UMTS Optimization (2)

UMTS Optimization

UMTS Optimization Prepared By Legend TechnologiesCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Course Content WCDMA Features Idle Mode Behavior Radio Link Supervision Power control Load sharingHandover Capacity management Channel switching

3G KPIs Monitoring and analysis Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010WCDMA Features Course Objective Upon completion of this part you be able to Explain the main parts of idle mode behavior Explain what is the radio link supervision and what are its benefits Explain the different types of power control Explain how can we control the capacity to maximize it under minimum interference Explain Different Handover types and scenarios Explain how and why do we need for Load sharing andExplain the main types of channel switching we have Explain the Main 3G KPIs and how to analyze them

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010WCDMA Radio Network Features

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Idle Mode Behavior PLMN selection Cell Selection / Reselection Paging Location Update and Routing area update System Information Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010What is Idle Mode? UE in IDLE MODE has the following properties :UE is Powered ON , while it doesn't have connection to the Radio Network

UE is synchronized with Radio Network and can read broadcast information , Accordingly UE can access the Network request services .

UE is registered on the network , updating Network with its LAC , Accordingly UE becomes reachable by the network

OFF ModeIDLE MODE CONNECTED MODE

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Services Types in Idle Mode Normal ServiceWhen the UE select accepted level cell in its HPLMN Limited ServiceWhen the UE didnt find any accepted level cells at its home PLMN it selects any accepted level cell at any other PLMN(Emergency Calls) Operator reserved servicesThe operator can reserve any cell for testing only and this through two parameters cell reserved and Access classNbarred Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010PLMN Selection PLMN Selection What is it ? And When it happens ? What are the types of PLMN selection PLMN Selection is the process in which the UE decide which PLMN it should register in and this process happens when the Mobile turned on or when the mobile returned back from limiting service Automatic PLMN selectionManual PLMN selection Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Automatic PLMN selection When the mobile powered on The mobile uses information about the last registered PLMN (Freq, the stored neighbors before off)Mobile search the strongest signal cells and read its system information to get (MCC and MNC) If the chosen cell is accepted the mobile try to do the registration If the last chosen cell not available or there is no stored info in the mobile USIM then the mobile might select any accepted PLMN automatically or manually Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010In the automatic selection if no last register PLMN exists or available the Mobile will select the PLMN that is available and allowed as follow HPLMN if not previously selected due to RATEach PLMN in User controlled PLMNs list in the USIM, in order of priority Each PLMN in operator controlled PLMN list in the USIM, in order of priority Other PLMNs according to the high quality criteria randomly the minimum CPICH RSCP power is -95dBm Other PLMNs that dont fulfill high quality criteria

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Initial Cell Selection Automatic ModeUSIMHPLMNIPLMNPLMNPLMN0.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8x 107-40-20020406080FrequencyPower Spectrum Magnitude (dB)IVPLMNPLMNPLMN0.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8x 107-40-20020406080FrequencyPower Spectrum Magnitude (dB)Vf1

Strongest cell

0.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8x 107-40-20020406080FrequencyPower Spectrum Magnitude (dB)PLMN APLMN BPLMN DPLMN EPLMN BPLMN EPLMN DPLMN AABCDEF21102170 MHzPLMNIIIUSIMIIIIIIPLMNPLMNPLMNIIUSIMIIIIII

PLMNPLMNPLMNCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Manual PLMN Selection UE displays all the available PLMNS after carriers scanning All the available PLMNs will appear regardless it is allowed or not and ignoring the forbidden LACs

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010f2 fn

PLMN APLMN BHPLMNPLMN E

f1

Strongest cell0.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8x 107-40-20020406080FrequencyPower Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Roaming It is the services in which the user will be able to obtain services from another PLMN Same country (national roaming)Another country (international roaming) Every 30 minutes the UE try to reselect its home PLMN Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Cell Search Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

P,S-SCHP-CCPCHCPICH

Broadcast ChannelsP-CCPCHPilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)123456789101112131401 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSecPilot Channel (30Kbps,SF=256,QPSK)CPICH always take code 0 from SF 256 tree Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Cell selection procedure Squal = Qqualmeas Qqualmin(For WCDMA)Qqualmeas is CPICH Ec/NoQqualmin is minimum required Ec/NoSrxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin Pcompensation (For all cells)Qrxlevmeas is CPICH RSCPQrxlevmin is minimum required RSCPCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Pcompensation= max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) (dB)P_MAX:maximum O/P power of the UE accoring to its class UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH:maximum power used in accessing (SIB3)Pcompensation is introduced for UEs that cannot transmit at maximum power on the RACH in the cell. The cell range decreases for those UEs. The cell consider as accepted if Squal > 0 andSrxlev > 0Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Cell selection occurs whenWhen UE is switched on When UE in idle mode has had a number of failed RRC connection request When a UE returns to idle mode from the connection mode on common channel (cell-FACH) after a number of failed cell update UE returns to idle mode from connected mode (cell-DCH)When a UE returns to idle mode after an emergency call on any PLMN Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 201020Cell reselection procedure When it occurs When cell on which it is camping is no longer suitable When there is any neighbor with better quality than the selected one When the UE in the limited service state on an acceptable cell When the UE is in cell _FACH state Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010According to the cell reselection criteria. In order to perform cell ranking, the UE measures the serving cell and neighbor cells listed in SIB11 according to the measurement rules .

Measurement rules for cell reselection

SintraSearch : Controls when intra-frequency measurements are performed (0 dBm-Not sent), Always measuring

1. Intra frequency measurements starts when Squal R(s)* Pcompensation is assumed to be 0Qhyst1sCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010 FACH-connected cell reselection During the FACH-connected mode the UE use secondary common control physical channel (SCCPCH)The parameters used to control the measurement are IE FACH Measurement occasion cycle length coefficient and IE Inter-frequency FDD measurement indicatorFACH Measurement occasion cycle length coefficient (K) used to show when the UE has to do this measurement this, value should be greater than 0 and this value send to mobile via system information (If set to 0, the parameter is not sent in system information)FACH measurement occasions are defined as being the frame where the following equation is fulfilled SFN= C-RNTI mod n*2^KC-RNTI is the cell UE identity (16 bits) & n is the frame number 0,1,2,.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Inter-frequency FDD measurement indicator is a value set to True or False if it set to True the UE will perform the reselection criteria on inter frequency or inter RAT and if it is set false it will not do

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Location area Update and Routing area Update After a UE has found a suitable cell it tries to make PLMN registration. If the LAI or RAI read on system information has been changed then the UE tries to do RA or LA registration Update During the idle mode when the UE changes its location or routing area it should do LAU or RAULAU and RAU managed by CN

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Types of Updates Periodic: Avoid unnecessary paging attempts for a UE that has lost coverage Occurs periodically after timer T3212 for LAU (The value is sent by the WCDMA RAN to UEs on the BCCH) or T3312 for RAU (the value of the timer sent to the UE over BCCH in the IMSI attach or in RAU , it is CN parameter) when the UE is in connected mode and the timer expired then the UE wait until enter idle mode again to perform the periodic LA Normal Occurs when the UE change its LA or RA, the UE discover the changes after comparing the new Cell RAC or LAC with the stored values in the USIM

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010IMSI attach and detachIMSI attach occurs when the UE activated in the same LA in which it was before deactivation and the detach occurs when UE deactivated This function used to prevent unnecessary paging for the off UEs IMSI attach is an optional function and it is managed by cell parameter called ATT sent to UE over BCCH If ATT set to 1 it means the UE should do IMSI attach and detach When the UE is switched on and the IMSI attach/detach procedure is applied, the UE performs a location registration request, indicating IMSI attach, if it is in the same LA or RA in which it was switched off. If the registration area is changed, a normal LA update is performed by the UE.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Cell UpdateIn state CELL_FACH, the procedure Cell Update is used to keep WCDMA RAN informed about the UEs location on a cell level. Cell Update is initiated in the following cases:A UE in state CELL_FACH enters a new cell. As part of a supervision mechanism, Cell Update is performed periodically by UEs in state CELL_FACH. The periodicity is controlled by the timer t305.If a UE in state CELL_FACH re-enters the service area after having been out of coverage when a periodic Cell Update should have been sent.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010PagingIs the process through it the CN inform the UE there is a service request or RAN inform all the UEs that the System information has been updated also to initiate the channel switch from URA-PCH to Cell-FACH statePaging occurs in the following states Idle URA-PCH Cell-FACH Cell-DCH Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Paging in Idle mode and URA-PCH For UEs in Idle mode, the paging message is broadcast in an LA, a RA, or a global RNC area. Paging messages are sent in all cells in an LA or RA, so it is necessary to find a trade-off between the number of LA or RA registration attempts and the paging load. The paging load will increase with larger LA and RA while the registration load will decrease with larger LA and RA.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Paging in Idle mode and URA-PCH PICH and S-CCPCH are used to page the UE PICH used to tell the UE when to read S-CCPCH S-CCPCH used to carry RRC message Paging type1 which includes actual paging info and the number of times the WCDMA RAN will retransmit the paging (noOfPagingRecordTransm)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010DRX In the Idle mode the UE should in order to save its power consumption to listen to the PICH in certain predefined times

