Uncovering the Mysteries of Human Fertility: On Sex, Fertile Days, and Why the Rabbit Dies
Uncovering the Mysteries of Psychiatry
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Uncovering the Mysteries of
PsychiatryNancy Gerrard
June 8, 2014
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Alternative treatments for depression
3 new medications
Drugs of abuse
Today’s review:
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Young adult years have also been called the AGE of INSTABILITY EMERGING ADULTHOOD Children and adolescents increasingly take
antidepressants (1/13 on psych meds) Thin line between diagnosing depression
and teaching youth to view any emotional upset as pathological
NY Times, Iarovici, April 2014
OUR clientele
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Patients I see at the University Health Center:
Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder First episode psychosis Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Eating disorders ADHD Transgender clients
OUR Clientele
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DepressionAlternative therapies
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Depressed mood most of day Diminished interest in pleasurable activities
Decrease or increase in appetite Insomnia or hypersomnia Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Depression
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Diminished ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal thoughts or attempts
These symptoms occur nearly every day and they cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
Depression (cont)
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GeneticsSituational (life events and environmental stress)
Personality or temperamentBiological/medical factorsDrug/alcohol induced
Depression – what causes it??
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TherapyMedicationsCombination of therapy and medication
Hospitalization
Standard treatment for depression
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Prozac Paxil Zoloft Celexa Lexapro Cymbalta Effexor Pristiq Wellbutrin
Medications for depression
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SleepHealthy dietNo alcohol or drugsLimit caffeine useGet outside for natural light at least 20 minutes per dayExercise dailySocialize with positive people
Treatments for depression
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Hastens the effects of antidepressant drugsRapid onset of antidepressant actionAntidepressant effects mediated through eyesUseful as a nonpharmacological intervention during pregnancy
Bright light therapy
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Use a light box with full spectrum light – 10, 000 luxTime with patient’s circadian phase of melatonin secretion (7.5-9 hrs after evening melatonin secretionRare side effects such as: headache, eyestrain, nausea, and agitation
Bright light therapy
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Approved for treatment resistant depression
Electromagnetic coil placed against scalp and delivers pulses
Session is between 30-50 minutes Treatments are 5x week for 4-6 weeks Occasional headache after treatment Some insurance coverage
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Deep brain stimulation (same as what is used for Parkinsons)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Sleep Deprivation (still being studied)
Alternative Treatments
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L- methylfolate or Deplin A form of folate that can cross blood brain
barrier 70% of depressed persons have a genetic
factor that limits their ability to convert folic acid or folate in food to l-methylfolate.
L-methylfolate regulates neurotransmitter production
Used as an adjunct to antidepressant medications
Alternative Therapies
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St John’s wort – antidepressant effects (mild to modest effects)
SAMe – possible benefit for depression
Omega 3 – possible benefit for depression
Melatonin- possible benefit for depression but can improve sleep
Alternative Therapies
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PsychotherapyVisualization JournalingMeditationAcupuncture
Mind Body Therapies
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New Medications
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3 New Medications
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Fetzima – antidepressant
Works on norepinephrine and serotonin
In same family as cymbalta, pristiq, effexor
New medications
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Latuda – atypical antipsychotic
Using for mood stabilization, psychosis, adjunct for depression
Same family as Abilify, Geodon, Zyprexa, Seroquel
New medications
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Brintellex – antidepressant
Works on serotonin but several different receptors involved. Less weight gain and less sexual side effects reported
New medications
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Drugs of Abuse
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Most frequently used drug by teens
½ of jr high students drink monthly
14% of teens intoxicated at least 1x in past yr.
8% of teens who drink, drink 5+ drinks
Alcohol
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Underage drinking attracts many developing adolescents
Peer pressure Increased independenceEasy access Increased stress
Alcohol
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Lowers attention/car accidents Decreases memory Tend to mix with other drugs – DANGER Intoxication associated with suicides and
suicide attempts Males tend to complete less yrs of
education if abusing alcohol Drinking increases risk of engage in unsafe
sexual practices, or victimization Brain is still developing in adolescents
Alcohol Dangers
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Family history of alcoholism Genetics Environment Family problems Peers abusing alcohol Psychiatric problems Personality (risk takers)
Students at risk with alcohol
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Dried flowers, leaves, stems, seeds from hemp plant Cannabis Sativa which contains THC
Most common illicit drug used in US Hand rolled in cigarettes or used in pipes or water pipes (bongs).
Can also be mixed in food or brewed as a tea
Marijuana
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THC rapidly passes through lungs into blood which carries chemical to brain and other organs
Influences pleasure, memory, thinking, concentration, sensory, and time perception
Can affect brain development in young people – affects thinking and memory
Increases HR by 20-100% which can last 3 hrs.
Increased risk of heart attack
Marijuana effects on body
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High doses of marijuana can cause a temporary psychotic reaction (hallucinations and paranoia)
Possible link between marijuana and later development of psychosis
Long term marijuana users trying to quit have irritability, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, anxiety, drug craving
Marijuana effects on body
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In 1980, the concentration of THC in marijuana was 4%
In 2012, the concentration of THC in marijuana was around 15%
Potency of marijuana
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Big problem on college campuses Stimulants cannot make you smarter!
