spectroscopy and

selection rules, validity of Beer-Lambert’s law.

UV-Visible Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source,

monochromator and detector) for single and double beam instrument;

Basic principles of quantitative analysis: estimation of metal ions from aqueous solution,

geometrical isomers, keto-enol tautomers.

Flame Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation

(choice of source, monochromator, detector, choice of flame and Burner designs. Techniques of

atomization and sample introduction; Method of background correction, sources of chemical

interferences and their method of removal. Techniques for the quantitative estimation of trace

level of metal ions from water samples.

(25 Lectures)

Thermal methods of analysis:

Theory of thermogravimetry (TG), basic principle of instrumentation. Techniques for quantitative

estimation of Ca and Mg from their mixture.

(5 Lectures)

Electroanalytical methods:

Classification of electroanalytical methods, basic principle of pH metric, potentiometric and

conductometric titrations. Techniques used for the determination of equivalence points.

Techniques used for the determination of pKa values.

(10 Lectures)

Separation techniques:

Solvent extraction: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique. Mechanism of

extraction: extraction by solvation and chelation.

Technique of extraction: batch, continuous and counter current extractions.

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of solvent extraction: extraction of metal ions from

aqueous solution, extraction of organic species from the aqueous and non-aqueous media.

Chromatography: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique. Mechanism of

separation: adsorption, partition & ion exchange. Development of chromatograms: frontal,

elution and displacement methods.

(15 Lectures)

Reference Books:

• Vogel, Arthur I: A Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (Rev. by G.H.

Jeffery and others) 5th

Ed. The English Language Book Society of Longman .

• Willard, Hobart H. et al.: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wardsworth

Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA, 1988.

• Christian, Gary D; Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York,

2004.

• Harris, Daniel C: Exploring Chemical Analysis, Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2001.

• Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age, International

Publisher, 2009.

• Skoog, D.A., Holler F.J. and Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis,

Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore, 1998.

• Mikes, O. and Chalmers, R.A. Ed. Laboratory Hand Book of Chromatographic and

Allied Methods, Elles Horwood Ltd. London.

• Dilts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry – Methods of separation Van Nostrand 1974.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICALS- DSE LAB: ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY

60 Lectures

I. Separation Techniques

Chromatography:

(a) Separation of mixtures

(i) Paper chromatographic separation of Co2+

and Ni2+

.

(ii) Separation and identification of the amino acids present in the given mixture by

paper chromatography. Reporting the Rf values.

II. Solvent Extractions:

(i) To separate a mixture of Ni2+

& Fe

2+ by complexation with DMG and extracting the Ni

2+-

DMG complex in chloroform, and determine its concentration by spectrophotometry.

Analysis of soil:

(i) Determination of pH of soil.

(ii) Total soluble salt

(iii) Estimation of calcium, magnesium

(iv) Qualitative detection of nitrate, phosphate

Ion exchange:

(i) Determination of exchange capacity of cation exchange resins and anion exchange resins.

(ii) Separation of amino acids from organic acids by ion exchange chromatography.

III Spectrophotometry

Verification of Lambert-Beer’s law and determination of concentration of a coloured species

(CuSO4, KMnO4)

Reference Books:

• Vogel, Arthur I: A Text book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (Rev. by G.H.

Jeffery and others) 5th

Ed. The English Language Book Society of Longman .

• Willard, Hobart H. et al.: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wardsworth

Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA, 1988.

• Christian, Gary D; Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York,

2004.

• Harris, Daniel C: Exploring Chemical Analysis, Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2001.

• Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age, International

Publisher, 2009.

• Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. and Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis,

Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore, 1998.

• Mikes, O. & Chalmers, R.A. Laboratory Hand Book of Chromatographic & Allied

Methods, Elles Horwood Ltd. London.

• Dilts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry – Methods of separation Van Nostrand 1974

MOLECULAR MODELLING & DRUG DESIGN

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02) Theory: 60 Lectures Introduction to Molecular Modelling:

Introduction. Useful Concepts in Molecular Modelling: Coordinate Systems. Potential Energy

Surfaces. Molecular Graphics. Surfaces. Computer Hardware and Software. The Molecular

Modelling Literature.

(10 Lectures)

Force Fields:

Fields. Bond Stretching. Angle Bending. Introduction to nonbonded interactions. Electrostatic

interactions. van der Waals Interactions. Hydrogen bonding in Molecular Mechanics. Force Field

Models for the Simulation of Liquid Water.

(14 Lectures)

Energy Minimization and Computer Simulation:

Minimization and related methods for exploring the energy surface. Non-derivative method, First

and second order minimization methods. Computer simulation methods. Simple thermodynamic

properties and Phase Space. Boundaries. Analyzing the results of a simulation and estimating

Errors.

(12 Lectures)

Molecular Dynamics & Monte Carlo Simulation:

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Methods. Molecular Dynamics using simple models. Molecular

Dynamics with continuous potentials. Molecular Dynamics at constant temperature and pressure.

Metropolis method. Monte Carlo simulation of molecules. Models used in Monte Carlo

simulations of polymers.

(12 Lectures)

Structure Prediction and Drug Design:

Structure prediction - Introduction to comparative Modeling. Sequence alignment. Constructing

and evaluating a comparative model. Predicting protein structures by 'Threading’, Molecular

docking. Structure based de novo ligand design, Drug Discovery – Chemoinformatics – QSAR.

46

(12 Lectures)

Reference Books:

A.R. Leach, Molecular Modelling Principles and Application, Longman, 2001.

J.M. Haile, Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods, John Wiley and

Sons, 1997.

Satya Prakash Gupta, QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Springer - Anamaya

Publishers, 2008.

PRACTICAL- DSE LAB: MOLECULAR MODELLING & DRUG DESIGN

60 Lectures i. Compare the optimized C-C bond lengths in ethane, ethene, ethyne and benzene. Visualize the

molecular orbitals of the ethane σ bonds and ethene, ethyne, benzene and pyridine π bonds.

ii. (a) Perform a conformational analysis of butane. (b) Determine the enthalpy of isomerization

of cis and trans 2-butene.

iii. Visualize the electron density and electrostatic potential maps for LiH, HF, N2, NO and CO

and comment. Relate to the dipole moments. Animate the vibrations of these molecules.

iv. (a) Relate the charge on the hydrogen atom in hydrogen halides with their acid character. (b)

Compare the basicities of the nitrogen atoms in ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine and

trimethylamine.

v. (a) Compare the shapes of the molecules: 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, and 2-

methyl-2-propanol. Note the dipole moment of each molecule. (b) Show how the shapes affect

the trend in boiling points: (118 ºC, 100 ºC, 108 ºC, 82 ºC, respectively).

vi. Build and minimize organic compounds of your choice containing the following functional

groups. Note the dipole moment of each compound: (a) alkyl halide (b) aldehyde (c) ketone (d)

amine (e) ether (f) nitrile (g) thiol (h) carboxylic acid (i) ester (j) amide.

vii. (a) Determine the heat of hydration of ethylene. (b) Compute the resonance energy of

benzene by comparison of its enthalpy of hydrogenation with that of cyclohexene.

viii. Arrange 1-hexene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, (E)-3-methyl-2-pentene, (Z)-3-methyl-2-pentene,

and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in order of increasing stability.

ix. (a) Compare the optimized bond angles H2O, H2S, H2Se. (b) Compare the HAH bond angles

for the second row dihydrides and compare with the results from qualitative MO theory.

Note: Software: ChemSketch, ArgusLab (www.planaria-software.com), TINKER 6.2

(dasher.wustl.edu/ffe), WebLab Viewer, Hyperchem, or any similar software.

Reference Books:

A.R. Leach, Molecular Modelling Principles and Application, Longman, 2001.

J.M. Haile, Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods, John Wiley and

Sons, 1997.

Satya Prakash Gupta, QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Springer - Anamaya Publishers,

2008.

NOVEL INORGANIC SOLIDS


Theory: 60 Lectures

Synthesis and modification of inorganic solids:

Conventional heat and beat methods, Co-precipitation method, Sol-gel methods, Hydrothermal

method, Ion-exchange and Intercalation methods.

(10 Lectures)

Inorganic solids of technological importance:

Solid electrolytes – Cationic, anionic, mixed Inorganic pigments – coloured solids, white and

black pigments.

One-dimensional metals, molecular magnets, inorganic liquid crystals.

