ULTIMATE FRENCH STUDY GUIDE French 3

ULTIMATE FRENCH STUDY GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GRAMMAR ···························································································································· 4

SENTENCE STRUCTURE ·········································································································································4

PRESENT & PAST TENSES ··················································································································································4

FUTUR PROCHE ······························································································································································4

IMPERATIVE ······················································································································································4

COMMANDS ···································································································································································4

Negative Commands & Pronouns ················································································································································ 4

Positive Commands & Pronouns ·················································································································································· 4

STRUCTURE ····································································································································································4

ARTICLES ··························································································································································5

ELISION AND LIAISON ·······················································································································································5

DEFINITE ARTICLES – THE ·················································································································································5

INDEFINITE ARTICLES – A, AN; SOME + NOUN ·······················································································································5

PRONOUNS ······················································································································································5

DIRECT OBJECTS ·····························································································································································5

INDIRECT OBJECTS ···························································································································································5

PRONOUN « Y » ·····························································································································································5

PRONOUN « EN » ··························································································································································5

PRONOUN « LE, LA, LES »···············································································································································6

PRONOUN « LUI, LEUR » ················································································································································6

LE PRONOM INTERROGATIF LEQUEL ··································································································································6

LE PRONOM DÉMONSTRATIF CELUI ···································································································································7

LE PRONOM POSSESSIF LE MIEN ·······································································································································7

LES PRONOMS RELATIFS QUI ET QUE ·································································································································8

LA CONSTRUCTION PRÉPOSITION + PRONOM RELATIF ············································································································8

LE PRONOM RELATIF DONT ··············································································································································9

LES PRONOMS RELATIFS····················································································································································9

CE QUI, CE QUE, ET CE DONT ·······································································································································9

EXPRESSIONS ·················································································································································· 10

EXPRESSIONS INDÉFINIES DE QUANTITÉ ···························································································································· 10

LES EXPRESSIONS NEGATIVES ·········································································································································· 10

L’EXPRESSION NE … QUE ············································································································································· 11

L’USAGE DU FUTUR DANS LES PHRASES AVEC SI ················································································································· 11

L’USAGE DU FUTURE APRÈS QUAND ······························································································································ 11

LE COMPARATIF ··························································································································································· 12

Adjectives and Adverbs ······························································································································································ 12

Nouns ························································································································································································· 12

LE SUPERLATIF ····························································································································································· 12

Adjectives ··················································································································································································· 12

Adverbs ······················································································································································································ 12

Nouns ························································································································································································· 13

L’USAGE DES TEMPS AVEC SI ·········································································································································· 13

LES VERBES RÉFLÉCHIS : SENS RÉCIPROQUE ······················································································································· 13

LA CONSTRUCTION PRÉPOSITION + INFINITIF ····················································································································· 13

CONJUGATION ····················································································································· 15

PRÉSENT – PRESENT TENSE ································································································································· 15

REGULAR ER VERBS······················································································································································ 15

-GER Verbs ················································································································································································· 15

-CER Verbs ·················································································································································································· 15

REGULAR IR VERBS ······················································································································································ 15

REGULAR RE VERBS······················································································································································ 15

REFLEXIVE VERBS ························································································································································· 15

BOOT VERBS ······························································································································································· 15

IRREGULAR VERBS ························································································································································ 15

PASSÉ COMPOSÉ – PAST TENSE ··························································································································· 17

AVOIR VERBS ····························································································································································· 17

ÊTRE VERBS ······························································································································································· 17

IRREGULAR VERBS ························································································································································ 17

IMPARFAIT – CONTINUOUS LONG-TERM PAST TENSE ································································································ 18

IRREGULAR VERBS ························································································································································ 18

PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT – PRE-PAST TENSE ················································································································· 18

CONDITIONNEL – HYPOTHETICAL TENSE ················································································································· 19

IRREGULAR VERBS FOR CONDITIONNEL AND FUTUR SIMPLE ································································································ 19

CONDITIONNEL PASSÉ – PAST HYPOTHETICAL TENSE ································································································ 19

FUTUR SIMPLE – FUTURE TENSE ·························································································································· 20

FUTUR PROCHE – IMMEDIATE FUTURE TENSE ········································································································· 20

FUTUR ANTÉRIEUR – PAST-FUTURE TENSE ············································································································· 20

PARTICIPE PRÉSENT – OCCURRING TENSE··············································································································· 20

IRREGULAR VERBS ························································································································································ 20

SUBJONCTIF – SUBJECTIVE TENSE ························································································································· 21

Concept ······················································································································································································ 21

Conjugation ················································································································································································ 21

IRREGULAR VERBS ························································································································································ 21

PASSÉ DU SUBJONCTIF – PAST SUBJECTIVE TENSE ···································································································· 22

FAIRE PRÉSENT – INDIRECT ACTION TENSE ············································································································· 22

PASSÉ INFINITIF – PAST INFINITIVE TENSE ·············································································································· 22

Conjugation ················································································································································································ 22

Uses ···························································································································································································· 22

PASSÉ SIMPLE – ARCHAIC PAST TENSE ·················································································································· 22

IRREGULAR VERBS ························································································································································ 22

VOCABULARY ······················································································································ 24

VERBS ··························································································································································· 24

Grammar Sentence Structure Present & Past Tenses

Subject NE DO/IO DO IO Y EN Verb PAS (Past Participle)

Je Me Le Lui Parle Parlé

Tu Te La Leur Parles

Il/elle/on Se L’ Parle

Nous Nous Les Parlons

Vous Vous Parlez

Ils/elles (A) (A) Parlent (A)

Futur Proche

Subject NE ALLER PAS DO/IO DO IO Y EN Verb Infinitive

Je Vais Me Le Lui Parler

Tu Vas Te La Leur

Il/elle/on Va Se L’

Nous Allons Nous Les

Vous Allez Vous

Ils/elles Vont (A) (A)

Imperative Commands

TU – conjugate verb and drop the TU, for ER verbs drop S at the end VOUS – conjugate verb and drop the VOUS NOUS – conjugate verb and drop the NOUS

Negative Commands & Pronouns Ne me parle pas

Positive Commands & Pronouns Pronouns are added with a dash, me/te >moi/toi Allons-y Mange-le Parle-moi Tais-toi Mange-en Mange-les Sors-moi Mange-la Sors-la

Structure

NE Verb DO IO DO/IO Y EN PAS (Past Participle)

Donne Le Lui Me Donné

Donnons La Leur Te

Donnez L’ Se

Les Nous

Vous

Articles In French, articles and adjectives agree with the nouns they introduce. They are MASCULINE or FEMININE, SINGULAR or PLURAL.