b1b0288 bits for paging indication12 bits (undefined)One radio frame (10 ms)b287b288b299Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010288 bits are divided to number of PIs each PI related to one paging group and each user belongs to a paging groupThe number of PIs in a PICH frame is given by parameter named Number of PI per frameIf Number of PI per frame is 72 that mean we have 72 PIs and each one 4 bitsThe UE monitors one PI in one paging occasion per DRX cycle The length of DRX cycle is given by 2^k * 10(ms) Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Where k is the DRX cycle Length coefficient defined by CN DRX cycle length coefficient defined for the CS domain ,the PS domain and URA-PCH . If the values differ, the UE is forced to use the shorter of the two cycle lengths.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Paging in cell-FACH and cell-DCHWhen the connection between UE and RAN is existing Paging type 2 message are sent to the user it is carried on DCCH so it is only for one user.Updated System information RRC message paging type1 containing the information element BCCH modification info is sent to the UE in the idle mode to inform it about the updated SI Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010System Information

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The UE read System information when Powered on Cell Re-Selection in idle mode or Cell-FACHUE informed that change occurred in system information while it is in idle mode or Cell-FACH(Paging)UE switches from Dedicated mode to Common Mode.Timer expires for SIBs with expiration time.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010


Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Radio Connection Supervision

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Radio Connection Supervision Supervision of the UE in State Cell-FACH and URA-PCH

Supervision of the UE in Cell-DCH Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The radio link supervision is the algorithm that supervises the radio connection between the UE and the UTRAN during all the connected states, the reason of this is to check if the UTRAN still control the UE or not and to prevent undue charging and increase the efficiency of resources usage. Occurs in both of Uplink and Downlink Radio Connection Supervision Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Supervision in Cell-FACH and URA-PCH In CELL_FACH state, supervision is provided by monitoring periodic Cell Update messages sent by the UE. An Internal timer is started whenever the UE enters the CELL_FACH state, or upon transmission of a Cell Update CONFIRM message to the UE. The timer is stopped if the UE enters CELL_DCH state and is reset to zero (but not stopped) upon receipt of a Cell Update from the UE. Upon expiry of the timer, the overall release of the connection shall be triggered. The Internal timer is set longer than the timer t305. The timer t305 indicates how often the UE has to send a Cell Update message.


UE Enters Cell FACH Internal Timer startsT305 expires Cell Update MessageCell Update ConfirmationInternal Timer ResetInternal Timer ExpireOverall Connection Release Timer Should stopped if UE Enters CELL-DCH Cell Update Message will be sent either when t305 expires or when the UE change its serving cell In URA PCH state the UE sent URA_Update Message instead of Cell_ Update as in Cell FACH case Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Supervision in Cell-DCH In CELL_DCH state, the Radio Connection Supervision functionality is provided by means of two different algorithms: the Radio Link Set Supervision algorithm, located in the RBS,the Radio Connection Supervision Evaluation algorithms, located in the SRNC


The Radio Connection is considered failed if and only if radio link failure indication send from the 2 RBSs Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Radio Connection Supervision (RCS) Evaluation The Radio Connection Supervision Evaluation algorithm keeps track of the synchronization status of the whole radio connection by assigning a tag to every RLS.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Radio Link Set (RLS) Supervision The RLS Supervision function supervises the synchronization status of the RLS provided by the RBS to the radio connection, and reports any changes to the SRNC. When NOutsyncInd. number of consecutive frames are out-of-sync a timer TRlFailure is started and at expiry the RLS is considered out-of-sync and Radio Link Failure is reported to the SRNC. When the RLS is out-of-sync and NInsyncInd number of frames are in-sync, the RLS is considered in-sync and Radio Link Restore is reported to the SRNC.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Uplink DPDCH/DPCCHCoded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06 (10 to 640 bits)Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)Pilot (FSW: is some of Pilot Bits)FBITPCDedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)1234567891011121314151 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSecIQTFCIFSW: Frame Sync WordsCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The connection is considered lost by the RCS when the last RLS, for the connection, has been out-of-sync for a time given by an RNC parameter, upon expiry, an Iu Release will be requested to all involved CNs.


UE sends FSW in each Time Slot in DPCCH T.S 1T.S 15What is the BER of this frame (CRC decoding).Bad Frame #1 Number of Bad frames = nOutSyncIndSRNC TRlFailure startsTRlFailure Expires Radio Link out of sync sent to SRNC N.B if number of good frame that decoded by NB before rlFailureT timer expiration equal to nInSyncInd then the RL consider ok and the timer should stopped Good FrameNumber of good frames = nInSyncIndRadio Link Restore RNC Timer StartsCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Power Control

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Power Control types Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Setting Of DL common Channel Power Channel Name Parameter Name in NBAP/RRC MessageDefault Power Setting MeaningPhysical Layer CHNBAP MessageCPICH Primary CPICH Tx power(RRC-SIB5)PA Power 1030dBmPCPICHCell SetupBCH BCH Power(NBAP)-31-3.1dB PCCPCHCell SetupAICHAICH Power offset(RRC-SIB5)-6-0.6dB AICHCOMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUESTFACH (control) Max FACH Power(NBAP)181.8dB SCCPCHCOMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUESTFACH (Traffic)Max FACH Power(NBAP)151.5dBSCCPCHCOMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUESTPCHPCH Power(NBAP)-4-0.4dB SCCPCHCOMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUESTPICHPICH Power offset(RRC-SIB5)-7-0.7dBPICHCOMMON TRANSPORT CHANNEL SETUP REQUESTP-SCHPrimary SCH Power(NBAP)-18-1.8dBSCHCell Setup

S-SCHSecondary SCH Power(NBAP)-35-3.5dB SCHCell Setup

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Different types of Open Loop Power Control

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RACH preamble Power setting Preamble_Initial_Power = Primary CPICH TX power CPICH_RSCP + UL interference +Constant Value Constant value , Primary CPICH Tx Power and RTWP are sent to the UE through BCCH(SIB5&SIB7)

Now the UE can transmit the Preamble using P_PRACH calculated Value

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Power Ramping

Parameter RangeDefaultDescriptionPower Ramp Step1 to 833dBPower offset Pp-m-5to10-4-4dBPreamble Retrans Max1 to 6488 stepMmax1 to 3244 trials

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RACH Message Power Random Access Message (10, 20, 40, or 80 bits per slot)RACH Data Slot (0.666 mSec)Pilot (8 bits)RACH Message Slot (0.666 mSec)1234567891011121314151 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSecIQTFCI (2 bits)Control Part Power = P_PRACH+ PowerOffsetPpmThe RACH message can be configured to be 10 or 20 ms long.The RACH message is sent on the I-branch while the layer 1 signaling is sent on the Q-branch. The control part uses SF 256 and consists of eight known pilot bits to support channel estimation for coherent detection, and two TFCI bits. The RACH message uses SF 64.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010 Control Power/ Data Power = 20 log (c/d)gainFactorBetaC: is standard gain factor related to control partgainFactorBetaD: is standard gain factor related to data part This 2 parameters will be different according to the type of carried information(Signaling or Data) RACH Message Power Gain Factor Range Default c/(Control)0 to 1511d(Control)0 to 1515c/(Data)0 to 1510d(Data)0 to 1515Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Control Case: Data part power = control Part Power + 2.7 Data Case: Data part power = control part power + 3.5RACH Message Power

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Dedicated Channel Power Control(1)

Dedicated channels consist of the DPCH in the uplink and the in the downlink. Uplink DPCHs consist of the uplink DPCCH and the uplink DPDCH, and they use different OVSF codes. Downlink DPCHs consist of the downlink DPCCH and DPDCH, and they use the same OVSF code by time division multiplexing Dedicated channel power control methods are open loop power control, inner loop power control, and outer loop power control. Open loop power control provides initial power of channels. Inner loop power control adjusts channel power by comparing the SIR of the received signal with the SIR target(Fast). Outer loop power control adjusts the SIR target by comparing the BLER target and the BLER of the received DCH(By Checking the CRCs). (Slow)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Dedicated Channel Power Control(2)

Signal to Interference Ratio, is defined as:(RSCP/ISCP)SF. Measurement shall be performed on the DPCCH of a Radio Link Set. In compressed mode the SIR shall not be measured in the transmission gap.The reference point for the SIR measurements shall be the Rx antenna connector.where:RSCP = Received Signal Code Power, unbiased measurement of the received power on one code.ISCP (~RTWP)= Interference Signal Code Power, the interference on the received signal.SF= The spreading factor used on the DPCCH.

