1Ultrasound Machine-A Revolution In Medical Imaging

2Contents:-

1. What is medical imaging?2. Why ultrasound imaging is required?3. History of ultrasound4. What is ultrasound

A. Physical definitionB. Medical definition

5. Ultrasound production6. The Returning echo7. Doppler effect8. What is Doppler ultrasound9. Principles of instrumentation in ultrasonography10. Transmitter and receiver circuits of ultrasound11. Mechanical assembly of ultrasound machine12. Manufacturing companies of USG13. Sonoscape S40 color Doppler ultrasound system14. Clinical applications of ultrasound15. Future of ultrasound16. Conclusion

17.

3What is Medical Imaging?

It is a technique and process used to create image of the internal as well as external human body parts for clinical purpose .

4Why ULTRASOUND Imaging Is Required?

• Ultrasound imaging provides a pictorial status of particular organ which is to be treated

• Ultrasound makes a surgical targets more clear and precise

• Ultrasound provides a pictorial status of fetus development right from 4th week to 36th- 38th week

• Ultrasound make therapeutic targets easy to detect and treat

5HISTORY OF ULTRASOUND……………..•In 1880 brothers Jacques et Pierre Curie noted that the electricity is created in the crystal of quartz under mechanical vibration. This phenomenon was described as the piezoelectric effect.

•Diagnosis medical application in use since late 1950’s like visualizing cerebral chamber.

6What is Ultrasound :Physical Definition

• Ultrasound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave with a frequency exceeding the upper limit of human

hearing, which is 20,000 Hz or 20 kHz.

7What is Ultrasound : Medical Definition

• Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound is the use of high frequency sound to aid in diagnosis and treatment of patient.

• Frequency Ranges Used In Medical Ultrasound are 2.5-40MHZ

8Ultrasound Production:Transducer contains piezoelectric

elements/crystals which produce the ultrasound pulses (transmit 1% of the time)

These elements convert electrical energy into a mechanical ultrasound wave

9The Returning EchoReflected echoes return to the scan head

where the piezoelectric elements convert the ultrasound wave back into an electrical signal

The electrical signal is then processed by the ultrasound system

10 Doppler Effect• The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency

detected when the sound is moving relative to the hearer. It is important to note that the effect does not result because of an actual change in the frequency of the source. 

11Modes of ultrasound A-mode (A=amplitude)

The amplitude of reflected ultrasound is displayed on an oscilloscope screen

 M-mode (M=motion) It reflects a motion of the heart structures over time Due to its excellent temporal resolution (high sampling rate), M-mode is extremely valuable for accurate evaluation of rapid movements.

 B-mode (B=brightness) (2D in echocardiography) This is now the essential imaging modality in the diagnostic ultrasound. An amplitude of the reflected ultrasound signals is converted into a gray scale image

D-mode (D=Doppler)This imaging mode is based on the Doppler effect ie. change in frequency (Doppler shift) caused by the reciprocal movement of the sound generator and the observer.

12 What is Doppler Ultrasound?• A Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive test that can be used to

estimate our blood flow through blood vessels by bouncing high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) off circulating red blood cells.

APPLICATIONS:• Blood clots• Poorly functioning valves in leg veins (venous insufficiency)• Heart valve defects and congenital heart disease• A blocked artery (arterial occlusion)• Decreased blood circulation into legs (peripheral artery disease)• Bulging arteries (aneurysms)• Narrowing of an artery, such as in our neck (carotid artery stenosis)

13Principles of Instrumentation In Ultrasonography

• All ultrasound scanners consist of similar components that perform the same key functions.

• One of these is a transmitter that sends pulses to the transducer, a receiver and a processor that detects and amplifies the backscattered energy.

14Transmitter circuit of ultrasound 

Around transistor T1 (BC549) generates an 8MHz signal, which serves as input to the first decade counter built around IC1. The decade counter divides the oscillator frequency to 800 kHz. The output of IC1 is fed to the second CD4017 decade counter (IC2), which further divides the frequency to 80 kHz. The flip-flop (IC3) divides 80kHz signal by 2 to give 40kHz signal, which is transmitted by ultrasonic transducer TX.

 

15Receiver circuit of ultrasound

It is necessary to down-convert the 40kHz signal into 4kHz to bring it in the audible range. The receiver’s transducer unit (RX) detects the transmitted 40kHz signal, which is amplified by the amplifier built around transistor BC549 (T2). The amplified signal is fed to decade counter IC4, which divides the frequency to 4 kHz.

Transistor T3 (SL100) amplifies the 4kHz signal to drive the speaker.

16Mechanical assembly Of Ultrasound Machine

1.Transducer: Probe Pulse Control2.CPU (Central Processing Unit)3.Key Board4.Display5.Storage device6.Printer

17Images

18Different components of US Machine

The following parts:1. Transducer (probe)

• The probe is the mouth and ears of the ultrasound machine. 

• In the probe, there are one or more quartz crystals called piezoelectric crystals.

• When an electric current is applied to these crystals, they change shape rapidly.

19Different components of US Machine

Transducer (pulse controls)• The operator, called the ultrasonographer,

changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of the pulses emitted from the transducer probe

20Different components of US Machine

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The CPU is the brain of an ultrasound machine. • The CPU is a computer that contains the

microprocessor, memory, amplifiers and power supplies for the microprocessor and transducer probe.

• The transducer receives electrical currents from the CPU and sends electrical pulses that are created by returning echoes.

21Different components of US Machine

3.Keyboard/Cursor• Ultrasound machines have a keyboard and a

cursor. • The keyboard allows the operator to add notes

and to take measurements of the image.