Elision and Liaison

ELISION – Before a vowel sound, LE and LA become L’ and NE becomes N’. LIAISON – Before a vowel sound, the final S of LES is pronounced.

Definite Articles – the

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE LE (L’) LES

FEMININE LA (L’) LES

Indefinite Articles – a, an; some + noun

SINGULAR PLURAL

MASCULINE UN DES

FEMININE UNE DES

After a NEGATIVE verb (other than ÊTRE), UN, UNE, and DES become DE (D’).

Pronouns Direct Objects

Receives the action of the verb. (Present Tense) Princess mange la glace > Elle la mange/Elle ne la mangé pas (Past Tense) Elle a mangé la glace > Elle l’a mangé/Elle ne l’a pas mangé (Future Tense) Elle va manger la glace > Elle va la manger/ Elle ne va pas la manger

Indirect Objects

Answers the question to whom/to what. (Present Tense) Je donne le livre à Michel > Je lui donne le livre > Je le lui donne > Je ne le lui donne pas (Past Tense) J’ai donné le livre à Michel > Je le lui ai donné (Future Tense) Je vais donner le livre à Michel > Je vais le lui donner > Je ne vais pas le lui donner

Pronoun « Y »

Replaces a noun or noun phrases introduced by a preposition of place (À, EN, DANS, CHEZ, SUR, SOUS, etc.).

Tu vas au supermarché ? Oui, j’y vais.

Tu es passé chez le pharmacien ? Non, je n’y suis pas passé.

Y is also used to replace À + NOUN referring to a THING.

Tu vas participer au championnat? Oui, je vais y participer.

Verbs used with À – JOUER, PARTICIPER, CROIRE, PENSER, ASSISTER, FAIRE ATTENTION

Pronoun « EN »

Replaces DU, DE LA, DE L’, DES, DE + NOUN.

Tu prends des vitamines ? Non, je n’en prends pas.

Tu as acheté du dentifrice ? Oui, j’en ai acheté.

EN is also used to replace :

The preposition DE + NOUN

Tu viens de la pharmacie? Oui, j’en vais.

Tu as besoin de ton stylo à bille ? Non, je n’en ai pas besoin.

A noun introduced by UN or UNE

Tu as une guitar? Oui, j’en ai une.

A noun introduced by a NUMBER

Marc a acheté deux cartes postales. Moi, j’en ai acheté trois

DE + NOUN after an expression of quantity

Tu as beaucoup d’argent ? Non, je n’en ai pas beaucoup.

Vous voulez deux kilos d’oranges ? Oui, j’en veux deux kilos.

Combien de rouleaux de diapos as-tu pris ? J’en ai pris un rouleau

In IL Y A and DONNEZ-MOI

Il y a une papeterie dans mon quatier. Il y en a une.

Donnez-moi deux blocs de papier. Donnez-m’en deux.

Verbs used with DE – VENIR, PARLER, AVOIR BESOIN/ENVIE/PEUR

Pronoun « LE, LA, LES »

LE, LA, LES are direct-object pronouns that replace PEOPLE or THINGS.

Tu vois cette fille là-bas ? Oui, je la vois.

Tu vois ces maisons ? Oui, je les vois.

Compare the use of EN and LE, LA, LES.

Tu achètes le journal ? Oui, je l’achète.

Tu achètes du pain ? Oui, j’en achète.

In the passé composé, the past participle agrees with LE, LA, LES, but not with EN.

Tu as pris la carte postale ? Oui, je l’ai prise.

Tu as pris mes photos ? Oui, je les ai prises.

Tu as pris des photos ? Non, je n’en ai pas pris.

Pronoun « LUI, LEUR »

LUI, LEUR are indirect-object pronouns that replace À + NOUN designating PEOPLE.

Tu as écrit à tes cousins ? Non, je ne leur ai pas écrit.

Compare the use of Y and LUI, LEUR.

Tu as répondu à Pauline? Oui, je lui ai répondu.

Tu as répondu à cette lettre ? Oui, j’y ai répondu.

Note that LUI, LEUR are not used with PENSER.

Tu as penses à tes amis? Oui, je pense à eux.

Le pronom interrogatif LEQUEL

The interrogative pronoun LEQUEL (which one) replaces QUEL + NOUN.

Quel hôtel préfères-tu ? Lequel préfères-tu ?

Lequel has the following forms :

MASCULINE FEMININE

SINGULAR Lequel Laquelle

PLURAL Lesquels Laquelles

The pronoun lequel consists of two parts, both of which agree with the noun it replaces:

LEQUEL = LE + QUEL

Note how À and DE contract with LEQUEL to give the following forms:

À LEQUEL = AUQUEL DE LEQUEL = DUQUEL

À LESQUELS = AUXQUELS DE LESQUELS = DESQUELS

À LESQUELLES = AUXQUELLES DE LESQUELLES = DESQUELLES

Il y a deux concerts. Auquel veux-tu aller? (= à quel concert?)

J’ai plusieurs cartes de la region. Desquelles as-tu besoin? (= de quelles cartes?)

Le pronom démonstratif CELUI

The demonstrative pronoun CELUI (this one, the one) replaces CE or LE + NOUN.

CELUI has the following forms :

MASCULINE FEMININE

SINGULAR Celui Celle

PLURAL Ceux Celles

CELUI is never used alone. It occurs in the following combinations:

CELUI-CI, CELUI-LÀ (this one, that one)

Ta valise, c’est celle-ci ? Your suitcase, is it this one ?

Non, c’est celle-là. No, it’s that one.

CELUI DE (that of, the one belonging to)

Ce n’est pas mon passeport.

C’est celui de Valérie. It’s Valérie’s. (= that of Valérie)

J’ai rate le train de 10 heures.

Je prendrai celui de 11 heures. I will take the 11 o’clock. (= the one of 11 o’clock)

CELUI QUI, CELUI QUE (the one who(m), the one that)

J’aime les hotels confortables,

mais je préfère ceux qui ont une belle vue. I prefer those (the ones) that have a nice view.

