Umts Coverage Estimation

7/26/2019 Umts Coverage Estimation

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UMTS Coverage Estimation

Content:

Link BudgetCoverage Scale EstimationUTRAN Coverage Solutions

Link Budget

Dimension estimation

UMTS radio network dimension estimation is a process of calculating amount and configuration of

equipment based on the goal of coverage, capacity and quality.

Perfect solution: the balance among coverage, capacity and quality.

Radio Network Planning Flow
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Estimation based on coverage and capacity

Determine the number of Node B according to coverage

Uplink coverage, downlink coverageCoverage radius of cells

Account required Node B number

Determine the number of Node B according to users capacity

Uplink capacity, downlink capacitythe number of users supported per cell

Account required Node B number

Take the bigger value between the two.

Link Budget and Models

Simply, link budget is to perform accounting on all losses and gains on a communication link.

Definition: Estimate the system coverage capability by reviewing and analyzing all kinds ofinfluence factors in the propagation path of forward and reverse signals, and obtain the maximumpropagation loss allowed on the link under certain call qualities.
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Transmitting Power

The NodeB transmitting power is a system parameter, different for individual services. It shall bedetermined in accordance with service type and service coverage.

The maximum transmitting power of NodeB is 43 dBm. The power of the dedicated channel(DCH) accounts for 63% of the total power.

TS25.101 stipulates the UEs in four power levels

During link budget, it is generally taken to 21 dBm for voice service and 24 dBm for data service(supported by a small number of UEs). At present it is taken to 21 dBm uniformly.

Receiver Sensitivity

Sensitivity = kTB + NF + Eb/NoPG

kT is the level of hot noise (dBm/Hz)

B is the bandwidth of the UMTS carrier frequency (Hz)

NF is the noise figure (dB)

Eb/No is the required bit S/N ratio

PG is the processing gain (dB)
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Thermal Noise

Environment hot noise power spectrum density

N=KTB/B=KT

K= 1.380650*10E-23 Boltzmanns constant

T: absolute temperature=Celsius temperature+273.15

B: Receiver bandwidth, the bandwidth for UMTS system is 3.84MHz ,Usually is -174dBm/Hz

Noise Figure

The noise figure of the receiver is the noise introduced by receiver during processing. It equals tothe ratio of input signal/noise to the output signal/noise:

F=(Si/Ni)/(So/No)

NF10logF

Node B: 3~5dB

UE: 5~7dB

Quality Factors

Eb/No bit energy/noise spectrum density. The value of Eb/No relates to:

the service type

moving speed

encode/decode algorithm

antenna diversity type

power control

multi-path environment
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Eb/No is related to the service type, moving speed, coding/decoding algorithm, antenna diversify,power control, and multi-path environment

Eb/No Values Under Different Channel Environments in 3GPP

Processing Gain

Processing gain = Chip rate/Bit rate (PG = W/R)

Different services have different processing gains. As a result, their service coverage is different.
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Antenna Gain

NodeB antenna gain

During link budget, suppose the directional antenna gain of the NodeB to 17 dBi and theomni-directional receiving antenna gain to 11 dBi.

In practice, different antennas can be selected in accordance with different region typesand coverage requirements.

UE antenna gain

The UE antenna gain is 0 dBi.

Soft Handover Gain

Soft handover gain indicates the gain to overcome slow fading. When the mobile equipment is

located in the soft handover region, multiple wireless links of soft handover receive signals at the sametime, which decreases the requirement for the shadow fading margin.

Macro diversity gain
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Body loss

When the handset is positioned at users waist or shoulder, the received signal will be 4~7dB or1~2 dB lower than the value when it is positioned several wavelengths away from the body. Usually the

value is 3dB.

Penetration loss

The penetration loss of buildings refers to the attenuation of radio waves when they pass throughthe outer structure of buildings. It equals the difference between field-strength medians in and out of abuilding.

It is related to the material and thickness of buildings.

Feeder Loss

For a feeder of 30-40 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 4 dB (including the connectorloss) during link budget.

For a feeder of 40-50 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 5 dB (including the connectorloss) during link budget.

The feeder loss may decrease the NodeB receiving level and shorten the coverage radius. Tower

amplifiers can be used to compensate the feeder loss on the uplink.

Radio Propagation Characteristics
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Shadow Fading Margin

The shadow fading complies with lognormal distribution. Its value is related to the sector edgecommunication probability and shadow fading standard deviation, while the latter is related to theelectromagnetic wave propagation environment.