(10 Lectures)

Nanomaterials:

Overview of nanostructures and nanomaterials: classification.

Preparation of gold and silver metallic nanoparticles, self-assembled nanostructures-control of

nanoarchitecture-one dimensional control. Carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanowires. Bio-

inorganic nanomaterials, DNA and nanomaterials, natural and antisical nanomaterials, bionano

composites.

(10 Lectures)

Introduction to engineering materials for mechanical construction:

Composition, mechanical and fabricating characteristics and applications of various types of

cast irons, plain carbon and alloy steels, copper, aluminum and their alloys like duralumin,

brasses and bronzes cutting tool materials, super alloys thermoplastics, thermosets and

composite materials.

(10 Lectures)

Composite materials:

Introduction, limitations of conventional engineering materials, role of matrix in composites,

classification, matrix materials, reinforcements, metal-matrix composites, polymer-matrix

composites, fibre-reinforced composites, environmental effects on composites, applications of

composites.

(10 Lectures)

Speciality polymers:

Conducting polymers - Introduction, conduction mechanism, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene

and polypyrole, applications of conducting polymers, Ion-exchange resins and their applications.

Ceramic & Refractory: Introduction, classification, properties, raw materials, manufacturing and

applications.

(10 Lectures)

Reference Books:

Atkins, Peter, Overton, Tina, Rourke, Jonathan, Weller, Mark and Armstrong, Fraser

Shriver & Atkins’ Inorganic Chemistry, 5th

Edition, Oxford University Press 2011-

2012

Adam, D.M. Inorganic Solids: An introduction to concepts in solid-state structural

chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, London, New York, Sydney, Toronto, 1974

Poole Jr., Charles P., Owens, Frank J., Introduction to Nanotechnology John Wiley and

Sons, 2003.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: NOVEL INORGANIC SOLIDS

60 Lectures

1. Determination of cation exchange method

2. Determination of total difference of solids.

3. Synthesis of hydrogel by co-precipitation method.

4. Synthesis of silver and gold metal nanoparticles.

Reference Book:

• Fahlman, B.D., Materials Chemistry, Springer, 2007

POLYMER CHEMISTRY


Theory: 60 Lectures Introduction and history of polymeric materials:

Different schemes of classification of polymers, Polymer nomenclature, Molecular forces and

chemical bonding in polymers, Texture of Polymers.

(4 Lectures)

Functionality and its importance:

Criteria for synthetic polymer formation, classification of polymerization processes,

Relationships between functionality, extent of reaction and degree of polymerization.

Bifunctional systems, Poly-functional systems.

(8 Lectures)

Kinetics of Polymerization:

Mechanism and kinetics of step growth, radical chain growth, ionic chain (both cationic and

anionic) and coordination polymerizations, Mechanism and kinetics of copolymerization,

polymerization techniques.

(8 lectures)

Crystallization and crystallinity:

Determination of crystalline melting point and degree of crystallinity, Morphology of crystalline

polymers, Factors affecting crystalline melting point.

(4 Lectures)

Nature and structure of polymers-Structure Property relationships.

(2 Lectures)

Determination of molecular weight of polymers (Mn, Mw, etc) by end group analysis,

viscometry, light scattering and osmotic pressure methods. Molecular weight distribution and its

significance. Polydispersity index.

(8 Lectures)

Glass transition temperature (Tg) and determination of Tg, Free volume theory, WLF

equation, Factors affecting glass transition temperature (Tg).

(8 Lectures)

Polymer Solution – Criteria for polymer solubility, Solubility parameter, Thermodynamics of

polymer solutions, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy change of mixing of polymers solutions,

Flory- Huggins theory, Lower and Upper critical solution temperatures.

(8 Lectures)

Properties of Polymers (Physical, thermal, Flow & Mechanical Properties).

Brief introduction to preparation, structure, properties and application of the following polymers:

polyolefins, polystyrene and styrene copolymers, poly(vinyl chloride) and related polymers,

poly(vinyl acetate) and related polymers, acrylic polymers, fluoro polymers, polyamides and

related polymers. Phenol formaldehyde resins (Bakelite, Novalac), polyurethanes, silicone

polymers, polydienes,

Polycarbonates, Conducting Polymers, [polyacetylene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene sulphide

polypyrrole, polythiophene)].

(10 Lectures)

Reference Books:

Seymour’s Polymer Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc.

G. Odian: Principles of Polymerization, John Wiley.

F.W. Billmeyer: Text Book of Polymer Science, John Wiley.

P. Ghosh: Polymer Science & Technology, Tata Mcgraw-Hill.

R.W. Lenz: Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers.

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: POLYMER CHEMISTRY

60 Lectures Polymer synthesis

1. Free radical solution polymerization of styrene (St) / Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) / Methyl

Acrylate (MA) / Acrylic acid (AA).

a. Purification of monomer

b. Polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) / 2,2’-azo-bis-isobutylonitrile (AIBN)

2. Preparation of nylon 66/6

1. Interfacial polymerization, preparation of polyester from isophthaloyl chloride (IPC)

and phenolphthalein

a. Preparation of IPC

b. Purification of IPC

c. Interfacial polymerization

3. Redox polymerization of acrylamide

4. Precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile

5. Preparation of urea-formaldehyde resin

6. Preparations of novalac resin/resold resin.

7. Microscale Emulsion Polymerization of Poly(methylacrylate).

Polymer characterization

1. Determination of molecular weight by viscometry:

(a) Polyacrylamide-aq.NaNO2 solution

(b) (Poly vinyl proplylidine (PVP) in water

2. Determination of the viscosity-average molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and

the fraction of ―head-to-head‖ monomer linkages in the polymer.

3. Determination of molecular weight by end group analysis: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (OH

group).

4. Testing of mechanical properties of polymers.

5. Determination of hydroxyl number of a polymer using colorimetric method.

Polymer analysis

1. Estimation of the amount of HCHO in the given solution by sodium sulphite method

2. Instrumental Techniques

3. IR studies of polymers

4. DSC analysis of polymers

5. Preparation of polyacrylamide and its electrophoresis

*at least 7 experiments to be carried out.

Reference Books:

Malcohm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd Ed.

Harry R. Allcock, Frederick W. Lampe and James E. Mark, Contemporary Polymer

Chemistry, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003)

Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience (1984)

Joel R. Fried, Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003)

Petr Munk and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Introduction to Macromolecular Science, 2nd

ed. John Wiley & Sons (2002)

L. H. Sperling, Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons

(2005)

Malcolm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Oxford University

Press (2005)

Seymour/ Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry, 9th ed. by Charles E. Carraher, Jr. (2013).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR CHEMISTRY

(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)

Theory: 75 Lectures Literature Survey:

Print: Sources of information: Primary, secondary, tertiary sources; Journals: Journal

abbreviations, abstracts, current titles, reviews, monographs, dictionaries, text-books, current

contents, Introduction to Chemical Abstracts and Beilstein, Subject Index, Substance Index,

Author Index, Formula Index, and other Indices with examples.

Digital: Web resources, E-journals, Journal access, TOC alerts, Hot articles, Citation index,

Impact factor, H-index, E-consortium, UGC infonet, E-books, Internet discussion groups and

communities, Blogs, Preprint servers, Search engines, Scirus, Google Scholar, ChemIndustry,

Wiki- Databases, ChemSpider, Science Direct, SciFinder, Scopus.

Information Technology and Library Resources: The Internet and World Wide Web. Internet

resources for chemistry. Finding and citing published information.

(20 Lectures)

Methods of Scientific Research and Writing Scientific Papers:

Reporting practical and project work. Writing literature surveys and reviews. Organizing a poster

display. Giving an oral presentation. Writing scientific papers – justification for scientific

contributions, bibliography, description of methods, conclusions, the need for illustration, style,

publications of scientific work. Writing ethics. Avoiding plagiarism.

(20 Lectures)

Chemical Safety and Ethical Handling of Chemicals:

Safe working procedure and protective environment, protective apparel, emergency procedure

and first aid, laboratory ventilation. Safe storage and use of hazardous chemicals, procedure for

working with substances that pose hazards, flammable or explosive hazards, procedures for

working with gases at pressures above or below atmospheric – safe storage and disposal of waste

chemicals, recovery, recycling and reuse of laboratory chemicals, procedure for laboratory

disposal of explosives, identification, verification and segregation of laboratory waste, disposal

of chemicals in the sanitary sewer system, incineration and transportation of hazardous

chemicals.

