Islamic Economy: Main principles

PAGE 29The United Nations

Successes & Failures

Introduction

Whether the United Nations is agreed or disagreed with, praised or criticized, the fact remains that it is the only truly global organization in the history of mankind. Given the importance of that organization, or rather of what it represents, this paper intends to shed some light on its successes and failures. The paper comprises two parts: the first part presents a short review of the successes and failures of the United Nations from the perspectives of two renowned writers; Boutros Boutros Ghali, former UN Secretary and Jussi M. Hanhimaki, Ph.D. Professor of International History and Politics in Finland. Due to the limitation of space, this paper shall only focus on some of the successes and failures discussed by the two writers. The second part is a glossary of the core terms used in UN documents with 500 entries categorized by topic and extracted from various UN documents. In assessing the successes and failures of the United Nations, the paper begins with a brief history of the organization, then it attempts to answer two main questions about the UN: How far has the UN lived to the expectations of its founders? Despite ongoing criticism of the organization, why does its membership expands constantly? To answer such questions, the paper moves to the four pledges that were taken in the UN Charter and concludes with how far the UN succeeded in fulfilling them.A brief history of the UN

Between 1914, which marked the outbreak of the World War 1, and 1918, almost 20 million people were perished. Old empires collapsed and new nations emerged. In other words, a new world order emerged and brought with it an urgent need for an effective international organization. The late 19th century had witnessed the establishment of few international organizations for dealing with specific issues. However, it was not until the 20th century that the League of Nations, the predecessor of the United Nations was formed.

Amid the bloody world of 1918, president Woodrow Wilson outlined his idea of the League of Nations. He, along with many other world leaders, had high hopes in an international organization that had the power to settle international disputes before they escalate to a state of war. However, the Senate voted against this idea and the country never joined the League.

The League of Nations started its operations in Geneva, Switzerland 1920 and was dominated by France, Great Britain Japan and Italy. Its General Assembly constituted of twenty eight members, mostly from Europe and Latin America. The League achieved limited success at the beginning of its work as it settled a number of international territorial disputes. But shortly after that, its weaknesses were revealed. In addition to the absence of the United States, Japan and Italy simply walked out of the League when they didn't like its decisions, while the Soviet Union was the only member to be expelled from the League. A series of aggressive acts and attacks by the four permanent members followed and the League was paralyzed towards them. It couldn't command the super powers or apply sanctions. Eventually, it was the League of Nations' failure to prevent the breakout of World War II that wrote its end.

The World War II was a true global conflict between the so-called Grand Alliance headed by (the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) against axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan). This world war transformed the world, as unions collapsed, and superpowers emerged at the cost of the blood of about 72 million people! The establishment of the United Nations was, therefore, urgently called for by the US president Roosevelt during the last years of war. Major powers responded and the drafting of the UN Charter began in 1941. They were trying not to repeat the sins of the past, so they offered the founders permanent membership as an incentive for them not to simply walk a way of the organization as Japan had previously done. The Permanent Five were China, France, Great Britain, the US and the USSR. The UN was also intended to be involved in key areas of world affairs: military security, economic and social development, and the upholding of human rights and international justice.

As the delegates of fifty-one nations arrived for the first series of meetings in London in January 1946, the general atmosphere of international relations was already deteriorating. The Cold War was on the doorstep, further shaping the roles of the newly formed United Nations. Internal conflict between the two superpower: the USA and the USSR was aggravating over which countries should be accepted in the UN. Being a peace-loving state (a requirement stated by the UN Charter) clearly did not suffice as a qualification. The end result was a deadlock: after 1950 no new members were added for five years.Although the Cold War profoundly affected the UNs effectiveness in its first decade, there were a number of positive developments as well, most significant of which was the 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Additionally, in 1948, the UN sent its first peace observers to the Middle East where armistice agreements were mediated between the new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors. In the meantime, the UN was active in dealing with the needs of World War II European refugees, resulting eventually in the creation of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950. Another important event that brought the US and the Soviet Union accidently on the same side was the crisis of the Suez Canal. After the Egyptian Leader Gamal Abdul Nasser declared the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956, an alliance formed by Britain, France and Israel directed a military hit against Egypt. Both the Americans and Soviets voted in favor of a resolution calling for the immediate withdrawal of foreign troops from Egypt.