Le pronom possessif LE MIEN

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS replace nouns introduced by a possessive adjective. Note the forms of the French

possessive adjectives in the following sentences.

Ce n’est pas ta guitar. C’est la mienne. It’s mine.

Marc écoute ses CD. Anne écoute les siens. Anne is listening to hers.

Votre chamber est grande. La nôtre est confortable. Ours is comfortable.

SINGULAR SINGULAR PLURAL PLURAL

MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE

Mine Le mien La mienne Les miens Les miennes

Yours Le tien La tienne Les tiens Les tiennes

His, hers, its Le sien La sienne Les siens Les siennes

Ours Le nôtre La nôtre Les nôtres

Yours Le vôtre La vôtre Les vôtres

Theirs Le leur La leur Les leurs

Possessive pronouns consist of two parts, both of which agree with the noun they replace:

LE + POSSESSIVE WORD

Note how À and DE contract with the possessive pronoun:

À Le mien Au mien DE Le mien Du mien

À Les miens Aux miens DE Les miens Des miens

À Les miennes Aux miennes DE Les miennes Des miennes

Les pronoms relatifs QUI et QUE

When we want to describe people or things, we often use adjectives. We can also use CLAUSES which refer back

or relate to the people and things being described (the ANTECEDENTS). Such clauses are called RELATIVE

CLAUSES and are introduced by RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Note how the French relative pronouns QUI and QUE are

used to convert two clauses into a single sentence.

J’ai un ami. Il habite à Paris. J’ai un ami qui habite à Paris. I have a friend who lives in Paris.

J’ai un ami. Je l’invite souvent. J’ai un ami que j’invite souvent. I have a friend whom/that I often invite.

J’ai lu le livre. Il était sur la table. J’ai lu le livre qui était sur la table. I read the book that was on the table.

J’ai lu le livre. Tu l’as apporté. J’ai lu le livre que tu as apporté. I read the book that you brought.

Both QUI and QUE may refer to people, things, or ideas.

The choice between QUI and QUE is determined by their function in the sentence.

QUI (who, that which) is the SUBJECT of the verb of the relative clause.

QUE (whom, that, which) is the DIRECT OBJECT of the verb of the relative clause.

The verb that follows qui always agrees with the ANTECEDENT of QUI.

Est-ce que c’est vous qui avez pris ces photos?

When the verb that follows QUE is in the passé composé, its past participle agrees with the ANTECEDENT of QUE.

J’ai aimé le film que j’ai vu hier. J’ai téléphoné aux filles que j’ai vues au cinéma.

La construction préposition + pronom relatif

In the examples below, the relative clause is introduced by a preposition (avec). Note the forms of the relative

pronouns as they refer to people or things:

Philippe a une copine. Il va souvent au cinéma avec cette copine.

Philippe a une copine avec qui il va souvent au cinéma.

Philippe has a friend with whom he often goes to the movies.

Tu as des idées. Je ne suis pas d’accord avec ces idées.

Tu as des idées avec lesquelles je ne suis pas d’accord.

You have ideas with which I do not agree.

When relative pronouns are used with prepositions (AVEC, POUR, SUR, etc.), the constructions are:

PREPOSITION + QUI To refer to people

PREPOSITION + LEQUEL To refer to things

LEQUEL agrees with the noun it represents like the interrogative pronoun.

In French the preposition always comes before the relative pronoun.

Le pronom relatif DONT

Note how in the examples below, the relative pronoun DONT replaces a noun introduced by DE.

Je ne connais pas la fille. Tu parles de cette fille.

Je ne connais pas la fille dont tu parles.

I don’t know the girl whom/that you are talking about.

The relative pronoun DONT replaces DE + NOUN or NOUN PHRASE.

DONT is, therefore, often used with verbs and verbal expressions that are followed by DE :

AVOIR BESOIN, PARLER, SE SOUVENIR, FAIRE LA CONAISSANCE, AVOIR ENVIE, DISCUTER, S’OCCUPER,

ÊTRE AMOUREUX, etc.

DONT may refer to PEOPLE or THINGS. Note the word order with DONT:

(antecedent) + DONT + subject + verb…

Les pronoms relatifs

The relative pronoun functions as…

The relative pronoun refers to: PEOPLE

THINGS

SUBJECT QUI

L’ami qui est arrive QUI

La lettre qui est arrivée

DIRECT OBJECT QUE

La fille que tu connais QUE

Le café que tu connais

OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION (other

than DE)

QUI La personne avec qui je travaille

LEQUEL La machine avec laquelle je travaille

OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION DE

DONT Le garcon dont je te parle

DONT Le livre dont je te parle

CE QUI, CE QUE, et CE DONT

Note the use of CE QUI, CE QUE, and CE DONT in the following sentences.

Je voudrais savoir ce qui t’intéresse. I would like to know what interests you.

Dis-moi ce qui est arrive. Tell me what happened.

Je ne sais pas ce que tu fais. I don’t know what you are doing.

Montre-moi ce que tu as acheté. Show me what you bought.

Dis-moi ce dont tu as envie. Tell me what you want.

Je ne comprends pas ce dont tu parles. I don’t understand what you are talking about.

CE QUI, CE QUE, and CE DONT correspond to what.

CE QUI is equivalent to la chose/les choses qui…

It functions as the SUBJECT of the verb that follows.

CE QUE is equivalent to la chose/les choses que…

It functions as the DIRECT OBJECT of the verb that follows.

CE DONT is equivalent to la chose/les choses dont…

It replaces a phrase with DE.

Expressions Expressions indéfinies de quantité

Indefinite expressions of quantity refer to an undetermined number of people or things.

ADJECTIVE (+ NOUN) PRONOUN

Quelques Some, a few Quelques-uns Some, a few

Quelques-unes Some, a few

Un(e) autre Another Un(e) autre Another one

D’autres Other, some other D’autres Others, some others, other ones

Plusieurs Several Plusieurs Several

Certain(e)s Some, several Certain(e)s Some, certain ones

La plupart de Most of La plupart Most (of them)

The above expressions of quantity can be used either as subjects or as objects.