Persons like to go after the “rush” or the “high” that stimulants can give
Also allow to stay awake all night to study
Statistics are hard to find for the amount of abuse
Stimulant abuse
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Synthetic/Designer Drugs
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Labeled as not for human consumptionCamouflaged under names such as stain remover, insect repellantActive ingredients are a moving targetGrown in popularity due to representation as legal and their limited detection by standard testsMay present with s/s that resemble psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, depressionLongterm consequences relatively unknown
Synthetic/designer drugs
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First used in US in July 2010Cheap ($20-50 per 50mg packet)Users predominantly young and maleOften coingested with marijuana, alcohol, opiods
Bath salts
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Contain ingredients similar to ecstasy, methamphetamine, cocaineContains cathinone in khat plantIncrease in serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
Bath Salts
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Purple wave Zoom Cloud Nine Lunar Wave White Lightening Scarface Vanilla Sky Bloom
Bath Salts Names
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Cause a surge in dopamine Also surge in norepinephrine
Bath Salts
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Desired effects:EuphoriaAlertnessIncreased sociabilityIncreased empathyIntensification of sensory experiencesSexual arousal
Bath Salts
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Adverse effectsTachycardia HypertensionHyperthermia/sweatingMydriasisSeizures/spasmsRespiratory distressDeath
Bath Salts
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Behavioral side effects
Panic attacksAgitationHallucinations/psychosis/paranoiaAggressionSelf mutilationInsomniaDepression
Bath Salts
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May be inhaled, injected, snorted, swallowed , or inserted into rectum or vaginaEffects occur with doses of 2-5mgTypical dose is 5-20mgEffects occur 10-20 minutes after ingestionDesired effects last 2-4 hrs
Bath Salts
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Addiction potential: strong urge to re-dose occurs 20-30” after ingestionMay be 10x more addictive than methamphetamine in rat studies
Bath Salts
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What to look for:May mimic a psychiatric disorderDisorientation/agitationDilated pupils with nystagmusLockjaw and teethgrindingRapid, loud, incoherent speechEmotional, verbal, physical abuseNegative results on standard urine toxicology but developing new testing
Bath Salts
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Treatment
Mainly supportiveSedatives (benzodiazepines)Monitor for respiratory depressionAntipsychoticsPhysical restraints may be necessaryLab work may show elevated liver enzymesInderal for BP, tachycardia, tremors, sweating
Bath Salts
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Pure form of MDMA or Ecstacy Many more times potent than MDMA Popular Makes it feel as if “everything is right with
the world”, euphoria Usually taken as tablet or capsule Surge of serotonin – emotional closeness,
sexual arousal Negative: confusion, depression, sleep
problems, anxiety
Molly
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Synthetic cannabinoids
Spice/K2
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Designed to mimic THC (tetrahydrocanninol)Carry a higher risk of causing psychois1st appeared in US in 200877% of users are maleInhalation most common route of administration$10-20 per gram (usual dose is 0.3g)
Spice/K2
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What to watch for:
AgitationAnxiety/DepressionElevated Blood Pressure/TachycardiaHallucinations/ParanoiaNauseaSeizuresSymptoms may last up to 6 hrs
Spice/K2
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Commerical testing is available – formulations change so rapidly that testing quickly becomes obsoleteIV benzodiazepines usually treatKidney failure reported in several casesPossible 3x risk of psychosisDepression and suicidal ideation may continueDependence and withdrawal reported
Spice/K2
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Derived from salvia divinroum, a member of the mint familyWorks on kappa opiodsSmoke or ingest salvia leavesLow addiction potentialMay have antidepressant effects
Salvia
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Desired effects
Relaxation/better moodIntense psychedelic effectsHallucinationsFloating feeling, dream like experienceIncrease of sensual and aesthetic appreciationIncreased self confidence/insightSpiritual experience
Salvia
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Adverse effectsRacing thoughtsSleeplessnessDizzinessAnxietyPsychosisAgitationSweating/chillsNausea/vomitting
Salvia
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Website:
www. Erowid.org
Synthetic Drugs
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National Institute of Health, www.nih.gov/ April 2014
Saddock & Saddock, Synopsis of Psychiatry, 9th edition, 2003
DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 2013
MedicineNet.com, March 2014 NEI Psychopharmacology Congress, 2013 Iarovici, NY Times, April 2014
References
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A student with a history of illicit substance abuse is considering trying bath salts as a cheap alternative high that won’t be detectable in standard drug tests. Recent studies indicate:
A. it is 10x more addictive B. 5x less addictive C. 10x less addictive
Quiz
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In 2009, what percentage of 16-17 yr olds drove under the influence of drugs/alcohol
A. 1.2% B. 3.6% C. 6.3% D. 10.7%
Quiz
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Which of the following statements about adderall (stimulant) is true?
A. It can make you smarterB. It can help a person focus, even if they don’t have ADHD
C. It causes your body to need less sleep
D. None of the above
Quiz
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Alcohol and marijuana are the drugs most abused by teens. What comes next?
A. Ecstacy B. Cocaine C. Bath Salts D. Prescription drugs and cough medicine
E. Tobacco
Quiz
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What are things dangerous about bath salts?
A. Cause paranoia, hallucinations, violent behavior
B. Made with cathinones C. May end up in emergency room after taking them
D. Contain unknown ingredients E. All of the above
Quiz