(12 Lectures)

Data Analysis

The Investigative Approach: Making and Recording Measurements. SI Units and their

use.Scientific method and design of experiments.

Analysis and Presentation of Data: Descriptive statistics. Choosing and using statistical tests.

Chemometrics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Correlation and regression, Curve fitting, fitting

of linear equations, simple linear cases, weighted linear case, analysis of residuals, General

polynomial fitting, linearizing transformations, exponential function fit, r and its abuse. Basic

aspects of multiple linear regression analysis.

(13 Lectures)

Electronics

Basic fundamentals of electronic circuits and their components used in circuits of common

instruments like spectrophotometers, typical circuits involving operational amplifiers for

electrochemical instruments. Elementary aspects of digital electronics.

(10 Lectures)

Reference Books:

Dean, J. R., Jones, A. M., Holmes, D., Reed, R., Weyers, J. & Jones, A. (2011)

Practical skills in chemistry. 2nd Ed. Prentice-Hall, Harlow.

Hibbert, D. B. & Gooding, J. J. (2006) Data analysis for chemistry. Oxford

University Press.

Topping, J. (1984) Errors of observation and their treatment. Fourth Ed., Chapman

Hall, London.

Harris, D. C. Quantitative chemical analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.

Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data

analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.

Chemical safety matters – IUPAC – IPCS, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

OSU safety manual 1.01.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

Theory: 60 Lectures

Introduction to Green Chemistry What is Green Chemistry? Need for Green Chemistry. Goals of Green Chemistry. Limitations/

Obstacles in the pursuit of the goals of Green Chemistry

(4 Lectures)

Principles of Green Chemistry and Designing a Chemical synthesis

Twelve principles of Green Chemistry with their explanations and special emphasis on

the following with examples:

Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/ byproducts;

maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products ,

Atom Economy, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition,

substitution and elimination reactions.

Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity

risk = (function) hazard x exposure ; waste or pollution prevention hierarchy

Green solvents– super critical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic

liquids, fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and

how to compare greenness of solvents

Energy requirements for reactions – alternative sources of energy: use of microwaves

and ultrasonic energy

Selection of starting materials; avoidance of unnecessary derivatization – careful use of

blocking/protecting groups;

use of catalytic reagents (wherever possible) in preference to stoichiometric reagents;

catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis,

bio catalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photo catalysis.

Prevention of chemical accidents designing greener processes, inherent safer design,

principle of ISD ―What you don’t have cannot harm you‖, greener alternative to Bhopal

Gas Tragedy (safer route to carbaryl) and Flixiborough accident (safer route to

cyclohexanol) subdivision of ISD, minimization, simplification, substitution, moderation

and limitation.

Strengthening/ development of analytical techniques to prevent and minimize the

generation of hazardous substances in chemical processes. (30 Lectures)

Examples of Green Synthesis/ Reactions and some real world cases

1. Green Synthesis of the following compounds: adipic acid, catechol, disodium

iminodiacetate (alternative to Strecker synthesis)

2. Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann Elimination, methyl benzoate to

benzoic acid, oxidation of toluene and alcohols; microwave assisted reactions in organic

solvents Diels-Alder reaction and Decarboxylation reaction

3. Ultrasound assisted reactions: sonochemical Simmons-Smith Reaction (Ultrasonic

alternative to Iodine) 4. Surfactants for Carbon Dioxide – replacing smog producing and ozone depleting solvents

with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments. 5. Designing of Environmentally safe marine antifoulant.

6. Rightfit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic pigments. 7. An efficient, green synthesis of a compostable and widely applicable plastic (poly lactic

acid) made from corn.

8. Healthier Fats and oil by Green Chemistry: Enzymatic Inter esterification for production

of no Trans-Fats and Oils

9. Development of Fully Recyclable Carpet: Cradle to Cradle Carpeting

(16 Lectures)

Future Trends in Green Chemistry Oxidation reagents and catalysts; Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents; Combinatorial green

chemistry; Proliferation of solventless reactions; co crystal controlled solid state synthesis

(C2S

3); Green chemistry in sustainable development.

(10 Lecture)

Reference Books:

• Ahluwalia, V.K. and Kidwai, M.R. New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamalaya Publishers,

2005

• Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.K. Oxford Green Chemistry -Theory and Practical, University

Press, 1998

• Matlack, A.S. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, 2001

• Cann, M.C. and Connely, M.E. Real-World Cases in Green Chemistry, American

Chemical

Society, Washington, 2000

• Ryan, M.A. and Tinnesand, M., Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical

Society

Washington, 2002

Lancaster, Mike, Green Chemistry an Introductory Text 2nd

Ed., RSC Publishing,. ISBN: 978-

1-84755-873-2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: GREEN CHEMISTRY 60 Lectures

1. Safer starting materials

Preparation and characterization of nano particles of gold using tea leaves.

1. Using renewable resources

Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from vegetable oil/ waste cooking oil

3. Avoiding waste

Principle of atom economy.

Use of molecular model kit to stimulate the reaction to investigate how the atom economy can

illustrate Green Chemistry. Preparation of propene by two methods can be studied

(I) Triethylamine ion + OH- → propene + trimethylpropene + water

H2SO4/H2O (II) 1-propanol propene + water

The other types of reactions, like addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement should

also be studied for the calculation of atom economy.

4. Use of enzymes as catalysts

Benzoin condensation using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a catalyst instead of cyanide

Alternative Green solvents 6. Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared from dry ice.

7. Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of azomethines Alternative sources of energy

8. Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of copper (II). 9. Photoreduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol in the presence of sunlight.

Reference Books: • Anastas, P.T and Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University

Press, 1998 • Kirchoff, M. and Ryan, M.A. Greener approaches to undergraduate chemistry

experiment. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2002 • Ryan, M.A. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Tinnesand; (Ed), American Chemical

Society, Washington DC, 2002 • Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. and Chaudhari, M.K. Green Chemistry Experiments: A

monograph, I.K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi, Bangalore ISBN 978-93-81141-55-7, 2013

• Cann, M.C. and Connelly, M. E. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American

Chemical Society, 2008

• Cann, M. C. and Thomas, P. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical

Society, 2008 Lancaster, Mike Green Chemistry: An introductory text: 2

nd Ed. RSC publishing, ISBN

978-1-84755-873-2

Pavia, D.L., Kriz, G.S., Lampman, G.M. and Engels, R.G. Introduction to Organic

Laboratory Techniques – a Microscale Approach 4th Ed., Brooks-Cole Laboratory Series

for Organic Chemistry, 2006

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AND ENVIRONMENT

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02) Theory: 60 Lectures Industrial Gases and Inorganic Chemicals

Industrial Gases: Large scale production, uses, storage and hazards in handling of the following

gases: oxygen, nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, hydrogen, acetylene, carbon monoxide, chlorine,

fluorine, sulphur dioxide and phosgene.

Inorganic Chemicals: Manufacture, application, analysis and hazards in handling the following

chemicals: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, common salt, borax,

bleaching powder, sodium thiosulphate, hydrogen peroxide, potash alum, chrome alum,

potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate.

(10 Lectures)

Industrial Metallurgy

Preparation of metals (ferrous and nonferrous) and ultrapure metals for semiconductor

technology.

(4 Lectures)

Environment and its segments

Ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur. Air Pollution: Major

regions of atmosphere. Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere. Air pollutants:

types, sources, particle size and chemical nature; Photochemical smog: its constituents and

photochemistry. Environmental effects of ozone, Major sources of air pollution. Pollution by

SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, H2S and other foul smelling gases. Methods of estimation of CO, NOx,

SOx and control procedures. Effects of air pollution on living organisms and vegetation.

Greenhouse effect and Global warming, Ozone depletion by oxides of nitrogen,

chlorofluorocarbons and Halogens, removal of sulphur from coal. Control of particulates.

Water Pollution: Hydrological cycle, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, Sources and nature of

water pollutants, Techniques for measuring water pollution, Impacts of water pollution on

hydrological and ecosystems. Water purification methods. Effluent treatment plants (primary,

secondary and tertiary treatment). Industrial effluents from the following industries and their

treatment: electroplating, textile, tannery, dairy, petroleum and petrochemicals, agro, fertilizer,

etc.