ADJECTIVE PRONOUN

SUBJECT Quelques amies sont venues Quelques-unes sont venues

Plusieurs letters sont arrives ce matin Plusieurs sont arrivées ce matin

OBJECT J’ai invité quelques amis J’en ai invité quelques-uns

Nous avons visité plusieurs monuments Nous en avons visité plusieurs

Note that EN is used with the indefinite pronouns of quantity when these expressions are the direct object of

the verb.

Les expressions negatives

Note the following negative expressions and their use in the present and the passé compose.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

Quelqu’un Someone, somebody Ne… personne No one, nobody Je ne connais personne ici.

Je n’ai rencontré personne.

Quelque chose Something Ne… rien Nothing Je n’ai rien à déclarer.

Je n’ai rien acheté.

Quelque part Somewhere Ne… nulle part Nowhere Je ne me promène nulle part.

Je ne suis allé nulle part.

Quelque(s) Some Ne… aucun(e) No, not any Je n’ai aucune idée.

Je n’ai acheté aucun cadeau.

Et / Ou And / or Ne… ni… ni Neither … nor Je ne vais ni au ciné ni au théâtre.

Je n’ai visité ni Paris ni Québec.

In the passé composé, negative expressions come AFTER the past participle, except RIEN which comes before.

Nous n’avons vu personne. BUT: Nous n’avons rien vu.

Personne and rien can be used as subjects.

Personne n’a telephone. Rien n’est impossible.

Note the following constructions :

{Quelqu’un, quelque chose} + DE + masculine ajective = J’ai rencontré quelqu’un d’intéressant.

{Quelqu’un, quelque chose} + À + infinitive = Nous n’avons rien à déclarer.

L’expression NE … QUE

The expression NE … QUE is not a negative expression. It is a limiting expression that means only. Its equivalent

is SEULEMENT. Note its use in the following sentences.

Je parle français. I speak French

Je ne parle que français. I speak only French.

Je ne parle français qu’en France. I speak French only in France.

Je ne parle français en France qu’avec mes amis. I speak French in France only with my friends.

Note the word order with NE … QUE:

NE comes before the verb

QUE comes before the word or phrase to which the restriction applies

Since NE … QUE is not a negative expression, the indefinite and partitive articles do not change after the verb.

Je mange des legumes. Je ne mange que des legumes.

L’usage du futur dans les phrases avec SI

Note the use of the future in the following sentences.

Si le bus n’arrive pas, nous prendrons le train. If the bus does not come, we will take the train.

Si je passé par l’agence de voyages, j’achèterai les billets. If I go by the travel agency, I will buy the tickets.

The above sentences express what WILL HAPPEN if a certain condition is met.

They consist of two parts:

The SI (if) clause, which expresses the condition

The result clause, which tells what WILL HAPPEN

In French, as in English, the pattern of tenses is:

SI-clause: PRESENT result clause: FUTURE

Si j’ai de l’argent, je voyagerai

L’usage du future après QUAND

Compare the use of tenses in French and English in the following sentences.

J’attacherai ma ceinture quand l’avion partira.

I will fasten my seat belt when the plane leaves.

Quand nous arriverons à Paris, nous passerons par la douane.

When we arrive in Paris, we will go through customs.

When referring to future events, the French use the future tense in both the QUAND (when) clause and the

main clause. The pattern is:

QUAND-clause: FUTURE result clause: FUTURE

Quand j’aurai de l’argent, je voyagerai.

The future is also used after quand when the main clause is in the IMPERATIVE and a future event is implied.

Écris-moi quand tu seras à Nice. Write me when you (are/will be) in Nice.

The future tense is used after LORSQUE (when), DÈS QUE or AUSSITÔT QUE (as soon as), as it is after QUAND.

Le comparatif

Comparative constructions are used to compare people or things.

Cet hotel est assi modern que l’autre. This hotel is as modern as the other one.

J’ai moins d’argent que vous. I have less money than you.

Adjectives and Adverbs

PLUS ADJECTIVE or ADVERB QUE Plus modern que More modern than

MOINS Moins modern que Less modern than

AUSSI Aussi modern que As modern as

STRESS PRONOUNS are used after que

Je suis aussi intelligent que toi.

The comparative of the adjective BON/BONNE is MEILLEUR/MEILLEURE.

The comparative of the adverb BIEN is MIEUX.

Compare:

Je suis meilleur en tennis que toi. I am better at tennis than you.

Je joue mieux. I play better.

Nouns

PLUS DE NOUN QUE Plus d’argent que More money than

MOINS DE Moins d’argent que Less money than

AUTANT DE Autant d’argent que As much money as

Le superlatif

Superlative constructions are used to compare people or things with the rest of a group.

Voici l’hôtel le plus modern de la ville. Here is the most modern hotel in the city.

Et viola le plus petit hotel. And here is the smallest hotel.

Adjectives

Le/la/les Plus

Moins ADJECTIVE DE

Le/la/les plus modern(s) de Le/la/les moins moderne(s) de

The most modern in The least modern in

After a superlative construction, DE is used to introduce the reference group.

The superlative of BON/BONNE is LE MEILLEUR/LA MEILLEURE (the best)

Voici le meilleur restaurant du quartier.

In a superlative construction, the position of the adjective (before or after the noun) is usually the same as in the

regular construction. Note that when the adjective comes AFTER the noun, the article (LE, LAS, LES) is used twice.

Le plus grand musée Le musée le plus intéressant

A superlative construction may be introduced by a possessive adjective.

Compare: ma plus belle veste mon livre le plus intéressant

Adverbs

Le plus ADVERB Qui voyage le plus souvent ?

Le moins ADVERB Qui voyage le moins vite ?

The superlative of BIEN is LE MIEUX

C’est moi qui joue le mieux au volley.

Nouns

Le plus de Le moins de

NOUN C’est moi qui ai le plus d’idées

mais le moins d’argent.

L’usage des temps avec SI

To describe… Si-clause Main or result clause

A possibility (concerning a future event)

PRESENT FUTURE

Si je vais en ville, j’achèterai le journal.

IMPERATIVE Si tu vas au supermarché, achète du pain.

A hypothetical situation (usually contrary to reality)

IMPERFECT CONDITIONAL Si j’avais un billet, j’irais au concert.

A hypothetical situation in the past

PLUPERFECT PAST CONDITIONAL Si j’avais étudié, je n’aurais pas rate l’examen.