UL:SIR = RSCP/RTWP X SF = RSCP - RTWP + 10 logSFRSCP = RTWP + SIR - 10 logSFDL:SIR = RSCP/RTWP X (SF/2) = RSCP - RTWP + 10 log(SF/2)RSCP = RTWP + SIR + 10 log(2/SF)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Dedicated Channel Power Control (3)

Radio Link Setup: When a dedicated radio link is established, from a common channel the following power control actions are taken:Set initial DL power.Set power limits, set DL maximum power and DL minimum power(Capacity Issue).Set initial UL power.Set initial UL SIR target, initial UL SIR target is a configurable parameter defined according to the minimum Spreading Factor (SF) of the UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH).Start UL Outer Loop Power Control (OLPC).Start DL inner loop power control.Start UL inner loop power control.RAB Establishment: When a RAB is added to the existing connection, the following actions related to Power Control are taken:Set power limits, set DL maximum power and DL minimum power(Capacity Issue). DL inner loop power control is already running and no changes are made as a result of the addition of the service. Any requirements for increased power is handled through the regular downlink power updates ordered through the TPC commands sent on the UL Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH).Set initial UL SIR target, initial UL SIR target is a configurable parameter defined according to the minimum SF of the UL DPDCH.Start UL OLPC.UL inner loop power control is already running, and no changes of the UL DPCCH power are made as a result of the addition of the service. Any requirements for increased power are handled through the regular UL Power updates ordered through the TPC commands sent on the DL DPCCH.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Dedicated Channel Power Control(4)

Soft Handover: When a radio link is added to the active set, the following actions related to Power Control are taken:Set initial DL power.Set power limits, set DL maximum transmitted code power and DL minimum transmitted code power(Capacity Issue).Start power balancing.Upon radio link addition, no power control actions are initially needed for the UL, since the UE is already power controlled by the existing radio links. As soon as the added radio link obtains UL synchronization, the RBS issues power control commands based on the SIR estimates for UL inner loop power control.In case of softer handover, the instantaneous power level is copied from the existing to the new radio link.When a radio link is removed from the active set, no power control actions are taken, except for stopping power balancing when the soft handover ends.Power Balancing: Power balancing, also known as power drift prevention, ensures that the ratio between the DL power of each radio link and the corresponding PCPICH power is the same for every cell in the active set Compressed Mode: When the UE enters compressed mode, DL&UL power control are affected


Initial Setting of DL_DPDCHEc/No_PCPICH :is received in the RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message. This is optional so if the measurement is not available, the ecNoPcpichDefaultparameter value is used.dlInitSirTarget :is the required initial SIRtarget for the downlink DPDCH. It is a configurable parameter. This value depends also on service requirementsSFDL_DPDCH: is the Spreading Factor for the downlink DPDCH. cBackOff: is a parameter configurable by the operator. The purpose is to back off the Open Loop Power Control estimate to a conservative starting point. Normally set to zero.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Data 2TFCIData 1TPCDPDCHPilotDPDCHDPCCHDPCCH

Example Values PO1 0dB PO2 3dB PO3 3dBHigh pO3 setting (3dB) gives better downlink channel estimation performance by having more energy on DL pilot field in the field tests.Also high pO2 setting (3dB) is to have more energy on TPC field to have better performance in inner loop power control.Initial Setting of DL_DPCCHCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Setting of initial UL_DPCCH power DPCCH_Initial_Power = DPCCH_Power_Offset - CPICH_RSCP

DPCCH_power_offset := PCPICHPower + Uplink interference + DefaultConstantValueSent to UE by RBS in RRC connection setup Message

DefaultConstantValue = ulInitSirTarget- 10 log (SF_DPCCH) + cPO

ulInitSirTarget: i s the initial value for the UL SIR target, defined according to the minimum SF of the UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH).cPO: is a parameter to set the UL DPCCH power offset to a conservative level to avoid excessive UL interference.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH

Coded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06 (10 to 640 bits)Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)PilotFBITPCDedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec)1234567891011121314151 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSecIQTFCIP_DPDCH power calculationDPCCH power/ DPDCH power = Bc/BdDPCCH power DPDCH power= 20 log (Bc/Bd)DPDCH power = DPCCH power- 20log(Bc/Bd)

Bc: DPCCH gain factor Bd: DPDCH gain factorRadio Bearer DPCCH gain FactorDPDCH gain factor DPDCH power Signaling1115DPCCH power +2.7Speech1115DPCCH power + 2.7CS 64 815DPCCH power + 5.46PS 64/64815DPCCH power + 5.46PS 64/384815DPCCH power + 5.46Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Outer Loop Power control The outer loop power control algorithm performed for DL in the UE and for the UL in the RNC The Main idea behind the outer loop power control is to set proper SIR target to meet the RAB specific BLER target for UL and DL configured on the RNC.Required SIR depends onUE speedChanges in the propagation conditionsAvailable multipath diversityUE power control dynamics (close to peak power)SHO branches (Macro Diversity Combining)SIR is constantly adjusted in order to maintain a constant QUALITY, usually defined as a certain BLER target of the transport channelSIR target value should be between Upper and Lower limits.UL outer loop power control could be either jump regulator or constant step regulatorCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Step RegulatorIdea of step regulator is as following : The SIR target should increased by a defined Step when one NG CRC have been Received And decreased by a defined step if certain number of good CRC is received.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Jump Regulator(1) Step is the configurable parameter that defines the size of SIR target increment.Z is the total number of received transport blocks in the TTI.X is the number of transport blocks that have a CRC=OK. Y is the number of transport blocks that have a CRC=NG.

The jump regulator increases the UL SIR target by a configurable increment Step, expressed in dB, whenever a transport block is erroneously received. When a block is correctly received, the UL SIR target is decreased by a fraction of the Step parameter. This fraction, denoted UP_DOWN_STEP_RATIO, depends on the BLER target. If several transport blocks are received in one Transmission Time Interval (TTI), the change in the UL SIR target will be based on the accumulated change individually caused by each of the transport blocks. To reduce the variations of the UL SIR target, the change of UL SIR target is always scaled by the number of transport blocks received in the corresponding TTI, as described by the following Formula:SIRtarget_new = SIRtarget + Step [-X/(Z*UP_DOWN_STEP_RATIO)+Y/Z]

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Jump Regulator(2) Another algorithm for calculating the change of SIR Target is based on BLER estimation

Where:

And:

This calculation is completed every TTI. This limits the resolution of the BLER estimation. For example, the speech service includes a single CRC per TTI and so the BLER estimate is either 0 % or 100 %.If the BLER target is 1 % then the SIRTarget is increased by the step size * 0.99 or decreased by the step size * 0.01, i.e. the SIR target tends to increase more rapidly than it decreasesData services have multiple CRC per TTI and can achieve a greater BLER estimate resolution

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Down link inner loop power control

DPDCH/DPCCH (pilot + Data +TFCI +TPC + Data)DPCCH (Pilot + TFCI + TPC)DPDCHTPC_Command = (UP) or (Down)MS measure SIR of the pilot Data then compare it with Target value The UE maintains the QoS by sending Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands in every slot (that is, 1,500 times per second), requesting a power adjustment.As soon as the RBS receives power control commands (TPC bits), it starts regulating the downlink power of the radio link according to these commands, increasing or decreasing the power by TPC.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RBS shall adjust the current downlink power P(k-1) [dB] to a new power P(k)[dB] according to the following formula:

P(k) = P(k - 1) + PTPC(k)