Sludge disposal. Industrial waste management, incineration of waste. Water treatment and

purification (reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, ion exchange). Water quality parameters for waste

water, industrial water and domestic water.

(30 Lectures)

Energy & Environment

Sources of energy: Coal, petrol and natural gas. Nuclear Fusion / Fission, Solar energy,

Hydrogen, geothermal, Tidal and Hydel, etc.

Nuclear Pollution: Disposal of nuclear waste, nuclear disaster and its management.

(10 Lectures)

Biocatalysis

Introduction to biocatalysis: Importance in ―Green Chemistry‖ and Chemical Industry.

(6 Lectures)

Reference Books:

E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.

R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley

Publishers, New Delhi.

J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New

Delhi.

K. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.

S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.

S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press (2005).

G.T. Miller, Environmental Science 11th edition. Brooks/ Cole (2006).

A. Mishra, Environmental Studies. Selective and Scientific Books, New Delhi (2005).

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS &

ENVIRONMENT

60 Lectures

1. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.

2. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

3. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

4. Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.

5. Measurement of chloride, sulphate and salinity of water samples by simple titration method

(AgNO3 and potassium chromate).

6. Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO3 2-

, HCO3 -) using double titration method.

7. Measurement of dissolved CO2.

8. Study of some of the common bio-indicators of pollution.

9. Estimation of SPM in air samples.

10. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.

Reference Books:

E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.

R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley

Publishers, New Delhi.

J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.

S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New

Delhi.

K. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.

S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.

INORGANIC MATERIALS OF INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE


Theory: 60 Lectures

(Compulsory elective)

Silicate Industries

Glass: Glassy state and its properties, classification (silicate and non-silicate glasses).

Manufacture and processing of glass. Composition and properties of the following types of

glasses: Soda lime glass, lead glass, armoured glass, safety glass, borosilicate glass,

fluorosilicate, coloured glass, photosensitive glass.

Ceramics: Brief introduction to types of ceramics. Superconducting and semiconducting oxides,

fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibre.

Cements: Manufacture of cement and the setting process, quick setting cements.

(16 Lectures)

Fertilizers:

Different types of fertilizers (N, P and K). Manufacture of the following fertilizers: Urea,

ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates, superphosphate of lime.

(8 Lectures)

Surface Coatings:

Brief introduction to and classification of surface coatings. Paints and pigments - formulation,

composition and related properties. Fillers, Thinners, Enamels, emulsifying agents. Special

paints (Heat retardant, Fire retardant, Eco-friendly paint, Plastic paint), Dyes, Wax polishing,

Water and Oil paints, Metallic coatings (electrolytic and electroless), metal spraying and

anodizing.

(4 Lectures)

Batteries:

Working of the following batteries: Pb acid, Li-Battery, Solid state electrolyte battery. Fuel

cells, Solar cell and polymer cell.

(10 Lectures)

Catalysis:

General principles and properties of catalysts, homogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and

examples) and heterogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples) and their industrial

applications, Deactivation or regeneration of catalysts.

Application of zeolites as catalysts.

(6 Lectures)

Chemical explosives:

Origin of explosive properties in organic compounds, preparation and explosive properties of

lead azide, PETN, cyclonite (RDX). Introduction to rocket propellants.

(6 Lectures)

Reference Books:

• Stocchi, E., Industrial Chemistry, Vol I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK, 1990

• Felder, R. M. and Rousseau, R.W., Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley

Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.

• Kingery, W. D., Bowen H. K. and Uhlmann, D. R. Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley


• Kent, J. A. (ed) Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 9th Ed., CBS Publishers, New

Delhi, 1997

• Jain, P. C. and Jain, M. Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi 2005

• Gopalan, R., Venkappayya, D. and Nagarajan, S. Engineering Chemistry, Vikas

Publications, New Delhi, 2004.

• Sharma, B. K. Engineering Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 2006

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICALS-DSE LAB: INORGANIC MATERIALS OF INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE

60 Lectures

1. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.

2. Estimation of Calcium in Calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

3. Estimation of phosphoric acid in superphosphate fertilizer.

4. Electroless metallic coatings on ceramic and plastic material.

5. Determination of composition of dolomite (by complexometric titration).

6. Analysis of (Cu, Ni); (Cu, Zn ) in alloy or synthetic samples.

7. Analysis of Cement.

8. Preparation of pigment (zinc oxide).

Reference Books:

• Stocchi, E., Industrial Chemistry, Vol I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK, 1990

• Felder, R. M. and Rousseau, R.W., Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley


• Kingery, W. D., Bowen H. K. and Uhlmann, D. R. Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley


• Kent, J. A. (ed) Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, 9th Ed., CBS Publishers, New

Delhi, 1997

• Jain, P. C. and Jain, M. Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.

• Gopalan, R., Venkappayya, D. and Nagarajan, S. Engineering Chemistry, Vikas

Publications, New Delhi, 2004.

• Sharma, B. K. Engineering Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 2006

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02) Theory: 60 Lectures Introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis:

Recap of the spectroscopic methods covered in detail in the core chemistry syllabus: Treatment

of analytical data, including error analysis. Classification of analytical methods and the types of

instrumental methods. Consideration of electromagnetic radiation.

(4 Lectures)

Molecular spectroscopy:

Infrared spectroscopy:

Interactions with molecules: absorption and scattering. Means of excitation (light sources),

separation of spectrum (wavelength dispersion, time resolution), detection of the signal (heat,

differential detection), interpretation of spectrum (qualitative, mixtures, resolution), advantages

of Fourier Transform (FTIR). Samples and results expected. Applications: Issues of quality

assurance and quality control, Special problems for portable instrumentation and rapid detection.

UV-Visible/ Near IR – emission, absorption, fluorescence and photoaccoustic. Excitation sources

(lasers, time resolution), wavelength dispersion (gratings, prisms, interference filters, laser,

placement of sample relative to dispersion, resolution), Detection of signal (photocells,

photomultipliers, diode arrays, sensitivity and S/N), Single and Double Beam instruments,

Interpretation (quantification, mixtures, absorption vs. fluorescence and the use of time,

photoaccoustic, fluorescent tags).

(16 Lectures)

Separation techniques

Chromatography: Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluids, Importance

of column technology (packing, capillaries), Separation based on increasing number of factors

(volatility, solubility, interactions with stationary phase, size, electrical field), Detection: simple

vs. specific (gas and liquid), Detection as a means of further analysis (use of tags and coupling to

IR and MS), Electrophoresis (plates and capillary) and use with DNA analysis.

Immunoassays and DNA techniques

Mass spectroscopy: Making the gaseous molecule into an ion (electron impact, chemical

ionization), Making liquids and solids into ions (electrospray, electrical discharge, laser

desorption, fast atom bombardment), Separation of ions on basis of mass to charge ratio,

Magnetic, Time of flight, Electric quadrupole. Resolution, time and multiple separations,

Detection and interpretation (how this is linked to excitation).

(16 Lectures)

Elemental analysis:

Mass spectrometry (electrical discharges).

Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic absorption, Atomic emission, and Atomic fluorescence. Excitation

and getting sample into gas phase (flames, electrical discharges, plasmas), Wavelength

separation and resolution (dependence on technique), Detection of radiation

(simultaneous/scanning, signal noise), Interpretation (errors due to molecular and ionic species,

matrix effects, other interferences).

(8 Lectures)

NMR spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation, Factors affecting chemical shift, Spincoupling,

Applications.

(4 Lectures)

Electroanalytical Methods: Potentiometry & Voltammetry

(4 Lectures)

Radiochemical Methods

(4 Lectures)

X-ray analysis and electron spectroscopy (surface analysis)

(4 Lectures)

Reference books:

Principles of Instrumental Analysis - 6th Edition by Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler,

and Stanley Crouch (ISBN 0-495-01201-7).

Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th ed, Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle.

P.W. Atkins: Physical Chemistry.

G.W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry.

C.N. Banwell: Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy.

Brian Smith: Infrared Spectral Interpretations: A Systematic Approach.

W.J. Moore: Physical Chemistry.