Les verbes réfléchis : sens réciproque

Reflexive verbs may be used to express a RECIPROCAL ACTION. In this case, the reflexive pronouns often

correspond to the English expression each other. In the examples below, note the form of the verbs.

Alain connaît Sophie. Sophie connaît Alain.

Ils se connaissent. They know each other.

J’écris à ma copine. Ma copine m’écrit.

Nous nous écrivons. We write each other.

Tu téléphones à Claire. Claire te téléphone.

Vous vous téléphonez. You phone each other.

Since a reciprocal action involves two or more people, the subject of a reciprocal ver bis always plural : NOUS,

VOUS, ILS, ELLES.

The subject may also be ON used in the plural sense of NOUS.

On se verra demain. We will see each other tomorrow.

La construction préposition + infinitif

Note the use of the infinitive in the following sentences.

Je voudrais aller à l’université pour me spécialiser en informatique.

I would like to go to college (in order) to major in computer science.

Tu ne réussiras pas à ton examen sans étudier.

You will not pass you exam without studying.

Donne-moi ton adresse avant de partir en vacances.

Give me your address before leaving on vacation.

In French, the INFINITIVE is used after prepositions such as:

POUR – in order to

AVANT DE – before

SANS – without

Conjugation

Présent – Present Tense Used to express something currently happening (e.g. “I am swimming/Je nage”)

Regular ER Verbs

1) Infinitive 2) Remove ER 3) Add conjugations: e, es, e, ons, ez, ent -GER Verbs 1) Conjugate as a regular ER verb 2) In the NOUS form, add EONS -CER Verbs 1) Conjugate as a regular ER verb 2) In the NOUS form, use Ç before the ONS

Regular IR Verbs

1) Infinitive 2) Remove IR 3) Add conjugations: is, is, it, issons, issez, issent

Regular RE Verbs

1) Infinitive 2) Remove RE 3) Add conjugations: s, s, -, ons, ez, ent

Reflexive Verbs

1) Infinitive 2) Conjugate direct object: me, te, se, nous, vous, se 3) Conjugate main verb: according to its verb type (ER, IR, RE)

Boot Verbs

1) Infinitive must be an ER verb with an E or É and a consonant prior to the ER 2) Conjugate the E/É before the last three letters as È in the JE, TU, IL, and ILS forms 3) Conjugate the ER at the end the same as in regular ER verbs 4) This is also applied to –ELER verbs, and in the JE, TU, IL, and ILS forms, the L is doubled 5) This is also applied to –YER verbs, and in the JE, TU, IL, and ILS forms, the Y becomes an I 6) In SUBJONCTIF, the NOUS and VOUS forms of a boot verb do NOT gain boot conjugations 7) In FUTUR and CONDITIONNEL, all forms of a boot verb gain boot conjugations

Irregular Verbs

1) AVOIR – AI, AS, A, AVONS, AVEZ, ONT 2) ÊTRE – SUIS, ES, EST, SOMMES, ÊTES, SONT 3) ACQUÉRIR – ACQUIERS, ACQUIERS, ACQUIERT, ACQUÉRONS, ACQUÉREZ, ACQUIÈRENT

4) ALLER* – VAIS, VAS, VA, ALLONS, ALLEZ, VONT 5) S’ASSEOIR – M’ASSIEDS, T’ASSIEDS, S’ASSIED, NOUS ASSEYONS, VOUS ASSEYEZ, S’ASSEYENT 6) BATTRE – BATS, BATS, BAT, BATTONS, BATTEZ, BATTENT

and other –BATTRE verbs 7) BOIRE – BOIS, BOIS, BOIT, BUVONS, BUVEZ, BOIVENT 8) CONDUIRE – CONDUIS, CONDUIS, CONDUIT, CONDUISONS, CONDUISEZ, CONDUISENT

and other –UIRE verbs 9) CONNAÎTRE – CONNAIS, CONNAIS, CONNAÎT, CONNAISSONS, CONNAISSEZ, CONNAISSENT

and other –ÎTRE verbs 10) CRAINDRE – CRAINS, CRAINS, CRAINT, CRAIGNONS, CRAIGNEZ, CRAIGNENT

and other –INDRE verbs 11) CROIRE – CROIS, CROIS, CROIT, CROYONS, CROYEZ, CROIENT 12) COURIR – COURS, COURS, COURT, COURONS, COUREZ, COURENT

and other –COURIR verbs 13) CUEILLIR – CUEILLE, CUEILLES, CUEILLE, CUEILLONS, CUEILLEZ, CUEILLENT

and other –CUEILLIR verbs 14) DEVOIR – DOIS, DOIS, DOIT, DEVONS, DEVEZ, DOIVENT 15) DIRE – DIS, DIS, DIT, DISONS, DITES, DISENT

and other –DIRE verbs 16) DORMIR – DORS, DORS, DORT, DORMONS, DORMEZ, DORMENT 17) ÉCRIRE – ÉCRIS, ÉCRIS, ÉCRIT, ÉCRIVONS, ÉCRIVEZ, ÉCRIVENT

and other –CRIRE verbs 18) FAIRE – FAIS, FAIS, FAIT, FAISONS, FAITES, FONT 19) FALLOIR – IL FAUT 20) FUIR – FUIS, FUIS, FUIT, FUYONS, FUYEZ, FUIENT

and other –FUIR verbs 21) LIRE – LIS, LIS, LIT, LISONS, LISEZ, LISENT 22) METTRE – METS, METS, MET, METTONS, METTEZ, METTENT

and other verbs ending with METTRE 23) OUVRIR – remove IR and conjugate for ER 24) PARTIR* – PARS, PARS, PART, PARTONS, PARTEZ, PARTENT

same as SORTIR 25) PLAIRE – PLAIS, PLAIS, PLAÎT, PLAISONS, PLAISEZ, PLAISENT 26) PLEUVOIR – IL PLEUT 27) POUVOIR – PEUX, PEUX, PEUT, POUVONS, POUVEZ, PEUVENT 28) PRENDRE – PRENDS, PRENDS, PREND, PRENONS, PRENEZ, PRENNENT

and other verbs ending with PRENDRE 29) RECEVOIR – REÇOIS, REÇOIS, REÇOIT, RECEVONS, RECEVEZ, REÇOIVENT

and other –CEVOIR verbs 30) RÉSOUDRE – RÉSOUS, RÉSOUS, RÉSOUT, RÉSOLVONS, RÉSOLVEZ, RÉSOLVENT 31) RIRE – RIS, RIS, RIT, RIONS, RIEZ, RIENT

and other –RIRE verbs 32) ROMPRE – ROMPS, ROMPS, ROMPT, ROMPONS, ROMPEZ, ROMPENT 33) SAVOIR – SAIS, SAIS, SAIT, SAVONS, SAVEZ, SAVENT 34) SORTIR* – SORS, SORS, SORT, SORTONS, SORTEZ, SORTENT 35) SUIVRE – SUIS, SUIS, SUIT, SUIVONS, SUIVEZ, SUIVENT 36) SE TAIRE – ME TAIS, TE TAIS, SE TAIT, NOUS TAISONS, VOUS TAISEZ, SE TAISENT