After decolonization, UN membership expanded; between 1956 and 1968 the membership grew to 119 states. These new members consisted of former African and Asian colonies of European powers and they shared two common features: they were economically backward when compared to other UN members and they refused to choose a side in East-West confrontation, opting for membership in the so-called Nonaligned Movement (NAM). NAM has been, since the 1970s, the largest grouping of countries represented in the UN General Assembly.The NAM was intended to place the focus of the UN activities on social and economic issues. The first UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), held in 1964, highlighted this goal by the formation of the Group of 77 (G-77), an organization of developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa that attempts to keep development aid at the center of the United Nations' agenda.While the UN's ability to deal with international security issues was in some doubt during the Cold War, the expanded UN was actively addressing many global challenges, particularly those facing its newer member states. There were major UN-sponsored international conferences on the environment (1972) and the status of women (1975). The UN adopted conventions against racial discrimination (1969) and to combat gender-based intolerance and discrimination (1979). And the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded in pushing for the signing of the Treaty on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) in 1987. In 1980 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox extinct (M.Hanhimaki, 2008).

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were lofty hopes that the UN Security Council would finally take its rightful role as the provider and guarantor of international peace and security. It could be said it was the golden age for agendas; as the UN adopted the "Agenda for Peace", "Agenda for Development" and "Agenda for Democracy". It was maintained that "This era of global challenges leaves no choice but cooperation at the global level" (Annan, UN Secretary General, 2001 as cited in M.Hanhimaki, 2008). However, these high-minded ideals were far from realized.

The UN membership has largely increased, its budget jumped from USD 2.6 billion to roughly USD 20 billion. It witnessed an explosion in the number of peace operations for peace building and peace keeping and the cost of these operations grew tenfold. At the meantime, the UN was almost hyperactive in its presentation of numerous ambitious undertakings and plans, based on countless studies and conferences. This hyperactivity was almost crystallized in 2000, when the UN unveiled its Millennium Development Program: the 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be realized in 2015. These are: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; Achieve universal primary education; Promote gender equality and empower women; Reduce child mortality; Improve maternal health; Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; Ensure environmental sustainability; and Global partnership for development.Such growth and activism could not, however, mask the harsh realities that the UN faced in the postCold War era. Despite the explosion in the number of its peace operations, the organizations failures have outweighed its successes. Although the UN may have succeeded in the transformation of Namibia to majority rule, for example, it failed in preventing massive killings in former Yugoslavia or Rwanda. Though the percentage of people living in extreme poverty in Asia may have declined in the early years of the 20th century, similar numbers had gone up in Africa.

The development of the UN was replete with challenges and frustrations as an international body trying to deal with complex issues such as international and human security, post-conflict management, human rights, and social and economic development. This can partially be attributed to the impossible hybrid structure of the UN.

"We the peoples of the United Nations""We the peoples of the United Nations," begins the United Nations Charter. It goes on to list four principal aims for the global organization. First, the UN was to safeguard peace and security in order "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." Second, it was "to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights." Third, the UN was to uphold respect for international law. And fourth, the new organization pledged "to promote social progress and better standards of life." In the summer of 1945, the founders of the United Nations thus vowed to make the world a better place (M.Hanhimaki, 2008).

Has the UN been able to achieve all, part, or any of these worthy goals over six decades of its existence?

First, the founders of the UN pledged to make the world a safer place; to prevent a third world war from erupting. The Security Council was awarded almost limitless power when it came to dealing with violations of peace. The world seemed determined this time, never again, to stand still and watch aggressors violate international borders and agreements.

The design was flawed. UN military operations could not be deployed rapidly; indeed, the UN was not to have a military arm of its own. And don't forget the Permanent Five, those states that can issue or prevent the issuing of any resolution more corresponding to their own interests than to the interests of the world order. Consequently, the UN may have had a positive role in preventing the outbreak of another world war, but it could not prevent or stop a series of regional conflicts (from Korea and Vietnam to the Middle East and Africa). The peacekeepers sent to the worlds trouble regions tended to arrive long after the worst hostilities had ended. Sometimes, as in Sudans Darfur region, their arrival was delayed while genocide progressed (M.Hanhimaki, 2008).The UNs second goal was to highlight the importance of human rights and respect for international law. To accomplish this objective, treaties, declarations, and legal instruments multiplied. The most important of these documents was undoubtedly the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Others were added to the human rights canon in the 1960s, thus producing the International Bill of Rights. By the twenty-first century, the Human Rights Council, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and other bodies were busily reporting abuses around the world, while the International Criminal Court and special tribunals were prosecuting the worst human rights abusers at The Hague.