PRACTICALS-DSE LAB: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

60 Lectures 1. Safety Practices in the Chemistry Laboratory

2. Determination of the isoelectric pH of a protein.

3. Titration curve of an amino acid.

4. Determination of the void volume of a gel filtration column.

5. Determination of a Mixture of Cobalt and Nickel (UV/Vis spec.)

6. Study of Electronic Transitions in Organic Molecules (i.e., acetone in water)

7. IR Absorption Spectra (Study of Aldehydes and Ketones)

8. Determination of Calcium, Iron, and Copper in Food by Atomic Absorption

9. Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures by Gas Chromatography (i.e., chloroform and carbon

tetrachloride)

10. Separation of Carbohydrates by HPLC

11. Determination of Caffeine in Beverages by HPLC

12. Potentiometric Titration of a Chloride-Iodide Mixture

13. Cyclic Voltammetry of the Ferrocyanide/Ferricyanide Couple

14. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

15. Use of fluorescence to do ―presumptive tests‖ to identify blood or other body fluids.

16. Use of ―presumptive tests‖ for anthrax or cocaine

17. Collection, preservation, and control of blood evidence being used for DNA testing

18. Use of capillary electrophoresis with laser fluorescence detection for nuclear DNA (Y

chromosome only or multiple chromosome)

19. Use of sequencing for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA

20. Laboratory analysis to confirm anthrax or cocaine

21. Detection in the field and confirmation in the laboratory of flammable accelerants or

explosives

22. Detection of illegal drugs or steroids in athletes

23. Detection of pollutants or illegal dumping

24. Fibre analysis

At least 10 experiments to be performed.

Reference Books:

Principles of Instrumental Analysis - 6th Edition by Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler,

and Stanley Crouch (ISBN 0-495-01201-7).

Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th ed, Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle.

CHEMISTRY OF d-BLOCK ELEMENTS, QUANTUM

CHEMISTRY & SPECTROSCOPY (compulsory)


Theory: 60 Lectures

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-3 (30 Lectures) Transition Elements (3d series)

General group trends with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valency, colour,

magnetic and catalytic properties, ability to form complexes and stability of various oxidation

states (Latimer diagrams) for Mn, Fe and Cu.

Lanthanoids and actinoids: Electronic configurations, oxidation states, colour, magnetic

properties, lanthanide contraction, separation of lanthanides (ion exchange method only).

(12 Lectures)

Coordination Chemistry

Valence Bond Theory (VBT): Inner and outer orbital complexes of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu

(coordination numbers 4 and 6). Structural and stereoisomerism in complexes with coordination

numbers 4 and 6.

Drawbacks of VBT. IUPAC system of nomenclature.

(8 Lectures)

Crystal Field Theory

Crystal field effect, octahedral symmetry. Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE), Crystal

field effects for weak and strong fields. Tetrahedral symmetry. Factors affecting the

magnitude of D. Spectrochemical series. Comparison of CFSE for Oh and Td complexes,

Tetragonal distortion of octahedral geometry.

Jahn-Teller distortion, Square planar coordination.

(10 Lectures)

Section B: Physical Chemistry-4 (30 Lectures) Quantum Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy and its importance in chemistry. Wave-particle duality. Link between

spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter.

Types of spectroscopy. Difference between atomic and molecular spectra. Born- Oppenheimer

approximation: Separation of molecular energies into translational, rotational, vibrational and

electronic components.

Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators.

Free particle. Particle in a 1-D box (complete solution), quantization, normalization of

wavefunctions, concept of zero-point energy.

Rotational Motion: Schrödinger equation of a rigid rotator and brief discussion of its results

(solution not required). Quantization of rotational energy levels.

Microwave (pure rotational) spectra of diatomic molecules. Selection rules. Structural

information derived from rotational spectroscopy.

Vibrational Motion: Schrödinger equation of a linear harmonic oscillator and brief discussion of

its results (solution not required). Quantization of vibrational energy levels. Selection rules,

IR spectra of diatomic molecules. Structural information derived from vibrational

spectra. Vibrations of polyatomic molecules. Group frequencies. Effect of hydrogen bonding

(inter- and intramolecular) and substitution on vibrational frequencies.

Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic excited states. Free Electron model and its application to

electronic spectra of polyenes. Colour and constitution, chromophores, auxochromes,

bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts.

(24 Lectures)

Photochemistry

Laws of photochemistry. Lambert-Beer’s law. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Quantum

efficiency and reasons for high and low quantum yields. Primary and secondary processes in

photochemical reactions. Photochemical and thermal reactions. Photoelectric cells.

(6 Lectures)

Reference Books:

• G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-‐Hill (2007).

• G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).

• J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry, Cengage Lening

India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).

• B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).

• R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York

(1985).

• J. D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.

• F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.

• D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins: Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press.

• Gary Wulfsberg: Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

LAB

60 Lectures

Section A: Inorganic Chemistry

1. Estimation of the amount of nickel present in a given solution as bis(dimethylglyoximato)

nickel(II) or aluminium as oxinate in a given solution gravimetrically.

2. Estimation of (i) Mg2+

or (ii) Zn2+

by complexometric titrations using EDTA.

3. Estimation of total hardness of a given sample of water by complexometric

titration.

4. Determination of the composition of the Fe3+

- salicylic acid complex / Fe2+

-

phenanthroline complex in solution by Job’s method.

Section B: Physical Chemistry

UV/Visible spectroscopy

I. Study the 200-500 nm absorbance spectra of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 (in 0.1 M H2SO4)

and determine the λmax values. Calculate the energies of the two transitions in different

units (J molecule-1

, kJ mol-1

, cm-1

, eV).

II. Study the pH-dependence of the UV-Vis spectrum (200-500 nm) of K2Cr2O7.

III. Record the 200-350 nm UV spectra of the given compounds (acetone, acetaldehyde,

2-propanol, acetic acid) in water. Comment on the effect of structure on the UV

spectra of organic compounds.

Colorimetry

I. Verify Lambert-Beer’s law and determine the concentration of

CuSO4/KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 in a solution of unknown concentration

II. Analyse the given vibration-rotation spectrum of HCl(g)

Reference Books:

• A.I. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn.

• A.I. Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.

• B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.

ORGANOMETALLICS, BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY,

POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS AND UV, IR

SPECTROSCOPY (Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)

Theory: 60 Lectures Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-4 (30 Lectures)

Chemistry of 3d metals

Oxidation states displayed by Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Co.

A study of the following compounds (including preparation and important properties);

Peroxo compounds of Cr, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, K4[Fe(CN)6], K3[Fe(CN)6], sodium nitroprusside,

[Co(NH3)6]Cl3, Na3[Co(NO2)6].

(6 Lectures)

Organometallic Compounds

Definition and Classification with appropriate examples based on nature of metal-carbon

bond (ionic, s, p and multicentre bonds). Structures of methyl lithium, Zeise’s salt and

ferrocene. EAN rule as applied to carbonyls. Preparation, structure, bonding and properties of

mononuclear and polynuclear carbonyls of 3d metals. p-acceptor behaviour of carbon

monoxide. Synergic effects (VB approach)- (MO diagram of CO can be referred to for synergic

effect to IR frequencies).

(12 Lectures)

Bio-Inorganic Chemistry

A brief introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Role of metal ions present in biological systems

with special reference to Na+

, K

+

and Mg2+

ions: Na/K pump; Role of Mg

2+

ions in energy

production and chlorophyll. Role of iron in oxygen transport, haemoglobin, myoglobin, storage

and transport of iron.

(12 Lectures)

Section B: Organic Chemistry-4 (30 Lectures) Polynuclear and heteronuclear aromatic

compounds:

Structure elucidation of naphthalene, preparation and properties of naphthalene and anthracene.

Properties of the following compounds with reference to electrophilic and nucleophilic

substitution: Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, and Pyridine.

(12 Lectures)

Active methylene compounds:

Preparation: Claisen ester condensation. Keto-enol tautomerism.

Reactions: Synthetic uses of ethylacetoacetate (preparation of non-heteromolecules having

upto 6 carbon).

(6 Lectures) Application of Spectroscopy to Simple Organic Molecules

Application of visible, ultraviolet and Infrared spectroscopy in organic molecules.

Electromagnetic radiations, electronic transitions, λmax & εmax, chromophore, auxochrome,

bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts. Application of electronic spectroscopy and

Woodward rules for calculating l max of conjugated dienes and α,β – unsaturated

compounds.

Infrared radiation and types of molecular vibrations, functional group and fingerprint region. IR

spectra of alkanes, alkenes and simple alcohols (inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding),

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (effect of substitution on

>C=O stretching absorptions).