37) TENIR – TIENS, TIENS, TIENT, TENONS, TENEZ, TIENNENT and other verbs ending with TENIR

38) VAINCRE – VAINCS, VAINCS, VAINC, VAINQUONS, VAINQUEZ, VAINQUENT 39) VALOIR – VAUX, VAUX, VAUT, VALONS, VALEZ, VALENT 40) VENIR* – VIENS, VIENS, VIENT, VENONS, VENEZ, VIENNENT

and other verbs ending with VENIR 41) VÊTIR – VÊTS, VÊTS, VÊT, VÊTONS, VÊTEZ, VÊTENT 42) VIVRE – VIS, VIS, VIT, VIVONS, VIVEZ, VIVENT 43) VOIR – VOIS, VOIS, VOIT, VOYONS, VOYEZ, VOIENT 44) VOULOIR – VEUX, VEUX,VEUT, VOULONS, VOULEZ, VEULENT

Passé Composé – Past Tense Used to express something that has happened (e.g. “I have swam/J’ai nagé”)

AVOIR Verbs

1) Conjugated AVOIR 2) Past Participle of Verb (ER=É, IR=I, RE=U)

ÊTRE Verbs

1) Conjugated direct object (for reflexive verbs only) 2) Conjugated ÊTRE 3) Past Participle w/Agreement

Irregular Verbs

All verbs marked with (*) use ÊTRE as a helping verb.

1) AVOIR – EU 2) ÊTRE – ÉTÉ 3) ACQUÉRIR – ACQUIS 4) S’ASSESOIR* – S’ASSIS 5) BOIRE – BU 6) CONDUIRE – CONDUIT

and other –UIRE verbs 7) CONNAÎTRE – CONNU

and other –AÎTRE verbs 8) CRAINDRE – CRAINT

and other –INDRE verbs 9) CROIRE – CRU 10) DEVOIR – DÛ 11) DIRE – DIT

and other verbs ending with DIRE 12) ÉCRIRE – ÉCRIT

and other –CRIRE verbs 13) FAIRE – FAIT 14) FALLOIR – FALLU 15) LIRE – LU

16) METTRE – MIS and other verbs ending with METTRE

17) MOURIR* – MORT 18) NAÎTRE* - NÉ 19) OUVRIR – OUVERT 20) PLAIRE – PLU 21) PLEUVOIR – PLU 22) POUVOIR – PU 23) PRENDRE – PRIS

and other verbs ending with PRENDRE 24) RECEVOIR – REÇU

and other –CEVOIR verbs 25) RÉSOUDRE – RÉSOLU 26) RIRE – RI

and other verbs ending in RIRE 27) SAVOIR – SU 28) SUIVRE – SUIVI 29) SE TAIRE* – SE TU 30) TENIR – TENU

and other verbs ending with TENIR 31) VALOIR – VALU 32) VENIR* – VENU

and other verbs ending with VENIR 33) VÊTIR – VÊTU 34) VIVRE – VÉCU 35) VOIR – VU 36) VOULOIR – VOULU

Imparfait – Continuous Long-Term Past Tense Used to express something that used to happen or was happening (e.g. “I used to swim/Je nageais)

1) NOUS form 2) Remove ONS 3) Add conjugations: ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient

Irregular Verbs

1) ÊTRE – ÉT- 2) PLEUVOIR – PLEUVAIT

Plus-que-Parfait – Pre-Past Tense Used to express what one had done prior to a past event (e.g. “I had swam when you asked/J’avais nagé quand tu a demandé”)

1) Imparfait HV (AVOIR or ÊTRE) 2) Past Participle

Conditionnel – Hypothetical Tense Used to express something that one would do under certain circumstances (e.g. “If there was a pool, I would swim/S’il y a une piscine, je nagerais”)

1) Infinitive 2) Remove E (for RE verbs only) 3) Add Imparfait conjugations The CONDITIONAL is used to express what WOULD HAPPEN, if certain conditions contrary to reality were met. In such sentences, the construction is usually:

SI-clause: IMPERFECT result clause: CONDITIONAL

Si je gagnais à la loterie, j’achèterais une moto.

In French, the CONDITIONAL is never used in the si-clause. The CONDITIONAL of verbs such as VOULOIR, POUVOIR, and DEVOIR is used instead of the present to express a WISH or REQUEST in a MORE POLITE manner by translating want, can, and must into would like, could, and should. The CONDITIONAL is used to report what people mentioned IN THE PAST about a FUTURE EVENT. IT describes what they said they WOULD DO or what WOULD HAPPEN later. After a declarative verb such as DIRE or ÉCRIRE, future events are expressed according to the following tense sequence:

DECLARATIVE VERB FUTURE EVENT

Present Future

Past (imperfect, passé compose, pluperfect) conditional

Irregular Verbs for Conditionnel and Futur Simple

1) AVOIR – AUR- 2) ÊTRE – SER- 3) ALLER* – IR- 4) DEVOIR – DEVR- 5) FAIRE – FER- 6) PLEUVOIR – PLEUVRAIT/PLEUVRA 7) POUVOIR – POURR- 8) RECEVOIR – RECEVR-

and other –CEVOIR verbs 9) SAVOIR – SAUR- 10) TENIR – TIENDR-

and other verbs ending with TENIR 11) VENIR* – VIENDR-

and other verbs ending with VENIR 12) VOIR – VERR- 13) VOULOIR – VOUDR-

Conditionnel Passé – Past Hypothetical Tense Used to express what one would have done prior to a past event (e.g. “I would have swam if there was a pool/J’aurais nagé s’il y avait une piscine”)