But the capacity of these bodies to implement some form of universal jurisdiction remains limited as the High Commissioner and the Council, for example, cannot give orders to sovereign states. The special rapporteurs who investigate abuses on behalf of the international community have to be invited by the host government that, in many cases, is the very same government that is being investigated. All too often deadlock has been the end result.

Finally, the UN pledged to promote social and economic progress .To accomplish this, such institutions as the World Banklinked to but not technically part of the UN systemwere set up to assist countries in need of assistance. By the 1960s, as the UNs membership was rising with the proliferation of newly independent and often underdeveloped countries (mainly from Africa), the organization responded by creating additional structures, of which the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the UN Development Program (UNDP) are probably the best known.

Two problems, still evident today, emerged as early as the 1960s. On the one hand, there was no agreement on how to promote progress. For example, because the World Bank has been funded mainly by the United States, its policies have been heavily influenced by Washington. But the United States was, for more than four decades, engaged in fighting the Cold War and promoting capitalism over communism as the correct way to organize economic life. In that context, development aid often, too often, became a political tool unrelated to the real problems of real people in the developing world.

Add to this a number of other elementscorruption, interagency competition, and lack of resourcesand the reasons why development aid has not been a resounding success become clearer. Indeed, the so-called Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) unveiled in 2000 called for halving global poverty rates by 2015. By July 7, 2007the UNs official halfway point for meeting this targetit seemed that Asian countries were on track toward meeting this goal. But sub-Saharan Africa was lagging far behind its targets. It is no accident that the current UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, has followed in his successors footsteps in calling for the rich countries to get serious about development aid.Conclusion

The United Nations has achieved a lot and have yet much more to achieve and the shortcomings of the organization itself, inadequate mandates, insufficient financial and material resources, the failure of Member states to fulfill their obligations or take on new responsibilities - all represent a catalyst for criticism. Healthy criticism, however, is an indispensible support for the UN in its efforts to revitalize the international system (Ghali, 1995). The United Nations may not have lived up to all the ambitions of its founders, yet the fact remains clear: it is the only organization that represents the interests of the entire world. As Lodge succinctly put it in 1954: "This organization is created to prevent you from going to hell. It isnt created to take you to heaven." (Lodge, 1945, as cited in M.Hanhimaki, 2008). Another fact can not be ignored either; there is an impossibly wide gap between the organization's ambitions, and its actual capacities.UN Core Terms

ArabicEnglish

Main Bodies

Economic and Social Council

General Assembly

International Court of Justice

Secretariat

Secretary-General

Security Council

Trusteeship Council

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

UN Charter

Acts of aggression

Admission to membership

Affirmative vote

Breach of peace

Enforcement action

Exhibition of full powers

International machinery

Peace-loving states

Procedural matters

Regular session

Self-determination right

Sovereign equality

Statute

Territorial integrity

The five permanent members

United Nations Conference on International Organization

(MDGs) Millennium Development Goals

(H4+) Initiative

Abolishing school fees

Accountability mechanisms

Adequate rural infrastructure

Aid disbursements

Antenatal / prenatal care

Artemisinin-combination therapy

Biodiversity

Blueprint

Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters

Cardiovascular diseases

Child mortality rates

Childcare leave

Cities without slums

Climate mitigation

Combating tax evasion

Commercialization

Community mobilization

comprehensive obstetric care

/ Continuum of care

Contraceptive Prevalence

Crop diversification

Curtailing illicit financial flows

Deforestation

Delivering on the commitments

Demographic data

Desertification

Diarrhoea

Disaggregated data

Disarmament Affairs

Discrimination against Women

Discriminatory laws

Disparities

Donor countries

Duty-free and quota-free

Ecosystems

Empowerment of women

Endemic

Environmental sustainability

Equitable trade and employment policies

Extreme/Abject poverty

Fiscal capacity

Follow-up International Conferenc

Forward-looking policies

Fossil fuel

Fostering effective partnerships

Furthering the achievement of goals

Galvanizing (efforts)

Gender-based violence

() Gender-responsive (plan)