(12 Lectures) Reference Books:

• James E. Huheey, Ellen Keiter & Richard Keiter: Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of

Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Publication.

• G.L. Miessler & Donald A. Tarr: Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Publication.

• J.D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.

• F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons.

• I.L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E.L.B.S.

• John R. Dyer: Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds,

Prentice Hall.

• R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler & T.C. Morrill: Spectroscopic Identification of

Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons.

• R.T. Morrison & R.N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.

• Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman.

• Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.

LAB

60 Lectures Section A: Inorganic Chemistry

1. Separation of mixtures by chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case.

(Combination of two ions to be given)

Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+

, A1

3+ and Cr

3+ or

Paper chromatographic separation of Ni2+

, Co

2+

, Mn2+

and Zn

2+

2. Preparation of any two of the following complexes and measurement of their conductivity: (i)

tetraamminecarbonatocobalt (III) nitrate

(ii) tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate

(iii) potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate

Compare the conductance of the complexes with that of M/1000 solution of NaCl, MgCl2 and

LiCl3.


Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing monofunctional

groups (-COOH, alcoholic, phenolic, carbohydrates, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines)

and preparation of one derivative.

Reference Books:

• A.I. Vogel: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn.

• A.I. Vogel: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.

• A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 5th Edn.

• F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders: Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman (1960).

MOLECULES OF LIFE


Theory: 60 Lectures Unit 1: Carbohydrates (10 Periods)

Classification of carbohydrates, reducing and non reducing sugars, General Properties of

Glucose and Fructose, their open chain structure. Epimers, mutarotation and anomers.

Determination of configuration of Glucose (Fischer proof). Cyclic structure of glucose. Haworth

projections. Cyclic structure of fructose. Linkage between monosachharides, structure of

disacharrides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and polysacharrides (starch and cellulose) excluding

their structure elucidation.

Unit 2: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins 12 Periods)

Classification of Amino Acids, Zwitterion structure and Isoelectric point. Overview of Primary,

Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins. Determination of primary structure of

peptides, determination of N-terminal amino acid (by DNFB and Edman method) and C–

terminal amino acid (by thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple

peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (tbutyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C-activating

groups and Merrifield solid phase synthesis.

Unit 3: Enzymes and correlation with drug action (12 Periods)

Mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action, Coenzymes and cofactors and

their role in biological reactions, Specificity of enzyme action(Including stereospecifity) ,

Enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of inhibition(Competitive and Non

competitive inhibition including allosteric inhibtion ). Drug action-receptor theory. Structure –

activity relationships of drug molecules, binding role of –OH group,-NH2 group, double bond

and aromatic ring,

Unit 4: Nucleic Acids (10 Periods)

Components of Nucleic acids: Adenine, guanine, thymine and Cytosine (Structure only), other

components of nucleic acids, Nucleosides and nucleotides (nomenclature), Structure of

polynucleotides; Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA(types of RNA), Genetic

Code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation.

Unit 5: Lipids (8 Periods)

Introduction to lipids, classification.

Oils and fats: Common fatty acids present in oils and fats, Omega fatty acids, Trans fats,

Hydrogenation, Saponification value, Iodine number.

Biological importance of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids (cholesterol).

Unit 6: Concept of Energy in Biosystems (8 Periods)

Calorific value of food. Standard caloric content of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Oxidation of

foodstuff (organic molecules) as a source of energy for cells. Introduction to Metabolism

(catabolism, anabolism), ATP: the universal currency of cellular energy, ATP hydrolysis and

free energy change. Conversion of food into energy. Outline of catabolic pathways of

Carbohydrate- Glycolysis, Fermentation, Krebs Cycle. Overview of catabolic pathways of Fats

and Proteins. Interrelationships in the metabolic pathways of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates.

Reference Book:

Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt.

Ltd. (Pearson Education).

Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

(Pearson Education).

Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

(Pearson Education).

Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H.

Freeman.

Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman.

LAB 60 Lectures 1. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography

2. To determine the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.

3. Study of titration curve of glycine

4. Action of salivary amylase on starch

5. Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch.

6. To determine the saponification value of an oil/fat.

7. To determine the iodine value of an oil/fat

8. Differentiate between a reducing/ nonreducing sugar.

9. Extraction of DNA from onion/cauliflower

10. To synthesize aspirin by acetylation of salicylic acid and compare it with the ingredient of an

aspirin tablet by TLC.

Reference Books:

Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Rogers, V.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Vogel’s

Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS.

Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,

Universities Press.

Skill Enhancement Course (any four) (Credit: 02

each)- SEC1 to SEC4

1. IT Skills for Chemists

2. Basic Analytical Chemistry

3. Chemical Technology & Society

4. Chemoinformatics

5. Business Skills for Chemists

6. Intellectual Property Rights

7. Analytical Clinical Biochemistry

8. Green Methods in Chemistry

9. Pharmaceutical Chemistry

10. Chemistry of Cosmetics & Perfumes

11. Pesticide Chemistry

12. Fuel Chemistry

IT SKILLS FOR CHEMISTS (Credits: 02)

(Hands on Exercises: 60 Lectures)

Mathematics

Fundamentals, mathematical functions, polynomial expressions, logarithms, the exponential

function, units of a measurement, interconversion of units, constants and variables, equation of a

straight line, plotting graphs.

Uncertainty in experimental techniques: Displaying uncertainties, measurements in chemistry,

decimal places, significant figures, combining quantities.

Uncertainty in measurement: types of uncertainties, combining uncertainties. Statistical

treatment. Mean, standard deviation, relative error. Data reduction and the propagation of errors.

Graphical and numerical data reduction. Numerical curve fitting: the method of least squares

(regression).

Algebraic operations on real scalar variables (e.g. manipulation of van der Waals equation in

different forms).Roots of quadratic equations analytically and iteratively (e.g. pH of a weak

acid). Numerical methods of finding roots (Newton-Raphson, binary –bisection, e.g. pH of a

weak acid not ignoring the ionization of water, volume of a van der Waals gas, equilibrium

constant expressions).

Differential calculus: The tangent line and the derivative of a function, numerical differentiation

(e.g., change in pressure for small change in volume of a van der Waals gas, potentiometric

titrations).

Numerical integration (Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, e.g. entropy/enthalpy change from heat

capacity data).

Computer programming:

Constants, variables, bits, bytes, binary and ASCII formats, arithmetic expressions, hierarchy of

operations, inbuilt functions. Elements of the BASIC language. BASIC keywords and

commands. Logical and relative operators. Strings and graphics. Compiled versus interpreted

languages. Debugging. Simple programs using these concepts. Matrix addition and

multiplication. Statistical analysis.

BASIC programs for curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration (Trapezoidal rule,

Simpson’s rule), finding roots (quadratic formula, iterative, Newton-Raphson method).

HANDS ON

Introductory writing activities: Introduction to word processor and structure drawing

(ChemSketch) software. Incorporating chemical structures, chemical equations, expressions from

chemistry (e.g. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, Bragg’s law, van der Waals equation, etc.)

into word processing documents.

Handling numeric data: Spreadsheet software (Excel), creating a spreadsheet, entering and

formatting information, basic functions and formulae, creating charts, tables and graphs.

Incorporating tables and graphs into word processing documents. Simple calculations, plotting

graphs using a spreadsheet (Planck’s distribution law, radial distribution curves for hydrogenic

orbitals, gas kinetic theory- Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves as function of temperature

and molecular weight), spectral data, pressure-volume curves of van der Waals gas (van der

Waals isotherms), data from phase equilibria studies. Graphical solution of equations.

Numeric modelling: Simulation of pH metric titration curves. Excel functions LINEST and Least

Squares. Numerical curve fitting, linear regression (rate constants from concentration- time data,

molar extinction coefficients from absorbance data), numerical differentiation (e.g. handling data

from potentiometric and pH metric titrations, pKa of weak acid), integration (e.g.

entropy/enthalpy change from heat capacity data).

Statistical analysis: Gaussian distribution and Errors in measurements and their effect on data

sets. Descriptive statistics using Excel. Statistical significance testing: The t test. The Ftest.

Presentation: Presentation graphics

Reference Books:

McQuarrie, D. A. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry University Science Books (2008).

Mortimer, R. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry. 3 Ed. Elsevier (2005).