1) Conditional HV (AVOIR or ÊTRE) 2) Past Participle

Hypothetical sentences that refer to the past are usually formed according to the pattern:

SI-clause MAIN or RESULT clause

Pluperfect Past conditional

AURAIS VOULU, AURAIS PU, and AURAIS DÛ translate to would have liked, could have, and should have

Futur Simple – Future Tense Used to express something that one will do in the future (e.g. “I will swim/Je nagerai”)

1) Infinitive 2) Remove E (for RE verbs only) 3) Add conjugations: ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont

Futur Proche – Immediate Future Tense Used to express something that one is going to do (e.g. “I am going to swim/Je vais nager”)

1) Conjugated ALLER 2) Add infinitive

Futur Antérieur – Past-Future Tense Used to express what one will have done prior to a future event (e.g. “I will have swam when you will come/J’aurai nagé quand tu arriveras”)

1) Futur Simple HV (AVOIR or ÊTRE) 2) Past Participle

Participe Présent – Occurring Tense Used to express something occurring while something else is happening (e.g. “I drank water while swimming/J’ai bu d’eau en nageant”)

1) NOUS form 2) Remove ONS 3) Add ANT

Irregular Verbs

1) AVOIR – AYANT 2) ÊTRE – ÉTANT 3) PLEUVOIR – PLEUVANT 4) SAVOIR – SACHANT

Subjonctif – Subjective Tense Used to express an obligation, wish, emotion, doubt, relative clause, or order (e.g. “I doubt that you can swim/Je doute que tu puisses nager”)

Concept

When we use verbs we use them in a certain TENSE and a certain MOOD.

TENSE indicates when the action takes place

i.e. PRESENT, PASSÉ COMPOSÉ, IMPERFECT, and FUTURE

MOOD reflects the attitude of the speaker or the subject toward the action

o INDICATIVE – objective

It is used to describe facts. It states what is considered to be certain. It is the mood of what

is.

o SUBJUNCTIVE – subjective

It is used to express feelings, judgments, and emotions relating to an action. It states what is

considered to be desirable, possible, doubtful, or uncertain. It is the mood of what may or

might be.

Conjugation

1) QUE Clause 2) ILS form 3) Remove ENT 4) Add conjugations: e, es, e, ions, iez, ent

Irregular Verbs

1) AVOIR – AIE, AIES, AIT, AYONS, AYEZ, AIENT 2) ÊTRE – SOIS, SOIS, SOIT, SOYONS, SOYEZ, SOIENT 3) ALLER* – AILL-, ALL- (BOOT) 4) BOIRE – BOIV-, BUV- (BOOT) 5) CROIRE – CROI-, CROY- (BOOT) 6) DEVOIR – DOIV-, DEV- (BOOT) 7) FAIRE – FASS- 8) PLEUVOIR – PLEUVE 9) POUVOIR – PUISS- 10) PRENDRE – PRENN-, PREN- (BOOT)

and other verbs ending with PRENDRE 11) RECEVOIR – REÇOIV-, RECEV- (BOOT)

and other –CEVOIR verbs 12) SAVOIR – SACH- 13) TENIR – TIENN-, TEN- (BOOT)

and other verbs ending with TENIR 14) VENIR* – VIENN-, VEN- (BOOT)

and other verbs ending with VENIR 15) VOIR – VOI-, VOY- (BOOT) 16) VOULOIR – VEUILL-, VOUL- (BOOT)

Passé du Subjonctif – Past Subjective Tense Used to express a past obligation (impersonal expression), wish, emotion, doubt, relative clause, or order (e.g. “I doubted that you swam/Je doute que j’aie nagé”)

1) QUE Clause 2) Subjonctif HV (AVOIR or ÊTRE) 3) Past Participle

Faire Présent – Indirect Action Tense Used to express something one has done by someone else (e.g. “I am getting the pool fixed/Je fais réparer la piscine”)

1) Conjugate FAIRE 2) Add infinitive

Passé Infinitif – Past Infinitive Tense Used to express “to have done” (e.g. “I’m happy to have swam/ Je suis content d’avoir nagé”)

Conjugation

1) AVOIR or ÊTRE

2) Past Participle

Uses

The PAST INFINITIVE is used instead of the present infinitive to describe an action that takes place before the

action of the main verb. It is always used after APRÈS.

Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire après avoir fini tes études?

What are you going to do after having finished (after finishing) your studies.

When the past infinitive is a reflexive verb, the reflexive pronoun represents the same person as the subject of

the sentence.

Je ne me souviens pas de m’être promené dans ce parc.

I do not remember having taken a walk in this park.

Passé Simple – Archaic Past Tense Used to be used to describe what people did (e.g. “Thou do not swim-est/Tu ne nagas pas”)

1) ER = ai, as, a, âmes, âtes, èrent 2) IR/RE = is, is, it, îmes, îtes, irent

Irregular Verbs

1) ALLER = ALL- 2) AVOIR = EU- 3) ÊTRE = FU- 4) FAIRE = FI-

5) PRENDRE = PRI- 6) RECEVOIR = REÇU- 7) VENIR = VIN- 8) VOIR = VI-

Vocabulary

Verbs 1) ABORDER – to approach 2) ABRITER – to shelter 3) ACCÉLÉRER – to accelerate, go faster 4) ACCEPTER – to accept 5) ACCORDER – to grant 6) ACCUEILLIR – to provide shelter/welcome 7) ACHETER – to buy 8) ACQUÉRIR – to acquire 9) AGIR – to act 10) AIDER – to help 11) AIMER – to like/love 12) AJOUTER – to add 13) ALLER* – to go 14) ALLUMER – to turn on 15) AMENER – to take/bring along (someone) 16) ANNONCER – to announce, proclaim 17) APERCEVOIR – to see, catch sight of 18) APPARTENIR À – to belong to 19) APPELER – to call 20) APPORTER – to bring/take (something) 21) APPRENDRE – to learn 22) APPUYER – to push/lean 23) ARRACHER – to pull out 24) ARRANGER – to fix 25) ARRÊTER – to arrest 26) ARRIVER* – to arrive 27) ARROSER – to water (plants) 28) ASSISTER À – to attend 29) ATTACHER – to attach 30) ATTEINDRE – to reach 31) ATTENDRE – to wait 32) ATTERRIR – to land 33) ATTIRER – to attract 34) ATTRAPER – to catch 35) AUGMENTER – to increase 36) AVALER – to swallow 37) AVOIR – to have 38) AVOUER – to admit, avow 39) BAISSER – to turn down, lower 40) BALAYER – to sweep 41) BÂTIR – to build 42) BATTRE – to beat