PTPC(k) is the k:th power adjustment due to the inner loop power controlUEMeasured SIR < SIR target --> TPC command is "1"Measured SIR=>SIR target --> TPC command is "0"Compare measured SIR with SIR target value received from DL outer loop PCMeasure received SIR on DL DPCCHWCDMA BTSRBS sets the power on DL DPCCH andDL DPDCH following way:TPC command = "1" --> increase power by 1 dBTPC command = "0" --> decrease power by 1 dBDL DPCCH + DPDCHs Send TPC command on UL DPCCHChanged power on DL DPCCH + DPDCHs Down link inner loop power control Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Power Balancing& Soft Handover(1)The transmit power of the added radio link is set at a calculated initial power Based on CPICH Ec/No of the new RL from UEPower imbalance exists already at the beginning of the SHO, theoretically equal to the Addition window after Event 1A.During a period of soft handover with DL inner loop power control. Each RBS in the active set listen to the same sequence of TPC commands from the UE. Received TPC commands, however, may be affected by different errors, due to the different radio propagation conditions experienced by each of the soft handover links. Consequently, the transmitted power at different RBSs will start to drift, eventually leading to uncoordinated links. Power balancing prevents this power drift problem by using a modified type of power control during soft handover.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Once the radio connection has entered soft handover, a single reference power is allocated to every RBS in the active set. The DL power used by each radio link is periodically Corrected by a step that is proportional to the difference between the reference power and the power used in DPCH. This will result in the convergence of RBSs power level and prevent the power drift.Implemented in RNC and RBS, power balancing works in conjunction with inner loop power control. The RNC calculates a reference power based on the transmitted code power measured in each radio link received in the NBAP: DEDICATED MEASUREMENT REPORT, and periodically sends it to the RBSs. Each RBS involved in soft handover makes synchronized adjustments of the downlink power of the radio links according to the received reference powers. These adjustments are superimposed on the power changes due to downlink inner loop power control.RNC activates/de-activates power balancing in BTSs with NBAP: POWER CONTROL REQUEST message

The DL power at time instant k: P(k) = P(k-1) + PTPC(k) + Pbal(k)

Adjustment period: Vendor specific,Eg Fixed at 8 FramesConfigurable parameter(1..256) Frame

Power Balancing& Soft Handover(2)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010In compressed mode, idle periods (transmission gaps) are inserted in some of the radio frames, during which the UE can temporarily tune to other frequencies, such as a GSM cell, and there perform necessary measurements. Other functions, such as IRAT handover or inter-frequency handover, trigger the compressed mode.The gap required for the measurements is obtained by using the following methods:Higher Layer Scheduling (HLS) This method is used for Non-Real Time (NRT) services only. The amount of data scheduled to be transmitted during compressed frames is reduced by higher layers, so that it can fit in the decreased number of available slots.Lower SF (SF/2) The SF is reduced by a factor of 2 during the compressed frame. The increased bit rate allows to transmit and receive all data during the slots outside the transmission gap.In compressed frames, the transmission of DL DPDCH and DPCCH stops during transmission gaps. DL inner loop power control is not active during the transmission gap.The purpose of Power Control in downlink Compressed mode is to recover as fast as possible a SIR close to the target SIR after each transmission gap, in order to avoid block errors during and after thecompressed frames.To achieve this, an increased power is applied in the Downlink Power Control and an increased SIR target is also applied in the Downlink Power control algorithm in the UE by RRC signaling.Compressed ModeCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Downlink power control in compressed mode In every slot during Compressed mode except during downlink transmission gaps, the WCDMA RAN estimates the kith TPC command and adjusts the current downlink power P(k-1) [dB] to a new power P(k) [dB], according to the following formula:P(K)= P(K-1) + PTPC(K) + Pbal(K) + Psir (K) dBm PTPC(K):is the kith power variation due to the Inner Loop Power Control. If the RBS received an up TPC command from the UE this will be +TPC and - TPC if the command is down. TPC is normally 1 dB but is changed to 2 dB during the 7-slot recover period after a transmission gap.PSIR(k): is the k-th power adjustment due to the DL SIR target variation123412131415

131415Transmission Gap12341415Recovery Period 7 slots after the GapPSIR(K) = 4dBTPC(K) = 1 dBPSIR(K) = 3.5dBTPC(K) = 2 dBCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Up Link inner loop power control

DPDCH/DPCCH (pilot + Data +TFCI +TPC + Data)DPCCH (Pilot + TFCI + TPC)DPDCHTPC_Command = (UP) or (Down)RBS measure SIR_UL_RLS of the pilot Data then compare it with Target value As soon as the RBS starts transmitting the DL DPCCH, it begins to send TPC commands to the UE in each slot. The UE responds by slowly increasing power until UL synchronization is reached. Immediately, the RBS starts estimating the SIR on the DPCCH. The TPC commands are derived according to the following scheme:If estimated SIR target SIR, the RBS sends a down command. If estimated SIR < target SIR, the RBS sends an up command.In case of soft handover if TPC commands from all RBSs in the active set are up commands, UE increases the DPCCH power by 1 dB. Otherwise, if at least one TPC command is a down command, it decreases the DPCCH power by 1 dB.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010UL Power control during compressed mode 123456789101112131415

1112131415123412131415

111213141510 mSec Frames (15 slots)Normal OperationCompressed-Mode; single-frame methodTransmission GapPower Control in UL compressed mode aims at recovering to the SIR target as quickly as possible after each transmission gap, in order to avoid block errors during and after the compressed frames. To achieve this recovery, the UL inner loop power control increases the SIR target.

Compressed period used for IRAT measurements and BSIC decoding and confirmation

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010SIR_target in CM 123412131415

131415Transmission Gap12341415SIR_target + 1dB SIR_target + 0.5dB SIR_targetincreased to compensate for the interruption in the Power Control due to transmission gaps, as well as for differences in the number of pilot bits in the UL DPCCH

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Compressed and non-compressed frames in the UL DPCCH can have a different number of pilots per slot. The total number of transmitted slots in compressed frames is decreased, but the TFCI word must still be sent using the same number of bits as in a non-compressed frames. To accomplish this, some of the pilot bits are replaced with TFCI bits. The total pilot energy per slot should nevertheless be maintained, implying that an additional PILOT remains to be added to the transmitted UL power: pilot = 10 log (Npilot,prev/Npilot,curr)This delta is superimposed over the normal closed loop power delta:DPCCH= TPC X TPC+ Pilot

TPC command in CM 123412131415

131415Transmission Gap1415Recovery Period 7 slots after the Gap

TPC = 1 dBTPC = 2 dBUE power showing effect of PILOT PILOT =+ x PILOT =- xTPC = 1 dBCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Handover Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Handover Types Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Technical Overview and Concepts Used(1)All Handover Types consist of an evaluation part and an execution part. The evaluation part: initiates and evaluates UE measurements on neighbor cells. The execution part: triggered by the evaluation results, allocates resources (if necessary) and performs the actual Handover (including serving HS-DSCH Cell Change) or Inter-RAT Cell Change.During the RRC signaling connection establishment, the SRNC sends a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message, with "setup" indicator to the UE contains the list of cells and the measurement criteria to be used. The list of cells and the measurement criteria for support of Soft/Softer handover are also broadcast in SIB11/SIB12. This allows the UE to start Intra frequency measurement on configured neighbors Intra frequency for the cell before receiving the MEASUREMENT CONTROL.The cells in a WCDMA RAN are, from UE point of view, divided in different mutually excluding sets defined by 3GPP.Active Set :The cells involved in soft handover and measured by the UE .Monitored Set: The cells only measured by the UE and not part of the Active Set. The monitored set can consist of intra-frequency(32 including Active Set), Inter-Frequency(32) and Inter-RAT cells(32). Detected Set: The intra frequency cells (P-CPICH scrambling codes) detected by the UE but not part of Active Set or monitored set.An offset can be assigned to each cell. Either positive or negative, it is added to the measurement quantity before the UE evaluates whether an event has occurred. The UE receives the cell offsets for each cell in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message sent from the SRNC to the UE.Weighting factor is used to include active set cells other than the best in evaluation criteria for reporting events.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Technical Overview and Concepts Used(2)To avoid event triggering for insignificant measurement fluctuations, an hysteresis parameter may be connected with reporting event given above. The value of the hysteresis is given to the UE in the reporting criteria field of the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message that SRNC sends to UE when the UE enters CELL_DCH state.Thus the condition to trigger the event so UE send a MEASUREMENT REPORT, is that the measured signal remains above or below (depending on the event) the predetermined threshold plus/minus (depending on the event) half the hysteresis value, during a time equal or greater than the corresponding time to trigger. In general to re-trigger the same condition and cell again, the measured value needs to go below the threshold minus half the value of the corresponding hysteresis and back up again above the threshold plus half the value of the corresponding hysteresis.The measured values are filtered by the UE before comparing the result values with the event report criteria. There are two levels of filtering, Layer 1 filtering and Layer 3 filtering. Layer 1 filtering is done on the physical layer, while Layer 3 filtering is done by software averaging, according to 3GPP 25.133 standard.Handover triggering type:Event Triggering : Measurement to be sent whenever the levels of cells enters the reporting range Periodic triggering: Measurement report should be sent to the RNC by the UE periodically

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Technical Overview and Concepts Used(3)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Reported Measurement(1)


Reported Measurement(2)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

Reported Measurement(3)


Reported Measurement(4)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Measurements Elaboration