Steiner, E. The Chemical Maths Book Oxford University Press (1996).

Yates, P. Chemical calculations. 2 Ed. CRC Press (2007).

Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.

Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data

analysis,

Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.

Noggle, J. H. Physical chemistry on a Microcomputer. Little Brown & Co. (1985).

Venit, S.M. Programming in BASIC: Problem solving with structure and style. Jaico

Publishing House: Delhi (1996). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BASIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (Credits: 02) (Hands on Exercises: 60 Lectures)

Introduction: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and its interdisciplinary nature. Concept of

sampling. Importance of accuracy, precision and sources of error in analytical measurements.

Presentation of experimental data and results, from the point of view of significant figures.

Analysis of soil: Composition of soil, Concept of pH and pH measurement, Complexometric

titrations, Chelation, Chelating agents, use of indicators

a. Determination of pH of soil samples.

b. Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium ions as Calcium carbonate by

complexometric titration.

Analysis of water: Definition of pure water, sources responsible for contaminating water,

water sampling methods, water purification methods.

a. Determination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.

b. Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of a water sample.

Chromatography: Definition, general introduction on principles of chromatography, paper

chromatography, TLC etc.

Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Ni2+

and Co2+

).

Ion-exchange: Column, ion-exchange chromatography etc.

Determination of ion exchange capacity of anion / cation exchange resin (using batch

procedure if use of column is not feasible).

Suggested Applications (Any one):

a. To study the use of phenolphthalein in trap cases.

b. To analyze arson accelerants.

c. To carry out analysis of gasoline.

Suggested Instrumental demonstrations:

a. Estimation of macro nutrients: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium in soil samples by flame

photometry.

b. Spectrophotometric determination of Iron in Vitamin / Dietary Tablets.

c. Spectrophotometric Identification and Determination of Caffeine and Benzoic Acid in Soft

Drink.

Reference Books:

1. Willard, H. H. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, CBS Publishers, 1988.

2. Skoog, D.A. and Leary, J.J., Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Saunders College

Publications, New York, 1992

3. Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M. and Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 6th

Ed., Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth, 1992

4. Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis 7th

Ed., W. H. Freeman and Co., New York,

2007

5. Dean, J. A. Analytical Chemistry Handbook, McGraw Hill, 2007

6. Day, R. A. and Underwood, A. L. Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall of India, 1991

7. Freifelder, D. Physical Biochemistry 2nd

Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., N.Y. 1982

8. Cooper, T.G. (Ed.) The Tools of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. 1977

9. Svehla , G. , Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7th Ed., Prentice Hall, 1996

10. Mendham, J., Denney, R.C., Barnes, J.D. and Thomas, M.J.K., Vogel’s Quantitative

Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Prentice Hall, 2007.

11. Robinson, J.W. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis 5th

Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New

York, 1995

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY (Credits: 02)


Chemical Technology

Basic principles of distillation, solvent extraction, solid-liquid leaching and liquid-liquidextraction,

separation by absorption and adsorption. An introduction into the scope of different types of equipment

needed in chemical technology, including reactors, distillation columns, extruders, pumps, mills,

emulgators. Scaling up operations in chemical industry. Introduction to clean technology.

Society

Exploration of societal and technological issues from a chemical perspective. Chemical and scientific

literacy as a means to better understand topics like air and water (and the trace materials found in them

that are referred to as pollutants); energy from natural sources (i.e. solar and renewable forms), from

fossil fuels and from nuclear fission; materials like plastics and polymers and their natural analogues,

proteins and nucleic acids, and molecular reactivity and interconversions from simple examples like

combustion to complex instances like genetic engineering and the manufacture of drugs.

Reference Book:

John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary & Doris K. Kolb, Chemistry for changing times 13th Ed.

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CHEMOINFORMATICS (Credits: 02)


Introduction to Chemoinformatics: History and evolution of chemoinformatics, Use of chemoinformatics,

Prospects of chemoinformatics, Molecular Modelling and Structure elucidation.

Representation of molecules and chemical reactions: Nomenclature, Different types of notations,

SMILES coding, Matrix representations, Structure of Molfiles and Sdfiles, Libraries and toolkits,

Different electronic effects, Reaction classification.

Searching chemical structures: Full structure search, sub-structure search, basic ideas, similarity search,

three dimensional search methods, basics of computation of physical and chemical data and structure

descriptors, data visualization.

Applications: Prediction of Properties of Compounds; Linear Free Energy Relations;

Quantitative Structure-Property Relations; Descriptor Analysis; Model Building; Modeling

Toxicity; Structure-Spectra correlations; Prediction of NMR, IR and Mass spectra; Computer Assisted

Structure elucidations; Computer Assisted Synthesis Design, Introduction to drug design; Target

Identification and Validation; Lead Finding and Optimization; Analysis of HTS data; Virtual Screening;

Design of Combinatorial Libraries; Ligand-Based and Structure Based Drug design; Application of

Chemoinformatics in Drug Design.

Hands-on Exercises

Reference Books:

•Andrew R. Leach & Valerie, J. Gillet (2007) An introduction to Chemoinformatics.Springer: The

Netherlands.

•Gasteiger, J. & Engel, T. (2003) Chemoinformatics: A text-book. Wiley-VCH.

•Gupta, S. P. (2011) QSAR & Molecular Modeling. Anamaya Pub.: New Delhi.

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BUSINESS SKILLS FOR CHEMISTS (Credits: 02)

Theory: 30 Lectures

Business Basics

Key business concepts: Business plans, market need, project management and routes to market.

Chemistry in Industry Current challenges and opportunities for the chemistry-using industries, role of chemistry in India and

global economies.

Making money

Financial aspects of business with case studies

Intellectual property

Concept of intellectual property, patents.

References: www.rsc.org

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) (Credits: 02)

Theory: 30 Lectures

In this era of liberalization and globalization, the perception about science and its practices has undergone

dramatic change. The importance of protecting the scientific discoveries, with commercial potential or the

intellectual property rights is being discussed at all levels – statutory, administrative, and judicial. With

India ratifying the WTO agreement, it has become obligatory on its part to follow a minimum acceptable

standard for protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The purpose of this course is to

apprise the students about the multifaceted dimensions of this issue.

Introduction to Intellectual Property:

Historical Perspective, Different Types of IP, Importance of protecting IP.

Copyrights

Introduction, How to obtain, Differences from Patents.

Trade Marks

Introduction, How to obtain, Different types of marks – Collective marks, certification marks, service

marks, Trade names, etc.

Differences from Designs.

Patents

Historical Perspective, Basic and associated right, WIPO, PCT system, Traditional Knowledge, Patents

and Healthcare – balancing promoting innovation with public health, Software patents and their

importance for India.

Geographical Indications

Definition, rules for registration, prevention of illegal exploitation, importance to India.

Industrial Designs

Definition, How to obtain, features, International design registration.

Layout design of integrated circuits

Circuit Boards, Integrated Chips, Importance for electronic industry.

Trade Secrets

Introduction and Historical Perspectives, Scope of Protection, Risks involved and legal aspects of Trade

Secret Protection.

Different International agreements

(a) Word Trade Organization (WTO):

(i)General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT), Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

agreement

(ii)General Agreement on Trade related Services (GATS)

(iii)Madrid Protocol

(iv)Berne Convention

(v)Budapest Treaty

(b) Paris Convention

WIPO and TRIPS, IPR and Plant Breeders Rights, IPR and Biodiversity

IP Infringement issue and enforcement – Role of Judiciary, Role of law enforcement agencies – Police,

Customs etc. Economic Value of Intellectual Property – Intangible assets and their valuation, Intellectual

Property in the Indian Context – Various laws in India Licensing and technology transfer.

Reference Books:

•N.K. Acharya: Textbook on intellectual property rights, Asia Law House (2001).

•Manjula Guru & M.B. Rao, Understanding Trips: Managing Knowledge in Developing Countries, Sage

Publications (2003).

•P. Ganguli, Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy, TataMcGraw-

Hill (2001).

•Arthur Raphael Miller, Micheal H.Davis; Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks and Copyright in a

Nutshell, West Group Publishers (2000).

•Jayashree Watal, Intellectual property rights in the WTO and developing countries,

Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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ANALYTICAL CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (Credits: 02)


Basic understanding of the structures, properties and functions of carbohydrates, lipids and

proteins:

Review of concepts studied in the core course:

Carbohydrates: Biological importance of carbohydrates, Metabolism, Cellular currency of

energy (ATP), Glycolysis, Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentations, Krebs cycle.