Global Jobs Pact

Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security

cHepatitis C

High-level events

HIV

Holistic and comprehensive approach

Hygienic care

Illicit activities

Immunization

Immunization

Impunity

Indigenous people

Informing policies

Innovative medicines and generics

Insecticide-treated bed nets

Intellectual Property Rights

Interdependence

Interlinked and mutually reinforcing interests

International coordination and governance

International financial stability

International Financial Transactions for Development

Keeping the promise

Know-how

Land and soil degradation

landlocked developing countries

legitimacy

Macroeconomic policies

Male and female condoms

Marine biodiversity

Maternal health

Maternal Morbidity

Maternal Mortality

Maternity leave

Measles

Measles, polio, tuberculosis and tetanus campaigns

Microbicides

Micronutrient deficiency

Multiplier effects

Mobilization of resources

Multiple and interrelated crises

.Neglected tropical diseases

Nutritional deficiencies

One-size-fits-all formula

Operationalization

Overarching framework

/Pandemic

Partial subsidization

partially reversing prior gains

(" ")Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation)

PMNCH (The partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health)

Pneumonia

Policy coherence for development

Post natal care

Poverty Eradication

Preparedness for humanitarian emergencies

Protectionist tendencies

Public awareness

Relevant stakeholders

Replication

Responsive framework

Scaling up

Segments of society

Setbacks

Short-term liquidity

Slum-dwellers

Smallholder farmers

/ Social exclusion

Social inclusion

Social protection programmes

Solidarity

Sovereign debt

Spring bud plan

Sterile injecting equipment

Stigmatization of people

Stolen assets

Structural impediments

tangible results

technical, managerial and entrepreneurial training

The expeditious delivery of commitments

The Monterrey Consensus

Tracking and monitoring of water quality

Tracking completion and attendance rates

Trade distorting measures

Trafficking in children

Triangular cooperation

Under-five mortality

Uneven distribution

uneven progress

Unique mandate

United Nations Convention against Corruption13

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

United Nations Population Fund )UNFPA)

Universal social protection

Vaccination

Vocational training

Volatility of energy and food prices

Voluntary associations

Voluntary Digital Solidarity Fund

WFP (World Food Program)

Wide spectrum

Treaties

Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE)

Abbreviations

abolition of the death penalty

Accession

Adoption

Agreement

Agreement on International Railways in the Arab Mashreq

Amendments

Annex

Arbitration

Assembly of States Parties

Auspices

Authentic languages

Authentication

Bilateral

Ceremony of signature

Clarification

Commence date

Commissions

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Conciliation

Concurrence

Consent

Consent to be bound

Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks

Consultation

Consultative capacity

Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention on Cluster Munitions

Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

Correction

Credentials

Custodian of the treaty

Customary international law

Date of effect

Declarations

Definitive entry into force

Definitive signature

Delivery

Denunciation

Depositary of Multilateral Treaties

Designation of depositary

Disarmament Treaties

Dispute resolution and compliance mechanisms

Domestic legal requirements.

Elaboration

Empowerment

Entry into force

Ex officio registration

Execution

Filing

Final Act

Final clauses

Form of instrument of full powers

Full powers

General Survey

Head of Government

Head of State

Human rights

Indiscriminate Effects

Interior and Religious Affairs

International Cocoa Agreement

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

International instruments

International Tropical Timber Agreement

Interpretative declaration

Interpretative statement

Key events

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

League of Nations

Legal Counsel

Legal Counsel

Legal order

Legislation

Limitations

Limited publication

Member States

Memorandum of understanding (M.O.U.)

Millennium Summit

Minister for Foreign Affairs

Modifications to reservations

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Non-compliance

Note Verbal

Notification

Objections

Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations

Official seal

Optional and mandatory declarations

Pending

Permanent representative

Plenipotentiaries

Practical considerations

Prima facie

()Promulgation

Protocol

Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees

Provisional application

Provisions

Publication

Ratification

Recording

Reference to

Regional economic integration organizations

Regulations

Repertory of Practice

Repertory of Practice

Requirement of instrument of full powers

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

Rule of law

Secretariat

Secretary-General circulates

Signature

Silent on reservations

Simple signature

Sovereign State

Summary of Practice

Supplement

Termination

The negotiating States

Title of the instrument

Title of the treaty

Trafficking in persons

Transnational Organized Crime

Treaty closes for signature

Treaty opens for signature

Treaty-making capacity

United Nations Convention Against Corruption

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Use of good offices

Vienna Convention

Withdrawal

Withdrawal of reservations

Resolutions

Ad hoc

Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF)

Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS)

African Union-Regional Task Force

Agencies

Allied Democratic Forces (ADF(

Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

Ammunition

Anti-money laundering

Arabian Peninsula

Arms embargo

Arms Trade Treaty

Asset freeze

Asset Recovery Law

Attacks

Benchmarks

Bicommunal, bizonal federation

Biological weapons

Buffer zone

Central African Republic (CAR)

