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TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013
MAKE AGRICULTURE TRULY SUSTAINABLE NOW FOR FOOD SECURITY
IN A CHANGING CLIMATE
U N I T E D N A T I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
EMBARGO
The contents of this Report must not be
quoted or summarized in the print,
broadcast or electronic media before
18 September 2013, 17:00 hours GMT
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KEY MESSAGES
The 2008 food crisis was an important catalyst for realizing the need for a fundamental transformation and questioning
some of the assumptions that had driven food, agricultural and trade policy in recent decades.
The fundamental transformation of agriculture may well turn out to be one of the biggest challenges, including for
international security, of the 21st century.
The world needs a paradigm shift in agricultural development: from a green revolution to an ecological
intensication approach.
The required transformation is much more profound than simply tweaking the existing industrial agricultural system.
Elements and key achievements of the required transformation of agriculture, elaborated upon by the authors of this
Review, include:
In pursuing a fundamental transformation of agriculture, one should take into account systemic considerations
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adaptation
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China
Brazil
EU-27
US
India
Argentina
Indonesia
Russia
Nigeria
Austria
France
Colombia
Thailand
Germany
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Myanmar
Mexico
Turkey
DRC
Canada
Vietnam
Ethiopia
Venezuela
UK
1,200 -
1,000 -
800 -
600 -
400 -
200 -
0 -
- 6
- 5
- 4
- 3
- 2
- 1
- 0
Total(millionmetrictonsCO
2-e)
Percapita(millionmetrictonsCO
2-e/person)
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n.a.
>25
15 to 25
5 to 15
0 to 5
-5 to 0
-15 to -5
-25 to -15
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80,000 -
70,000 -
60,000 -
50,000 -
40,000 -
30,000 -
20,000 -
10,000 -
0 -
Chickenproduction
Tons
Chickenimports
2002 2007
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350,000 -
300,000 -
250,000 -
200,000 -
150,000 -
100,000 -
50,000 -
0 -
Riceproduction
Tons
Riceimports
1980 2004 2009
100 -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
UE
Customstariffs(percent)
UEMOA
Cereals
Milkpowder
Sugarproducts
Meat
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/ Deutsches Institut fr Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)
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1960-
1970-
1980-
1990-
2000-
2010-
4.0 -
3.5 -
3.0 -
2.5 -
2.0 -
1.5 -
1.0 -
0.5 -
0.0 -
Sub-Saharan Africa
North Africa
North America
World
Asia
Hectarespercapita
1850-
1860-
1870-
1880-
1890-
1900-
1910-
1920-
1930-
1940-
1950-
1960-
1970-
1980-
1990-
2000-
2010-
1,000 -
800 -
600 -
400 -
200 -
0 -
-200 -
Latin America
CO
2emmissions(TgCy-1)
S and SE Asia
Tropical Africa
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2000-
2010-
2020-
2030-
2040-
2050-
600 -
500 -
400 -
300 -
200 -
100 -
0 -
non-OECD
Billionm3
OECD
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0
17.90
60.27
10.04
10.04
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Mix of preparation methods
Carbon footprint in the use phase
g CO2e / cup of coffee
Automatic coffee machine
Filter drip
French press
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1.5 -
1.0 -
0.5 -
0 -
-0.5 -
-1.0 -
-1.5 -
-2.0 -
-2.5 -
-3.0 -
Weighted average
K
g.o
fCO
2-e
Average
Fertilizerproduction
Cropresidue
management
Fertilizerinduced
emissions
Pesticides
Carbonstock
change
Totalemissions
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1960-
1970-
1980-
1990-
2000-
2010-
10 -
9 -
8 -
7 -
6 -
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 -
All fertilizers (1961=31.2 Mt)
Ratio(1961
=1)
Nitrogenous fertilizers (1961=11.6 Mt)
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1961-1965-
1966-1970-
1971-1975-
1976-1980-
1981-1985-
1986-1990-
1991-1995-
1996-2000-
2001-2005-
2006-2008-
50 000-
40 000-
30 000-
20 000-
10 000-
0-
Soybeans (cake weight)
Millionsoftons
Cake of soy
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120 -
100 -
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
0 -
Cow to bereplaced
Months
Substitutecow
Cow
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External factors (e.g. entrepreneurs)
Desire for security and wealth
Overshing
Ecosystem degradation
and soil erosion
Breakdown of nutrient
cycling and loss of
soil fertility/structure
Increased use of
agrichemicals
Increased
costsPollution of
waterways,
aquifers and wetland
Increased
health risks
Loss of income
from food crops
and wildlife
Increasedvulnerability to HIV/AIDS
Other external factors
(e.g. war and disasters)
Loss of biodiversity
Breakdown of ecosystem function
Loss of crop yields
Hunger and
malnutrition
Declining livelihoods,
leading to poverty and social deprivation
Regulated by social organizations at the
community level
OvergrazingDeforestation
Unsustainable use
of soils and water
Regulated by
social organizations
at national and
international level
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0
2
4
6
8
10
Weeks 2 6 10 14
Actual yield Biological yield potential
Filling the gap - Step 1 Filling the gap - Step 2+3
Cropyield(tons/ha)
Weeks
Steps 2+3
Yield Gap
Step 1
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External factors (e.g. entrepreneurs)
Desire for security and wealth