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event Description(1)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event Description(2)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Cell setsThe cells in a WCDMA RAN are, from UE point of view, divided in different mutually excluding sets defined by 3GPP.Active Set :The cells involved in soft handover and measured by the UE .Monitored Set: The cells only measured by the UE and not part of the Active Set. The monitored set can consist of intra-frequency(32 including Active Set), Inter-Frequency(32) and Inter-RAT cells(32). Detected Set: The intra frequency cells (P-CPICH scrambling codes) detected by the UE but not part of Active Set or monitored set.More sets are defined internally to manage the Monitored Set creation and reduction.The maximum number of cells that a UE is required to measure according to 3GPP specification is 32 of each type (Intra-Frequency including Active Set, Inter-Frequency and GSM cells). Neighbor Set= Monitored Set + Unmonitored Set(used to assess detected Cells).Monitored Set: obtained by different techniques, some are using Relations Priorities and cells ordering on 1a report from strongest to weakest. Some are relying on relations defined to max number of cells in active set. Results is contained in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message and sent to the UE.Some vendors uses different thresholds/events for CS and PS on cell/RNC level.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Soft/ Softer HO

The following exception cases will cause a release of the connection:A Measurement Control message failure for a 1x event. Active set update failure, that is the UE does not respond to the Active Set UPDATE message and the ASU timer expires.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 1A

(measured P-CPICH Ec/No) > (P-CPICH Ec/No of the Best Cell in the Active Set) reportingRange1a+ hysteresis1a /2Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 1B(1)

(measured P-CPICH Ec/No) < (P-CPICH Ec/No of the best cell in the Active Set) reportingRange1b hysteresis1b /2Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

Event 1B(2)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 1C

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 1D

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 1E

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 1F

If the serving frequency signal is getting worse quickly, but UE can not trigger a inter-frequency measurement and hard handover in time, blind handover might be used to save the call. After receiving event 1F of best cell from UE, the RNC would check if blind handover neighbor is configured for the cell.If multiple blind handover neighbors are configured, the RNC would perform blind handover to the target cell with the highest priority Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Connection Quality MonitoringThe connection quality is monitored in DL based on:CPICH Ec/No.CPICH RSCPUL based on UE TX power. These correspond to monitoring that the current UL and DL coverage is good. The quality is monitored separately for each using the 2d, 2f, 6d(6a) and 6b events, and RNC continually keeps track of whether the DL Ec/No, the DL Rscp or the UL coverage is good or bad. When at least one of these gets bad, an IF or GSM HO attempt will be started, and if the coverage then gets good for all then the IF or IRAT HO attempt will be aborted. 2d, 2f, 6d and 6b events are acted upon by enabling the compressed mode to be able to measure IF/GSM Neighbors, They are absolute values measurements.Different implementations are used for these events, examples are per cell, per Service type, per cell& per service class.Also some are using absolute and relative values for 2f&2d.3a and 2b events are indicating that criteria for GSM and IF HO is met.Decision on which HO type to be triggered is configured on cell level1E/1F are used on some implementations to trigger compressed mode where there is no Best cell concept applied.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Event 2D/2F


IF HandoverCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

GSM HandoverCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Compressed Mode


HLS : the idle periods are created by layer 2 that set restrictions so that only a subset of the allowed TFCs are used in the compressed radio frames, thus reducing the user data throughput.SF/2: the idle periods are created by using a channelization code from the alternate code tree, corresponding to a spreading factor equal to half the one that is normally used and thus using more radio resources, that is, power , CE and code to transmit the normal amount of user data also more UL noise due to increased UE TX power , accordingly care must be taken to ensure that UEs do not unnecessarily trigger compressed mode and the time spent in compressed mode should be minimized. Normally there is an admission on cell level for max number of users in CM. This mode is recommended only for low-rate usersCompressed Mode MethodsCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010HSDPA Mobility ConceptsA-DCH: Associated Dedicated Channel: Dedicated channels in up-link and down-link associated to the HS-DSCH channel(SOHO applies). Best Cell: Active Set cell with the best quality based on the latest UE reported Primary CPICH measurements. Serving HS-DSCH cell: The cell within the active set that transmits HSDPA data in DL to a UE. Suitable HS-DSCH Cell: Cell in the current Active Set. Cell having HS-DSCH enabled.For some Vendors When the UE is using a PS Interactive on DCH or on HS-DSCH, the MEASUREMENT CONTROL orders an extra event that supports serving HS-DSCH Cell Change, e1d HS, to be reported by the UE. Other Vendors use HSPA hysteresis timer(on RNC Side) and upon expiry, the new best cell is reconfigured to be an HSDPA serving cell.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010119HSDPA Intra-Frequency Handover(1)Handling of Event 1B: After receiving an event 1B report, the RNC determines whether to delete a cell.If the cell to be deleted is not an HSDPA serving cell, the cell is directly removed.If the cell to be deleted is an HSDPA serving cell, then:If the new best cell supports HSDPA, the new best cell is reconfigured to be an HSDPA serving cell. If the reconfiguration fails, the service is reconfigured onto DPCH.If the new best cell does not support HSDPA, the service is reconfigured onto DPCH to ensure the continuity of the service.Handling of Event 1C: After receiving an event 1C report, the RNC decides whether to change the worst cell.If the cell to be replaced is not an HSDPA serving cell, the cell is directly removed.If the cell to be replaced is an HSDPA serving cell, then:If the best cell supports HSDPA, the best cell is reconfigured to be an HSDPA serving cell. If the reconfiguration fails, the service is reconfigured onto DPCH.If the best cell does not support HSDPA, the service is reconfigured onto DPCH to ensure the continuity of the service.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010120HSDPA Intra-Frequency Handover(2)Handling of Event 1D: After receiving an event 1D report, the RNC proceeds as follows:If the downlink service is carried on the HSDPA, then:If the new best cell in the active set supports HSDPA and the HSPA hysteresis timer expires, the new best cell is reconfigured to be an HSDPA serving cell.If the new best cell in the active set does not support HSDPA, the downlink service is directed to the DCH through the reconfiguration.If the downlink service is carried on the DCH, then: The UE is handover to the target cell, and the service is carried on DCH. After handover, the RNC may retry to configure the service on HS-DSCH.HSDPA serving cell change is usually triggered by event 1D. To avoid frequent serving cell change which may affect the system performance, a protection timer is introduced. This timer shall be started when the serving HS-DSCH cell changes. And no more 1D-triggered serving cell change shall be performed until the timer expires. However, this timer shall not restrict HSPA serving cell change to another cell in the active set if current serving cell is to be removed from the active set.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010121HSDPA Inter-Frequency Handover(1)Scenario 1: Inter-Frequency Handover from an HSDPA Cell to an R99 Cell .When the UE moves from cell 1 (an HSDPA cell) to cell 2 (an R99 cell), the inter-frequency handover conditions are met and event 2B is triggered. The RNC makes a handover decision for HSDPA services according to the neighboring cell measurement report, and reconfigures the service onto the DPCH of cell 2.

Scenario 2: Inter-Frequency Handover from an R99 Cell to an HSDPA Cell.When the UE moves from cell 2 (an R99 cell) to cell 1 (an HSDPA cell), the inter-frequency handover conditions are met and event 2B is triggered. The RNC hands over the UE to the DPCH first, and then to the HS-PDSCH if the service can be carried on the HS-PDSCH.

Scenario 3: Inter-Frequency Handover Between HSDPA Cells.When the UE moves from cell 1 (an HSDPA cell) to cell 2 (an HSDPA cell) and the inter-frequency handover conditions are met, the UE is handed over from cell 1 to cell 2. The target cell becomes the new serving HS-PDSCH cell.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010122Admission and congestion controlCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Implementation 1Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Load Control

Load control algorithm can be classified into three parts according to the different working states of UE.Before UE accesses: the PUC algorithms will function. RNC will monitor the cell load periodically. If the current cell load exceeds a specific threshold, RNC will modify the cell selection and re-selection parameters, in order that UE can select the low-load cell easily when UE will initiate some services and work at CELL-DCH state. This algorithm aims at UE which working at IDLE mode, CELL-FACH state, CELL-PCH state or URA-PCH state in this cell. During UE accesses: the CAC and IAC algorithms will function. RNC will judge whether the new access is admissible. After UE accesses: LDR and OLC algorithms will function. There are some practical algorithms to decrease the cell load. When a cell is in basic congestion, the RNC shall select some UEs for inter-frequency handover. When a cell is in overload congestion, the RNC shall select some UEs to release if failing to release the cell from overload congestion by BE service TF control. Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Cell Resource DecisionCell available code resource: managed in RNCCell available power resource: DL/UL load measured in Node BNodeB resource state, that is, NodeB credits : Reported by Node BAvailable Iub transport layer resource, that is, Iub transmission bandwidth: managed in RNCHSDPA user number (only for HSDPA service) HSUPA user number (only for HSUPA service) Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The function of PUC is to balance traffic load among inter-frequency cells. By modifying cell selection and reselection parameters and broadcasting them through system information, PUC leads UEs to cell with light load. The UE may be in idle mode, Cell_FACH state, Cell _PCH state, URA_PCH stateSintersearch: when the load of a cell is Heavy, PUC will increase this parameter; when the load of a cell is Light, PUC will decrease this parameter.QOffset1sn and QOffset2sn: when the load of a cell is Heavy, PUC will decrease these parameters; when the load of a cell is Light, PUC will increase these parameters.PUC