Isolation and characterization of polysachharides.

Proteins: Classification, biological importance; Primary and secondary and tertiary structures of

proteins:α -helixβ and - pleated sheets, Isolation, characterization, denaturation of proteins.

Enzymes: Nomenclature, Characteristics (mention of Ribozymes), Classification; Active site,

Mechanism of enzyme action, Stereospecificity of enzymes, Coenzymes and cofactors, Enzyme

inhibitors, Introduction to Biocatalysis: Importance in ―Green Chemistry‖ and Chemical

Industry.

Lipids: Classification. Biological importance of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides and

cholesterol; Lipid membrane, Liposomes and their biological functions and underlying

applications.

Lipoproteins.

Properties, functions and biochemical functions of steroid hormones.

Biochemistry of peptide hormones.

Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA, Genetic Code, Biological roles of DNA and

RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation, Introduction to Gene therapy.

Enzymes: Nomenclature, classification, effect of pH, temperature on enzyme activity, enzyme

inhibition.

Biochemistry of disease: A diagnostic approach by blood/ urine analysis.

Blood: Composition and functions of blood, blood coagulation. Blood collection and

preservation of samples. Anaemia, Regulation, estimation and interpretation of data for blood

sugar, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and bilirubin.

Urine: Collection and preservation of samples. 6. Formation of urine. Composition and

estimation of constituents of normal and pathological urine.

Practicals

Identification and estimation of the following:

1.Carbohydrates – qualitative and quantitative.

2.Lipids – qualitative.

3.Determination of the iodine number of oil.

4.Determination of the saponification number of oil.

5.Determination of cholesterol using Liebermann- Burchard reaction.

6.Proteins – qualitative.

7.Isolation of protein.

8.Determination of protein by the Biuret reaction.

9.Determination of nucleic acids

Reference Books:

•T.G. Cooper: Tool of Biochemistry.

•Keith Wilson and John Walker: Practical Biochemistry.

•Alan H Gowenlock: Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry.

•Thomas M. Devlin: Textbook of Biochemistry.

•Jeremy M. Berg, John L Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer: Biochemistry.

•G. P. Talwar and M Srivastava: Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology.

•A.L. Lehninger: Biochemistry.

•O. Mikes, R.A. Chalmers: Laboratory Handbook of Chromatographic Methods.

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GREEN METHODS IN CHEMISTRY (Credits: 02)


Theory and Hands-on Experiments

Introduction: Definitions of Green Chemistry. Brief introduction of twelve principles of Green

Chemistry, with examples, special emphasis on atom economy, reducing toxicity, green solvents,

Green Chemistry and catalysis and alternative sources of energy, Green energy and sustainability

The following Real world Cases in Green Chemistry should be discussed:

1 Surfactants for Carbon Dioxide – replacing smog producing and ozone depleting solvents

with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments. 2 Designing of Environmentally safe marine antifoulant.

3 Rightfit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic pigments. 4 An efficient, green synthesis of a compostable and widely applicable plastic (poly lactic

acid) made from corn.

PRACTICALS

1 Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from vegetable oil.

2 Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared from dry ice.

3 Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of azomethine.

4 Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of

copper(II) Reference Books:

1. Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.K. Oxford Green Chemistry- Theory and Practical,

University Press, 1998 2. Matlack, A.S. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, 2001

3. Cann, M.C. and Connely, M.E., Real-World Cases in Green Chemistry, American

Chemical Society, Washington, 2000 4. Ryan, M.A. and Tinnesand, M., Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical

Society, Washington, 2002

5. Sharma, R.K., Sidhwani, I.T. and Chaudhari, M.K. Green Chemistry Experiments: A

monograph, I.K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi, Bangalore ISBN

978-93-81141-55-7, 2013

6. Lancaster, Mike Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text 2nd

Ed., RSC Publishing, ISBN

978-1-84755-873-2, 2010

7. Wealth from waste: A green method to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil and

generation of useful products from waste further generated ― A social Awareness Project‖

Indu Tucker Sidhwani, Geeta Saini, Sushmita Chowdhury, Dimple Garg, Malovika, Nidhi

Garg, Delhi University Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation, Vol1, Issue 1,

Feb 2015. ISSN: 2395-2334.

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Credits: 02)


Drugs & Pharmaceuticals

Drug discovery, design and development; Basic Retrosynthetic approach. Synthesis of the

representative drugs of the following classes: analgesics agents, antipyretic agents, anti-

inflammatory agents (Aspirin, paracetamol, lbuprofen); antibiotics (Chloramphenicol);

antibacterial and antifungal agents (Sulphonamides; Sulphanethoxazol, Sulphacetamide,

Trimethoprim); antiviral agents (Acyclovir), Central Nervous System agents (Phenobarbital,

Diazepam),Cardiovascular (Glyceryl trinitrate), antilaprosy (Dapsone), HIV-AIDS related drugs

(AZT- Zidovudine).

Fermentation

Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation. Production of (i) Ethyl alcohol and citric acid, (ii) Antibiotics;

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Chloromycetin and Streptomycin, (iii) Lysine, Glutamic acid, Vitamin B2,

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C.

Practicals

1.Preparation of Aspirin and its analysis.

2.Preparation of magnesium bisilicate (Antacid).

Reference Books:

•G.L. Patrick: Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Oxford University Press, UK.

•Hakishan, V.K. Kapoor: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan,

Pitampura, New Delhi.

•William O. Foye, Thomas L., Lemke , David A. William: Principles of Medicinal Chemistry,

B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

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CHEMISTRY OF COSMETICS & PERFUMES (Credits: 02)


A general study including preparation and uses of the following: Hair dye, hair spray, shampoo,

suntan lotions, face powder, lipsticks, talcum powder, nail enamel, creams (cold,

vanishing and shaving creams), antiperspirants and artificial flavours. Essential oils and their

importance in cosmetic industries with reference to Eugenol, Geraniol, sandalwood oil,

eucalyptus, rose oil, 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol, Jasmone, Civetone, Muscone.

Practicals

1.Preparation of talcum powder.

2.Preparation of shampoo.

3.Preparation of enamels.

4.Preparation of hair remover.

5.Preparation of face cream.

6.Preparation of nail polish and nail polish remover.

Reference Books:

•E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol -I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.

•P.C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.

•B.K. Sharma: Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.

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PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY (Credits: 02)


General introduction to pesticides (natural and synthetic), benefits and adverse effects, changing

concepts of pesticides, structure activity relationship, synthesis and technical manufacture and

uses of representative pesticides in the following classes: Organochlorines (DDT, Gammexene,);

Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion ); Carbamates (Carbofuran and carbaryl); Quinones (

Chloranil), Anilides (Alachlor and Butachlor).

Practicals

1To calculate acidity/alkalinity in given sample of pesticide formulations as per BIS

specifications.

2Preparation of simple organophosphates, phosphonates and thiophosphates

Reference Book:

•R. Cremlyn: Pesticides, John Wiley.

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FUEL CHEMISTRY (Credits: 02)


Review of energy sources (renewable and non-renewable). Classification of fuels and their

calorific value.

Coal: Uses of coal (fuel and nonfuel) in various industries, its composition, carbonization of

coal.Coal gas, producer gas and water gas—composition and uses. Fractionation of coal tar, uses

of coal tar bases chemicals, requisites of a good metallurgical coke, Coal gasification (Hydro

gasification and Catalytic gasification), Coal liquefaction and Solvent Refining.

Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry: Composition of crude petroleum, Refining and different

types of petroleum products and their applications.

Fractional Distillation (Principle and process), Cracking (Thermal and catalytic cracking),

Reforming Petroleum and non-petroleum fuels (LPG, CNG, LNG, bio-gas, fuels derived from

biomass), fuel from waste, synthetic fuels (gaseous and liquids), clean fuels. Petrochemicals:

Vinyl acetate, Propylene oxide, Isoprene, Butadiene, Toluene and its derivatives Xylene.

Lubricants: Classification of lubricants, lubricating oils (conducting and non-conducting)Solid

and semisolid lubricants, synthetic lubricants.

Properties of lubricants (viscosity index, cloud point, pore point) and their determination.

Reference Books:

•E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol -I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.

•P.C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.

•B.K. Sharma: Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.

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