Overshing
Ecosystem degradation
and soil erosionBreakdown of nutrient
cycling and loss of
soil fertility/structure
Increased use of
agrichemicals
Increased
costsPollution of
waterways,
aquifers and wetland
Increased
health risks
Loss of income
from food crops
and wildlife
Increasedvulnerability to HIV/AIDS
Other external factors
(e.g. war and disasters)
Breakdown of ecosystem function
Loss of crop yields
Hunger and
malnutrition
Declining livelihoods,
leading to poverty and social deprivation
Regulated by social organizations at the
community level
OvergrazingDeforestation
Unsustainable use
of soils and water
Regulated by
social organizations
at national and
international level
STEP 1
STEPs2 + 3
DIVERSIFY
GENERATE INCOME
Loss of crop yields
Focus of AF
Loss of bio diversity
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IncomeUS$
30.000
2 Years
5 Years
10 Years
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
-US$
145
US$
28.3
50
US
$
16.0
00
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1995- -
1997- -
1999- -
2001- -
2003- -
2005- -
2009-
3.0 -
2.5 -
2.0 -
1.5 -
1.0 -
0.5 -
- 100
- 80
- 60
- 40
- 20
- 0
Western Europe/ Canada rapeseed productivity
Western Europe/ United States rapeseed productivity
Western Europe/ United States maize productivity
Ratioofyield(Hg/Ha)
PercentageofGM
United States maize
United States rapeseed
Canada rapeseed
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1992-
1997-
2002-
2007-
3 200 -
3 000 -
2 800 -
2 600 -
2 400 -
2 200 -
2 000 -
Chile
Columbia
Venezuela
Peru
Bolivia
kcal/person/day
1992-
1997-
2002-
2007-
3 400 -
3 200 -
3 000 -
2 800 -
2 600 -
2 400 -
2 200 -
2 000 -
- 0.7
- 0.6
- 0.5
- 0.4
- 0.3
- 0.2
- 0.1
- 0.0
kcal/person/day
Pro
portionofarablefarmlandunderGMc
ro
ps
Argentina (kcal)
Uruguay
(proportion of GM)
Paraguay(proportion of GM)
Brazil
(proportion of GM)
Argentina
(proportion of GM)Brazil (kcal)
Paraguay (kcal)
Uruguay (kcal)
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Benets
Agricultural potential
Negative
High
High Medium Low None
Main focus for multi-functional agricultural landscapes
Actual production benets
Potential production benets
Actual environmentalbenets at the farm level
Potential environmentalbenets at the farm level
Potential environmentalbenets at the agriculturallandscape
Low
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
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251/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
252/340
-
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253/340
-
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254/340
-
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255/340
-
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256/340
-
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257/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
258/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
259/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
260/340
-
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261/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
262/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
263/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
264/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
265/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
266/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
267/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
268/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
269/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
270/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
271/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
272/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
273/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
274/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
275/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
276/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
277/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
278/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
279/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
280/340
-
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281/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
282/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
283/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
284/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
285/340
-
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-
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287/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
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1970-
1975-
1980-
1985-
1990-
1995-
2000-
2005-
2010-
6 -
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 -
0 -
Fertilizer Price Index / Food Price Index
(ratio 1970 = 1)
-
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289/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
290/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
291/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
292/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
293/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
294/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
295/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
296/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
297/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
298/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