Chemical Weapons

Civilian casualties

Collective Security Organization (CSTO)

Combat

Compulsory recruitment

Concessions

Condemnation

Conflict

Conscription / enlistment of children

Consensus

Constitutional Drafting Assembly

Contravention

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

Counter-Terrorism

Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC)

Country Team

Deauville initiative

Demobilization

Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR)

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Department for peacekeeping operations (DPKO)

Deployment

Designation Criteria

Deterioration

Disarmament, Demobilization, Repatriation, and Reintegration (DDRR)

Disaster Management

Displaced persons

Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD)

Economic Community of Central African States

(ECCAS)

Eritrea Monitoring Groups (SEMG)

European Gendarmerie Force (EGF)

European Union through its police mission (EUPOL Afghanistan)

Expanded Joint Verification Mechanism

(EJVM)

Extension of State authority

Extrajudicial killings

Facilitation

Federal Government of Somalias

Financial Action Task Force

Geneva Conventions

Genocide

German Police Project Team (GPPT)

Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF)

Good neighbourliness

Green Line

Group of Eight Summit in Lough Erne

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

Harassment

Heads of State and Government of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR)

Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement

Heart of Asia Ministerial Conference

High Level Implementation Panel

Host Countries

Hostage-taking

Hostilities

Humanitarian access

Humanitarian Pledging Conference

Illicit Traffic

Immunities

Impartial

Implementation Mechanism

Improvised Explosive Devices

Impunity

Independence

Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)

Informal Working Group on General issues of Sanctions

Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee

International Commission of Inquiry

International Conference on the Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees

International Criminal Court (ICC)

International humanitarian law

International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)

Inter-tribal fighting

Intimidation

Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board (JCMB)

Joint Declaration

Justice and Equality Movement-Mohamed Bashar (JEM-Bashar)

Kidnapping

Liberation and Justice Movement

Libyan Africa Investment Portfolio (LAIP)

Libyan Investment Authority (LIA)

Lords Resistance Army (LRA)

()Mandate (to a mission)

Mediation

Methodological standards

Mine Action Programme

Mineral smuggling

Ministry of Interior Prison

Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA)

Mixed tribunals

Mutual Accountability

National criminal jurisdictions

National Dialogue Conference

National Dialogue Conferences Good Governance Working Group

National Drugs Control Strategy

National Electoral Authority (NEA)

National Priority Programmes

National Priority Programmes

National Security Adviser

National Transparency

Non-governmental organization (NGOs)

Non-interference

North Atlantic Treaty Organizations (NATO)

Notifications

Operation Enduring Freedom coalition

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Panel of Experts

Paris Pact Initiative

Parliamentary elections

Payment of ransoms

Peace and Security Department of the African

Union Commission

Peacebuilding

Peacekeeping troop

Perpetrators

Perpetuating the problem

Pledges

Presidential statement

Privileges

Proliferation

Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

Provincial Reconstruction Teams

Quadrilateral Summit

Recommendations

Reconciliation

Recruitment

Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan (RECCA)

Regional Infrastructure

Reintegration Programme

Reporting and review

Round-up document

Safe release

Security Council Subsidiary Organs Branch

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Sovereignty

Specialized chambers

Surveillance

Suspension

Territorial integrity

Tokyo Declaration

Transformation Decade

Transition

Transitional Charter

Travel ban

Trilateral Summit

UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA)

United Nations/African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)

United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)

United Nations Common Humanitarian Fund

United Nations Development Assistance

Framework (UNDAF)

United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB)

United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC)

United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL)

Violations

Voluntary Repatriation

World Bank

ReferencesM.Hanhimaki, J. (2008). The United Nations: A very Short Introduction. New York, USA. Oxford University Press.

Ghali, B.B. (1995). Confronting New Challenges: Annual Report on the work of the organization. New York, USA. United Nations Department of Public Information.

Development and MDGs (n.d). Retrieved from the United Nations Website: https://unp.un.org/Default.aspxSecurity Council Resolutions (2014). Retrieved from the United Nations Website: http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/index.shtmlTreaty Book (2012). The Treaty Section of the Office of the Legal affairs. New York, USA. United Nations Publications.

UN Charter (n.d). Retrieved from United Nations Website: https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/

The United Nations

Successes & failures

Engy B. Ahmed

Faculty of Alsun, Ain Shams Univ.

.

Running head: the united nations

successes & failures

-