22Different components of US Machine5 Display • Displays the image from the ultrasound data

processed by the CPU.

• This image can be either in black-and-white or color, depending upon the model of the ultrasound machine

23Different components of US Machine

5. Disk Storage• The processed data and/or images can be stored

on disks. • These disks can be hard disks, floppy disks,

compact disks (CDs), or digital video disks (DVDs). • Most of the time, ultrasound scans are filled on

floppy disks and stored with the patient's medical records.

24Different components of US Machine

6. PrintersMost ultrasound machines have printers which are thermal . These can be used to capture a printed picture of the image from the monitor.

25Working of the USG machine:

26MANUFACTURING COMPANIES OF

USGMANUFACTURER MODEL COST (Rs)1.PHILIPS HEALTHCARE EPIQ 7 243754.00

2.GE HEALTHCARE LOGIQ E9 225443.00

3.SIEMENS ACUSON P500 211553.00

4.CARESTREAM HEALTH CARESTREAM TOUCH ULTRASOUND 

149239.00

5.TOSHIBA MEDICAL SYSTEMS CORPORATION 

EB1970UK endobronchial

148255.00

6.HITACHI MEDICAL CORPORATION

Aplio™ 500/400/300 

175358.00

:

27 SONOSCAPE S40 COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASOUND SYSTEMTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:1. Full Digital Super-wide Band Beam Former,2. Digital Dynamic Focusing, 3. Variable Aperture and Dynamic Tracing, 4. Wide Band Dynamic Range,5. Multi-Beam Parallel Processing designed to

comply with applicable international standards and regulations, ensuring the safety and availability of this product.

6. Based on the computer technology and Linux operation system, which make the system more flexible and stable.

7. User Friendly.

28Different ultrasound probes C362, convex high-density probe for adults' examinations

Field of use: Abdominal examinations, obstetrics, 

L742, linear high-density probe for examinations of vesselsField of use: Abdominal examinations, pediatry, 

5P1, sectorial phased probe for pediatric examinationsField of use: Cardiology, pediatry

МРТЕЕ, transesophageal probe Field of use: Cardiology, surgery.

29FURTHER MORE DETAILS…

ADVANTAGES:

• New generation digital front-end technology

•  Spatial compound imaging • Post-processing technology •  Tissue harmonic imaging •  High pulse repetition frequency •  Panoramic imaging •  4D imaging •  Graphic diagnosis icon •  Touch screen with human-computer

interaction technology •  Keyboard lifting system

DISADVANTAGES:

• Bulky • Heat development and cavity

formation• Sensors having minimum sensing

distance• Targets of low density like foam

and cloth tend to absorb sound energy, these materials may be difficult to sense at long range

• Temperature, pressure, humidity, air turbulence affect the ultrasonic response

30Clinical application of ultrasound

• Anaesthesiology-Ultrasound is commonly used by anesthesiologists to guide injecting needles when placing local anaesthetic solutions near nerves

• Cardiology- Echocardiography is an essential tool in

cardiology, to diagnose e.g. dilatation of parts of the heart and function of heart ventricles and valves

• Gastroenterology- In abdominal sonography, the solid organs of the abdomen the pancreas, aorta, inferior vena cava, liver, gall bladder, bile ducts, kidneys, and spleen are imaged.

• Obstetrics- Obstetrical is commonly used during

pregnancy to check on the development of the fetus.

31Clinical application of ultrasound

• Urology-To determine, for example, the amount of fluid retained in a patient's bladder.

In a pelvic sonogram, organs of the pelvic region are imaged.

This includes the uterus and ovaries or urinary bladder.

Males are sometimes given a pelvic sonogram to check on the health of their bladder, the prostate, or their testicles (for example to distinguish epididymitis from testicular torsion).

•Gynecology-Gynecologic sonography is used extensively:

To assess pelvic organs,

To diagnose and manage gynecologic problems including, leiomyoma, ovarian cysts and lesions,

To Identify ectopic Pregnancy,

To Diagnose Gynecologic Cancer

32The Future OF Ultrasound: HIGH POWER ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGY:

• New powerful, technology that is not only safe and environmentally friendly in its application but is also efficient and economical.

• Reduce or eliminate the need for chemicals or heat application in a variety of industrial processes.

•This innovative new technology, of low frequency, high-power ultrasound (20kHz - 1MHz), can be applied to a large number of industry processing applications including food safety related areas.

•Innovative Ultrasonics is a company specializing in process development, engineering design, installation and equipment in the area of high-powered ultrasonics for new and existing industrial applications.

• The use of high-power ultrasonics in industry is rapidly expanding throughout Europe and North America.

33CONCLUSION:• Sonography is effective for soft tissues imaging of

many different systems • Ultrasound machine is rapid ,easy to use .• Ultrasound machine is free from ionizing radiations.• Ultrasound has not only been used to made or

exclude diagnoses, but it has also become the modality of choice in the imaging of both the stable and unstable pediatric patients.

34 REFERENCES

http://www3.gehealthcare.in/en/products/categories/ultrasoundhttp://gpsmedical.typepad.com/http://dinesh-projects.blogspot.in/2012/04/ultrasonic-transmitter-and-receiver.htmlhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389210000064http://www.meditech.cn/meditech-edu/ultrasound-scanner-2.asphttp://dothealth.com/Content/Uploads/live/preview/20131220121521-Color-Doppler-Ultrasound-System-S11.jpghttp://www.solutionmedical.gr/default.aspx?pageid=9413&type=product

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