299/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
300/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
301/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
302/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
303/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
304/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
305/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
306/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
307/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
308/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
309/340
2000-
2001-
2002-
2003-
2004-
2005-
2006-
2007-
2008-
2009-
2010-
225 -
200 -
175 -
150 -
125 -
100 -
75 -
50 -
25 -
0 -
UNFAOfoodindex
USdollarsperbarrell
FAO food index
Price of oil
- 225
- 200
- 175
- 150
- 125
- 100
- 75
- 50
- 25
- 0
-
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310/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
311/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
312/340
-
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313/340
Jan.2
006-
Mar.2006-
May2006-
Jul.2006-
Sep.2
006-
Nov.2
006-
Jan.2
007-
Mar.2007-
May2007-
Jul.2007-
Sep.2
007-
Nov.2
007-
Jan.2
008-
Mar.2008-
May2008-
Jul.2008-
Sep.2
008-
Nov.2
008-
Jan.2
009-
Mar.2009-
May2009-
Jul.2009-
Sep.2
009-
Nov.2
009-
200 -
180 -
160 -
140 -
120 -
100 -
80 -
- 14,000
- 12,000
- 10,000
- 8,000
- 6,000
- 4,000
- 2,000
5,0
38
5,8
53
6,3
99
7,0
53 7
,758
12,3
89
3,3
92
3,1
01
OTC contracts ($ bn)
Primary commodity price index
Commoditypriceindex
SalesvalueofOTCcontractsin$bn
01.01.2008 01.01.2010
160 -
140 -
120 -
100 -
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
-
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2008 2009 2010 2011
160 -
140 -
120 -
100 -
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
Dow Jones Industrial Average
Dow Jones UBS Commodity Index
Percentage
-
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315/340
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Polynimial
World Consumption
Linear
Linear
World Production
Polynimial
-
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316/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
317/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
318/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
319/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
320/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
321/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
322/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
323/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
324/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
325/340
SEKEM engages with all of its stakeholdersin a holistic and transparent way
In 2010, the SEKEM Companies andFoundation employed 1 856 and 271people respectively
SEKEM actively endorses the UN GlobalCompact principles and promotes humanrights together with the Cooperative ofSEKEM Employees (CSE)
SEKEM was awarded by UniFern to provideall its female employees with equal oppor-
tunities SEKEM is at the forefront of nationaland international initiatives for
sustainable development
The SEKEM Development Foundation(SDF) operates a broad range of educa-tional institutions, provides health servicesand supports the cultural and artisticdevelopment of SEKEM employees andmembers of the surrounding communities
To spread knowledge about biodynamicagriculture, SEKEM established the Egyp-tian Biodynamic Association (EBDA)
SEKEM established the Helipolis Academyfor Sustainable Development to foster
research and development
The core business of the SEKEM group areland reclamation, organic farming, phyto-pharmaceutical and textile production
The SEKEM companies include the largestproducer of organic tea and the largest
producer of organic herbs in the MiddleEast SEKEM companies are compliant with 14
international standars and certificates(Demeter, Fairtrade, ISO, etc.)
The SEKEM group has implemented acomprehensive management system,integrating the four dimensions of sustain-able development and annually reports onprogress and achievements
SEKEM cultivates 1 628 feddan (ca 684 ha) offarmland and its suppliers from the EBDAcultivate more than 7 200 feddan (ca 3 000 ha)
Roughly 30 percent of raw materials used inprocessing come from SEKEM firms
SEKEM constantly monitors and improvesthe efficiency of water usage and energyconsumption
One of the major priorities of SEKEM iscaring about the fertility of soil and thebiodiversity of plants and the relatedecosystem
Animal husbandry at SEKEM includes cattle,chickens, bees and pigeons, all living accord-ing to Demeter standards
CulturalLife SocialLife
EcologyEconomicLife
-
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326/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
327/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
328/340
-
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329/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
330/340
-
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331/340
-
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332/340
-
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333/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
334/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
335/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
336/340
-
8/12/2019 UNCTAD Trade & Environment Review 2013
337/340
-
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338/340
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