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010PriorityThe service of user with low priority will be affected by the load control algorithms first. Three kinds of priorityUser Priority: Mainly applying to provide different QoS for different users. Eg., setting different GBR according to the level of users for BE service. RAB Integrate Priority: Considering ARP, traffic class, THP (Traffic Handling Priority).User Integrate Priority: The highest of RABs in case of multiRAB.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010ICAC(1)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Pre-emptionIn the service setup, modification, hard handover and transition-in scenarios, if service request supports preempting capability (core network configuration) when application for cell resources fails, preempting will be executed, and the resource of lower-priority user supporting preempting is released to set up the service request. The preemption procedure is as follows:The preemption algorithm determines which radio link sets can be preempted according to the following preemption rules:High priority user preempt the resource of low priority usersPreempting the resource of users with low priority firstPreempting single service user firstPreempting UEs as few as possible, that is, choose the UEs that can release the most resourcesPreempting should follow this sequence: channelization codes first, then Iub transmission resources, radio resources lastRelease resources occupied by candidate UEs.The requested service uses the released resources to access the network directly without further admission decision.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010QueuingThe queuing algorithm is triggered by periodic poll timer. The specific processing is as follows:Rejects the request if the queuing time of the request(Telapsed ) is longer than the maximum queuing time of this request.Selects the request with the highest integrated priority for a resource-based admission attempt.If more than one service has the highest integrated priority, Calculate the weights of all requests in the queue. The weight: W = (Tmax Telapsed) / Tmax * Priority Level of the service. Choose the request with the smallest weight to attempt resource allocation.Put it back into the queue with the time stamp unchanged if this request is rejected. Choose the request with the smallest weight from the rest and performs another attempt until admitting a request or rejecting all requests.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010DRDDuring the RAB connection processing, DRD is used to select a suitable cell for a UE to access according to the HSPA+ technological satisfaction, service priority, and cell load.DRD is performed during RAB setup, RAB modification, or channel Switching. If the load of neighboring cell is lighter than current cell, UE may be admitted to the neighboring cell directly. The RAB DRD procedure is as follows:The RNC determines the admission of the inter-frequency target cell for blind handover. If the admission is accepted, DRD procedure is performed for the inter-frequency target cell for blind handover. The RNC starts the RL setup procedure to complete the inter-frequency hard handover. The RNC starts the RB setup procedure to complete the inter-frequency hard handover on the Uu interface and the service setup. Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010ICAC(2)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The resources that can trigger the basic congestion of the cell are:Power resourcesCode resourceIub resources or Iub bandwidthNodeB Credit resourceCell Congestion

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010LDR(1)ReasonsWhen the cell is in basic congestion state, new coming calls could be easily rejected by systemPurposeOptimizing cell resource distributionDecreasing load level, increasing admission successful rateTriggering of LDRPower resources, code resource, Iub resources or Iub bandwidth, NodeB Credit resource

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010LDR(2)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010LDR(3)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010OLC(1)ReasonsIn overload state, system is not stablePurposeEnsuring the system stability and making the system back to the normal state as soon as possibleTriggering of OLCPower resources only

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010OLC(2)TF Control:The RNC sends the control message to the MAC, during the continuous time (till congestion is released and traffic volume upsizing), MAC will restricts the TFC selection of these BE services to reduce data rate step by step.If the congestion is released and 4A report is received, MAC will increase data rate step by step. Adjusting the Maximum FACH TX Power:Ptarget = Pmax Delta(FACH power reduction step)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Implementation 2Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Admission control (1)The RN Admission Control function blocks or admits resource requests according to admission policies defined on system resources. Those requests are initiated for example when new radio connections are set up, cell changes performed, existing radio connections are modified or soft handover is performed. To decide on whether to admit the request, the RN Admission Control function requires information about the system resource load and the amount of resources needed by the requester. This information is provided by the System Resource Handling function.

RN Admission Control policies can differentiate accessibility of system resources dependent on the characteristics of the request (e.g. the request relates to set up of a new radio connection or a handover of an existing radio connection etc.), allowing reservation of system resources for high priority connections and for mobility.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Admission control (2)To be able for the system to balance the available resources between radio connections in case of lack of system resources, RN Soft Congestion is used.

When admitting a request, RN Soft Congestion evaluates whether to reduce the rate of one or more existing low priority users or whether to pre-empt one or more Radio Access Bearers (RABs) (implies the release of the RAB).

In case of admission reject, RN Admission Control is not taking any further actions in terms of asking for admission again, it is up to the requesting function to retry on a lower rate, for example such as the Handover function

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Allocating function in S/DRNC

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010System Resource handling The following set of system resources are relevant within the Capacity/Admission Management scope. To monitor the system resources, Capacity Management performs periodic and event based measurements and keeps track of every radio connection setup, deletion and modification in a cell. Per Cell :Downlink channelization codes.Downlink transmitted carrier power, non-HS part and HS required part.Air Interface Speech Equivalents (ASE) in uplink and downlink.Uplink Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP).The number of radio links per DL Spreading Factor (not including the codes of spreading factor = 16 reserved for use of HSDPA connections).The number of radio links per UL Spreading Factor (not including codes used by EUL).The number of radio links in compressed mode.The number of serving HS connections.The number of serving EUL connections.The number of serving 2 ms TTI EUL connections.The number of non-serving EUL connections.Per Hardware Pool:UL CE(Credits).DL CE(Credits).Per RBS:Transmission bandwidth in UL and DL for Guaranteed bit rate (GBR) services.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RN admission Control

If the resource is:Up till the admission level, the request is admitted. Between the admission and maximum level, (guaranteed, non-handover) or (non-guaranteed, non-handover/handover) requests are not admitted unless RN Soft Congestion actions can find the required resources to release. Up till the maximum level (guaranteed, handover) requests are admitted (if physical resources are available). An RN soft congestion action is triggered, but it will not be a condition to admit a request, since it will be admitted only if physical resources are available.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Admission Request AttributesRequest type: indicating whether the request for resources concerns a handover of a connection or not (used in the evaluation of admission policies).Request class: indicating whether the request for resources concerns a request for guaranteed rate connection parts or non-guaranteed connection parts (used in the evaluation of admission policies). A request is guaranteed when requesting minimum amount of resources for a radio connection satisfying its QoS (this is referred to lowest retainable rate). Examples of a guaranteed request are CS conversational, CS or PS streaming and PS interactive 8/8. Guaranteed RABs with attribute GBR from CN are set to guaranteed request class. When the request is for resources exceeding the minimum needed for satisfying the QoS (for example up-switch interactive PS to a higher dedicated rate), the request is non-guaranteed. An example of a non-guaranteed request is PS interactive. Preemption capability of the request: indicating whether this request can preempt a lower priority (part of a) radio connection in case of resource shortage. Preemption results in the release of one or more RABs according to their priority and preemption vulnerability settings as described in QoS Configuration.Priority of the request

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RN Soft CongestionAims to increase the accessibility by admitting users in a cell in case of resource shortage, if a low priority user can lower its rate or be preempted.The behavior differs depending on the request class:Non-guaranteed requests can reduce the rate of other lower priority, non-guaranteed connection parts in steps (for example from interactive PS 384/64 to interactive PS 128/64), down to their lowest retainable rate. Equal priority request and connection parts will equally balance their resource utilization (for example a request for interactive PS 64/64 can reduce the rate of an equal priority interactive PS 128/64 to interactive PS 64/64, but not to lower rates).Guaranteed requests can reduce the rate of any priority, non-guaranteed connection parts in steps down to their lowest retainable rate. If that is not sufficient, RN Soft Congestion can preempt existing guaranteed RABs of lower priority, or non-guaranteed RABs at the lowest retainable rate if request is preemption capable and connection part targeted is preemption vulnerable (for example conversational CS Speech (priority=3, preemption capable) can preempt conversational CS unknown (priority=4, preemption vulnerable).