In the radio space propagation, the path loss of any a given distance changes rapidly and thepath loss value can be regarded as a random variable in conformity with lognormal distribution.

In the case of network design in accordance with the average path loss, the loss value of pointsat the cell edge shall be larger than the path loss median for 50% of time period, and smaller than themedian for the left 50% of time period. That is, the edge coverage probability of the cell is 50% only.

To improve coverage probability of the cell, it is necessary to reserve the fading margin duringlink budget.

Suppose the random variable of propagation loss to , the average value to m, and the standard

deviation to . Set a loss threshold .

When < , the signals can meet the demodulation requirement of expected service qualities.

The edge coverage probability equal to or larger than 75% can be represented as:

For the outdoor environment, the standard deviation of the random

variable of propagation loss is always taken to 8 dB.

The corresponding shadow fading margin is:
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Power control margin

fast attenuation margin

Use to overcome the power control variation range of fast fading (Rayleigh fading). Thefast power control margin in walking speed is 2.0~5.0dB, in high moving speed is about 0 dB.

Interference Margin
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Interference reserve, Noise Rise Limit

UMTS is a self-interfered system whose coverage is closely related to the capacity. It isrepresented as interference margin in the link budget.

Typical value: 1~3dB, according to load between 20~50% (uplink).

Uplink Budget Process
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Uplink/Downlink Balance
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R99 Uplink Link Budget Example
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R99 Down Link Budget Example

HSDPA Link budget

Cell edge coverage bit rate decide the cell radius

Demodulation threshold is Es/No
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Without soft handover and fast power control, so the Power control headroom and soft handovergain is zero

Body loss is Zero.

HSDPA Downlink budget Example

HSUPA Uplink budget Example
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Coverage Scale EstimationCalculation of NodeB Coverage Radius

Link budget is a key component in coverage planning

Link budget can help understand the impacts made by parameters on network

Cell Coverage Radius Calculation

Although the model of macro cell can be in different forms, most of them are a slope-interceptmodel

Common formula

Path loss = k1 + k2log(d)+ k3Hms + k4log(Hms) +k5log(Heff) + k6log(Heff)log(d) + k7 +clutterloss
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Calculation of NodeB Coverage Area

Mid-high traffic areas coverage solution

Mid-high Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions
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High Performance Indoor Macro Node B Coverage

Flexible Deployments of RRUs
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The difficulties of Dense Urban Coverage

BBU + RRU Structure in Street Solution
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Outdoor Micro NodeB in Street Solution
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Low traffic areas coverage solution

Low Traffic Areas Coverage Solutions
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Radiated Coverage of Macro NodeB + RRU
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Outdoor Micro NodeB Coverage Solution

Coverage Enhancement Technology
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OTSR Technology for Low Traffic Areas Coverage
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Indoor environment coverage solution

Traditional Indoor Coverage Solution for OfficeEnvironment
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Penetration Coverage by Outdoor Macro NodeB
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Signal Source plus Distributed System Coverage Solution

The signal source is from macro or micro Node B, or RRU and repeaters.

The passive or active coaxial cable, fiber or leak cable can be chosen for distributed system.

RF Repeater Coverage Solution
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Fiber Repeater Coverage Solution

Fiber repeater is adopted for some special requirements. Several problems appears with the fiber repeater coverage including

The high cost of optical elements

Uplink noise increasing to affect the system performances.

Impossible to expand the capacity.
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Summary of the Traditional Coverage Solutions

The penetration coverage of outdoor macro Node B cannot meet the requirements of most indoorcoverage occasions

Most of traditional coverage solutions adopt signal source plus indoor distributed system. The traditional indoor coverage solutions meet the covering but not capacity requirements.

The GSM indoor distributed system has to be upgraded to support UMTS frequency band.

RF repeaters cannot be expanded in capacity , and fiber repeaters are very expensive.

The New Requirements for UMTS Indoor Coverage
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BBU + RRU Solution to Meet Traffic ShiftingRequirements
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Micro RRU Indoor Distributed Solution
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Perfect Indoor Coverage Solutions

Perfect Indoor Coverage Solutions
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Power Supply for Pico RRU and Indoor Antennas

Power supply

The power supply of Pico RRU is provided by the P Bridge equipment. They are connected by

twisted-pairs.

The power supply of micro RRU and BBU can be -48V DC or 110V/220V AC.
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Umts Coverage Estimation

Documents

Transcript of Umts Coverage Estimation