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Admission PoliciesAdmission policyChannel typeSRBDCH/DCHDCH/HSDPAEUL/HSDPADL Ch codeYesYesYes (DL code for SRB part on DCH)Yes (DL code for SRB part on DCH)DL PowerYes (DL channelcongestion)YesYesYesRTWPYesNoNoNoDL ASENoYesYes (GBRpart on HSDPA and SRB-part on DCH)Yes (GBRpart on HSDPA and SRB-part on DCH)UL ASENoYesYesYesDL SFNoYesNoNoUL SFNoYesYesNoCPMNoYesYesYesServing HSNoNoYesYesDL RBS HWYes (rejected if >100%)YesNoNoUL RBS HWYes (rejected if >100%)YesYesYesCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Congestion Control (1)For most systems resources, the radio connections utilizing the resource never use more of the resource than was admitted. In those cases the RN Admission Control functionality is sufficient to control the resource utilization. For some system resources, such as UL interference and DL transmitted carrier power, admitted radio connections may dynamically utilize more of the resource, depending on for example the radio conditions, and can cause overload. Resource overload threatens the QoS of connections and the stability of the system. In those cases, RN Admission Control alone is not sufficient and additional control is needed to deal with overload on the resource.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Congestion Control (2)The RN Congestion Control functionality detects and resolves three types of overload: UL Overload: The UL interference in a cell reaches a critical level and the RN Congestion Control blocks all admission requests in the cell, except for handover of connections (as they typically contribute to the lowering of the UL interference). The situation is restored when the UL interference is back to acceptable levels.DL Overload: The non-HSDPA DL transmitted carrier power in a cell reaches critical levels and the RN Congestion Control blocks all admission requests in the cell, while congestion resolve actions are taken to reduce the resource utilization. The situation is restored when non-HSDPA DL transmitted carrier power level is back to acceptable levels.DL HSDPA Overload: The DL transmitted carrier power available for radio connections on HSDPA is not sufficient to meet their QoS. The RN Congestion Control will start congestion resolve actions to re-balance the resource utilization between the radio connections on HSDPA and release 99 channel, while selectively blocking admission requests in the cell. Note that for HSDPA overload it considers non-GBR users as well as GBR users

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RN Congestion Control

Uplink Congestion ControlDownlink Congestion Control

DL HSDPA congestion Control

Resolving actionsIf UL congestion occurs, all handover requests are admitted and all new requests are blocked until UL congestion is resolved.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Channel SwitchingCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010 Dynamically change the physical resources allocated to a UE, by switching UEs to the most suitable transport channel based on traffic volume (throughput- UL & DL), radio resources availability, radio conditions and mobility.

Applies only to packet traffic on the interactive RAB (Interactive and Background QOS classes with no guaranteed bit rates and no packet delay requirements)

Channel switching function works both on a Single RAB and on a Multi RAB combination.There are basically two kinds of Channel Switching:Channel Type Switching andChannel Rate Switching.Channel Switching- Main PurposeCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 20103G NPOC Radio Team 2009-10-21 Ericsson AB 2009 153The Channel Switching evaluation is based on two criteria:

User activity: Measured in terms of either channel throughput(Cell-DCH) or RLC buffer load(Cell-FACH)Coverage condition: Measured in terms of downlink code power(the DL power of the pilot bits of the DPCCH field). When the code power coverage on DL of a connection falls below a certain threshold considered to be insufficient for the current rate, a downswitch to the next lower state will be requested.Capacity Management and Mobility:Admission Control can initiate channel switching of an individual UE from one dedicated transport channel to another (from 64/384 to 64/128 or from 64/128 to 64/64...etc) when resources needs to be freed up for new usersCongestion Control can initiate channel switching of an individual UE from dedicated to common transport channel when needed to solve a congestion situation.Soft HandoverHS MobilityChannel Switching - Evaluation CriteriaCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 20103G NPOC Radio Team 2009-10-21 Ericsson AB 2009 154Buffer Based Up-Switch Common to DedicatedThe Common to Dedicated Evaluation algorithm monitors the amount of user data buffered in the RNC or UE. If the buffer load increases and a switch from the common transport channels FACH/RACH to a higher bit rate dedicated transport channel is required, an upswitch request is sent to channel switching execution.When the RLC buffer load in the UL exceeds the threshold value set by the parameter ulRlcBufUpswitch , a measurement report is sent from the UE. An upswitch request is issued upon reception of the measurement report(4A). A request is also issued when the RLC buffer load (in the RNC) in the downlink exceeds the threshold value set by the parameter dlRlcBufUpswitch . The common to dedicated switching function always tries to allocate a EUL/HS, 64/HS or 64/64 transport channel in that order.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Single RAB Transition Common to DedicatedMultiRAB Transition Common to DedicatedChannel Switching Common to Dedicated

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 20103G NPOC Radio Team 2009-10-21 Ericsson AB 2009 156What we are interested in this activity is to consider the DOWN switch procedure (from EUL/HS/DCH -> FACH, from FACH -> IDLE and from DCH to DCH) regulated by inactivity. In particular:HS FACH (hsdschInactivityTimer)DCH FACH (downswitchTimer)FACH IDLE (inactivityTimer)DCH DCH (XXThroughputDownswitchTimer)FACH128/6464/64384/64128/12864/128384/128128/38464/384384/384URASRBEUL / HSDPAEUL / HS384 / HSDCH / HSDPA64 / HSIdleChannel SwitchingDedicated to Common Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

Down switch Timer : DCH to FACH DCH to Common Evaluation algorithm (UL and DL):IF Throughput (UL&DL) < downswitchThreshold (0) kbps for downswitchTimer (10s).IF the throughput increases above downswitchTimerThreshold (0) before the timer expires, the timer is stopped and no switch is issued.


Hsdsch Inactivity Timer: HS to FACH HS to Common Evaluation algorithm (UL and DL):IF Throughput (UL&DL) < downswitchThreshold (0) kbps for hsdschInactivityTimer (2s)IF the throughput increases above downswitchTimerThreshold (0) before the timer expires, the timer is stopped and no switch is issued.

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Multi RAB Transition

Speech+DCH/DCH

Speech+DCH/HS

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 20103G NPOC Radio Team 2009-10-21 Ericsson AB 2009 160Inactivity Timer : FACH to IDLE FACH to IDLE algorithm (UL and DL):The algorithm is activated at the entry of the CELL_FACH state. IF no uplink or downlink activity has been detected (i.e. no data has been transmitted) during inactivityTimer (30) seconds the mobile is witched to IDLE. FACHURASRBEUL / HSDPAEUL / HSIdle384 / HSDCH / HSDPA64 / HS128/6464/64384/64128/12864/128384/128128/38464/384384/384Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The Dedicated to Dedicated Downswitch Evaluation algorithm determines whether a switch to a lower rate channel should be made. The same algorithm applies for Single/Multi RAB.A channel switch request to the next lower UL/DL rate (monitored independently) when: the downlink throughput decreases below the threshold specified by dlDownswitchBandwidthMargin (80%) or the uplink throughput decreases below the threshold specified by ulDownswitchBandwidthMargin (80%) .If the above conditions holds for the duration of dlThroughputDownswitchTimer (or ulThroughputDownswitchTimer for an uplink trigger), a downswitch request is executed by the Channel Switching function.

Down switchTimer: DCH to DCHFACHURASRBEUL / HSDPAEUL / HSIdle384 / HSDCH / HSDPA64 / HS128/6464/64384/64128/12864/128384/128128/38464/384384/384

DL throughputMax Throughput of current DCH Channel Max Throughput of next lower DCH Channel dlThroughputDownswitchTimer [2s]XDownswitch to next lower DCH Channel Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

CELL_DCH to CELL_DCH DownswitchThe lack of coverage may cause the downlink code power to increase to its maximum. In this case, a Down-Switch from 64/384 to 64/128 or from 64/128 to 64/64 is preferable to exhausting power and possibly dropping the connection. The algorithm periodically (every 1 second) monitors downlink code power on all legs in the Active Set. If the downlink code power on all legs in the Active Set is within downswitchPwrMargin of the maximumTransmissionPower, then coverageTimer is started ,after expiry, the UE is Down-Switched to the next lower Radio Access Bearer (RAB).

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The Dedicated to Dedicated Upswitch Evaluation algorithm determines whether a switch to a Higher rate channel should be made. The same algorithm applies for Single/Multi RAB.A channel switch request to the Highest possible DL rate when: the downlink throughput exceeds the threshold specified by bandwidthMargin(90%) .The above conditions holds for the duration of upswitchTimer .When Up-Switching from 64kb, the first attempt will be made to Up-Switch to 384kb. If this attempt fails, a second attempt to Up-Switch to 128kb will be made.

DL UpswitchTimer: DCH to DCH

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The Dedicated to Dedicated Upswitch Evaluation algorithm determines whether a switch to a Higher rate channel should be made. The same algorithm applies for Single/Multi RAB.A channel switch request to the next higher UL rate when: The Uplink throughput exceeds the threshold specified by bandwidthMarginUl (90%) .The above conditions holds for the duration of upswitchTimerUl.

UL UpswitchTimer: DCH to DCH

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Optimization Tips and Tricks Increase the downswitchThreshold/Timer to avoid keeping unnecessary users in the HS stateDecrease the inactivity timer to quickly empty FACH from the idle usersThese changes will be reviewed upon the results of statistics and the field testsDifferent strategies will be applied on the RNCs based on the Cs/Ps traffic utilizationMind the trade off between resource utilization and Processor load.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010 Key Performance IndicatorsKPIsCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The Radio network KPI can be used for the following tasks:Rapidly detecting unacceptable performance in the network, enabling the operator to take immediate actions to preserve the quality of the network Troubleshooting on cell clusters of interest Monitoring and optimizing the radio network performance to have a better subscriber-perceived quality or a better use of the installed resources Providing radio network planners with the detailed information needed for the dimensioning and configuration of the network for optimal useThese quality metrics are divided into six areas: Accessibility, Retainability, Integrity(BLER and throughput ), Utilization, Mobility, and Availability.The majority of the equations are written per UtranCell. The user may choose to aggregate the counters over a group of cells and use the same equations to calculate the KPI over a cluster of cells, one RNC, or multiple RNCs.Yet some counters are RNC level.The same aggregation can be performed over time.The output is normally in .xml format which has a 3GPP standard defining it.Monitoring the RAN performance(1) Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Each vendor provides documentation to explain the various counters meaning and triggering conditionsMonitoring the RAN performance(2)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Each vendor provides documentation to explain the various counters meaning and triggering conditions:Number of RRC connection request: VS.RRC.AttConnEstab (RNC) at point A2.RRC connection setup: VS.RRC.SetupConnEstab (RNC) at point BRRC connection setup: VS.RRC.SetupConnEstab.Cell (Cell) point BRRC connection setup Complete: VS.RRC.SuccConnEstab (RNC)at point CRRC connection setup Complete: VS.RRC.SuccConnEstab.Cell (Cell) at point CMonitoring the RAN performance(3)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010The Key Performance Indicators represents the End-user perception of a network on a macro level and are of typical interest for top-level management as well as others within an operator. These numbers are typically used to benchmark networks against each other and to detect areas of problem. The KPIs are mainly calculated from PM counters based on well defined RANAP and RRC procedures. The data is collected continuously. The Performance Indicators level represents information on a system level that does not explicitly qualifies in the macro level end-user perspective model, but can indicate whether the system performs good or bad. Performance Indicators do not necessarily give enough details to allow a full detailed troubleshooting. These PM counters is collected continuously. The Procedure level represents deeper troubleshooting and measure system characteristics measurements. It involves measurement on signalling and procedure/function levels to investigate problems detected on higher levels. The amount of data on this level is enormous and these measurements are generally user-initiated for a specific purpose and area of the network, thereby limiting the scope of the measurements. Observability

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Main 3G KPIs Categories Accessibility: The ability of a service to be obtained, within specified tolerances and other given conditions, when requested by the user. It is the percentage of call attempts made by the end-user that are successful. Retainability: The probability that a service will continue to be provided under given conditions for a given time duration. The percentage of the successfully call setups that were retained during the whole conversation (session) and terminated by the user. The standard KPI is the Dropped Call Rate.Integrity: The degree to which a service is provided without excessive impairments, it represents the quality experienced by the user during the call/session. This is based on RBS/UE measurements. BLER is used as an indication for CS services. For PS services BLER and throughput are used.Mobility: Shows the handover performance divided into Intra-Frequency, Inter-frequency and IRAT HO for CS and PS servicesUtilization: Describes the network utilization by means of Traffic level and Capacity Management (congestion, admission/load control).Availability: Shows In-Service-Performance.Monitoring system downtime is important for comparing equipment from different system vendors and to understand reasons for temporary network problems.Traffic.Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010AccessibilityIn WCDMA signaling procedure, a complete access process contains following steps:RRC establishmentInitial DTAuthenticationSecurity modeRAB assignmentCopy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Accessibility_RRC(1)RRC establishment Example_Vendor1:RRC Setup Success Ratio (RNC.Other):

RRC Setup Success Ratio (Cell.Other):

RRC establishment_Vendor1:RRC setup has various reasons as indicated in table below and they are classified as service and non-Service reasons


RRC Setup Success Ratio (RNC.Service)RRC Setup Success Ratio (Cell.Service)RRC establishment Example_Vendor1:Accessibility_RRC(2)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RRC establishment Example_Vendor2:All RRC Related counters:

pmNoFailedRrcConnectReqCsHwpmNoFailedRrcConnectReqHwpmNoFailedRrcConnectReqPsHwpmNoLoadSharingRrcConnpmNoLoadSharingRrcConnCspmNoLoadSharingRrcConnPspmNoOfReturningRrcConnpmNoRejRrcConnMpLoadCpmNoRrcConnReqBlockNodeCspmNoRrcConnReqBlockNodePspmNoRrcConnReqBlockTnCspmNoRrcConnReqBlockTnPspmNoRrcCsReqDeniedAdmpmNoRrcPsReqDeniedAdmpmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmpmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmDlChnlCodepmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmDlHwpmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmDlPwrpmNoRrcReqDeniedAdmUlHwpmSamplesBestRrcOnlyEstablishpmSamplesRrcOnlyEstablishpmSumBestRrcOnlyEstablishpmSumRrcOnlyEstablishpmTotNoRrcConnectAttIratCcOrderpmTotNoRrcConnectAttIratCellReselpmTotNoRrcConnectFailCongIratCcOrderpmTotNoRrcConnectFailCongIratCellReselpmTotNoRrcConnectReqpmTotNoRrcConnectReqCspmTotNoRrcConnectReqCsSuccpmTotNoRrcConnectReqPspmTotNoRrcConnectReqPsSuccpmTotNoRrcConnectReqSmspmTotNoRrcConnectReqSubTrpmTotNoRrcConnectReqSuccesspmTotNoRrcConnectSetuppmTotNoRrcConnectSuccessIratCcOrderpmTotNoRrcConnectSuccessIratCellReselpmTotNoRrcConnectUeCapabilitypmTotNoRrcReqpmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqpmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqCspmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqCsSuccpmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqPspmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqPsSuccpmTotNoTermRrcConnectReqSuccpmTotNoUtranRejRrcConnReqAccessibility_RRC(3)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RRC establishment Example_Vendor2:RRC Setup Success Rate

RRC Setup Success Rate CS

RRC Setup Success Rate PS

Accessibility_RRC(4)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RRC establishment Example_Vendor2:RRC Setup Success Rate

RRC Setup Success Rate CS

RRC Setup Success Rate PS

Accessibility_RRC(5)Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RAB establishment Example_Vendor1:

Accessibility_RAB(1)

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Accessibility_RAB(2)RAB establishment Example_Vendor2:RAB Establishment Success Rate Speech

RAB Establishment Success Rate CS64

RAB Establishment Success Rate PS Interactive R99

RAB Establishment Success Rate PS Interactive HS

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010RetainabilityRetainability _Vendor1:

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Retainability(1)Retainability _Vendor1:

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Retainability(2)Retainability_Vendor2:RAB Drop Rate Speech

RAB Drop Rate CS64

RAB Drop Rate PS Interactive R99

RAB Drop Rate PS Interactive HS

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Mobility(1)

Mobility _Vendor1:Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Mobility(2)

Mobility _Vendor1:Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Mobility(3)

Mobility _Vendor2:

Soft HO Success Rate_Cell

Softer HO Success Rate_RNC

Soft HO Success Rate_RNC

CS IRAT HO Success Rate

Relocation Preparation Failure Rate

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Mobility(4)Mobility _Vendor2:

IF HO Success Rate CS Speech

IF HO Success Rate CS64

IF HO Success Rate PS Interactive HS

IF Hard HO HS Success Rate

HSDPA Cell Change SR

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Mobility(5)Mobility _Vendor2:

Reconfiguration Success from DCH/HS to non DCH/HS

Reconfiguration Success from non-DCH/HS to DCH/HS

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Integrity(1)Integrity _Vendor1:

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Integrity(2)Integrity _Vendor2:

RABs UL BLER

HS Data Average Throughput Net

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010AvailabilityAvailability _Vendor1:

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010AvailabilityAvailability _Vendor2:

R99 Cell Unavailability

HS Cell Unavailability

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010TrafficTraffic_Vendor1:

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010TrafficTraffic_Vendor2:

Cell Traffic Speech(Erl)

Cell Traffic Volume DL/UL Speech

Cell Traffic Volume DL PS Data HS

Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010Thank You Copy Rights LEGEND Co. 2010

UMTS Optimization (2)

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