43) BAVARDER – to chat 44) BLESSER – to hurt 45) BOIRE – to drink 46) BOUGER – to move (around) 47) BOURDONNER – to buzz 48) BRAILLER – to cry and scream 49) BRANCHER – to plug in 50) BRILLER – to shine 51) BRISER – to break 52) BRONZER – to tan 53) BRÛLER – to burn 54) CACHER – to hide 55) CÉDER – to cede, give up 56) CESSER – to stop, cease 57) CHANGER – to change 58) CHARGER – to load 59) CHERCHER – to search 60) CHOISIR – to choose 61) COIFFER – to cover (head) 62) COLLER – to stick, to glue 63) COMMANDER – to order 64) COMMENCER – to start, begin 65) COMPOSER – to dial 66) COMPOSTER – to punch (ticket) 67) COMPRENDRE – to understand/include 68) COMPTER – to count/plan on, to count 69) CONDUIRE – to drive/lead 70) CONFIRMER – to confirm 71) CONNAÎTRE – to know (people) 72) CONSTRUIRE – to build 73) CONTENIR – to contain 74) CONTINUER – to continue 75) CONVAINCRE – to convince 76) CONVOITER – to desire secretly 77) CONVOQUER – to call in (interview) 78) COULER – to flow 79) COUPER – to cut 80) COURIR – to run 81) COUVRIR – to cover 82) COUVRIR – to cover 83) CRAINDRE – to fear, to be afraid of 84) CRIER – to yell, shout

85) CROIRE – to believe 86) CUEILLIR – to gather/pick 87) CUISINER – to cook 88) DÉBARQUER – to disembark 89) DÉBARRASSER – to clear 90) DÉCIDER – to decide 91) DÉCOLLER – to take off (plane) 92) DÉCOUPER – to cut (into pieces) 93) DÉCOUVRIR – to discover 94) DÉCRIRE – to describe 95) DÉCROCHER – to pick up (phone) 96) DÉFIER – to challenge 97) DÉGAGER – to get out/disengage/shorten hair 98) DÉJEUNER – to have lunch 99) DÉLIVRER – to deliver 100) DEMANDER – to ask, necessitate 101) DÉMARRER – to start a car 102) DÉMISSIONNER – to resign 103) DÉMONTER – to take apart 104) DÉPLORER – to deplore 105) DÉRANGER – to bother 106) DESCENDRE* – to descend 107) DÉSIRER – to wish 108) DÉTESTER – to hate/detest 109) DÉTRUIRE – to destroy 110) DEVELOPPER – to develop (photos,

personality) 111) DEVENIR* – to become 112) DEVINER – to guess 113) DEVOIR – to must, to have to, to owe 114) DÎNER – to dine/eat dinner 115) DIRE – to say 116) DISPARAÎTRE – to disappear, go away 117) DISPOSER – to have (at one’s disposal) 118) DISSIMULER – to hide 119) DISTRAIRE – to amuse 120) DIVORCER – to divorce 121) DONNER – to give 122) DORMIR – to sleep 123) DOUBLER – to double, overtake (car) 124) DRAGUER – to chat up (flirting) 125) DURER – to last 126) ÉCOUTER – to listen 127) ÉCRIRE – to write 128) ÉLEVER – to raise 129) EMPRUNTER – to borrow 130) ENLEVER – to remove 131) ENTRER* – to enter

132) ENTENDRE – to hear 133) ENVOYER – to send 134) ÉPARGNER – to save (money) 135) ESPÉRER – to hope 136) ESSAYER – to try 137) ESSUYER – to dry 138) ÉTEINDRE – to turn off, to extinguish 139) ÊTRE – to be 140) FAIRE – to do 141) FALLOIR – to be necessary 142) FERMER – to close 143) FINIR – to finish 144) FUIR – to flee 145) GAGNER – to win/earn 146) GARDER – to keep 147) GRANDIR – to grow up 148) HÉSITER – to hesitate 149) HEURTER – to run over 150) JETTER – to throw 151) KLAXONNER – to honk 152) LAISSER – to lead/let 153) LAVER – to wash 154) LEVER – to raise, get up 155) LIRE – to read 156) LOGER – to accommodate 157) LOUER – to rent/hire 158) MANGER – to eat 159) MANQUER – to miss/lack 160) MENACER – to threaten 161) METTRE – to put/place 162) MONTER* – to climb 163) MOURIR* – to die 164) NAGER – to swim 165) NAÎTRE* – to be born 166) NEIGER – to snow 167) NETTOYER – to clean 168) NOYER – to drown 169) OBTENIR – to get, obtain 170) OFFRIR – to offer 171) OUBLIER – to forget 172) OUVRIR – to open 173) PARLER – to speak 174) PARTIR* – to leave 175) PASSER* – to pass by 176) PAYER – to pay, pay for 177) PEINDRE – to paint 178) PERMETTRE – to let, allow, permit 179) PLACER – to place

180) PLAINDRE – to be sorry for 181) PLAIRE – to please 182) PLANIFIER – to plan 183) PLEUVOIR – to rain 184) POUVOIR – to be able to, can 185) PRÉFÉRER – to prefer 186) PRENDRE – to take 187) PRÊTER – to lend 188) PRÉVENIR – to warn, tell in advance 189) PROMETTRE – to promise 190) RALENTIR – to slow down 191) RANGER – to arrange 192) RECEVOIR – to receive 193) RECONNAÎTRE – to recognize 194) RÉFLÉCHIR – to reflect 195) REFUSER – to refuse 196) REGRETTER – to regret 197) REMERCIER – to thank 198) REMPLACER – to replace 199) RENCONTRER – to meet (by chance), run

into 200) RENDRE – to render 201) RENTRER* – to re-enter 202) RÉPÉTER – to repeat 203) RÉPONDRE – to respond 204) RÉSOUDRE – to resolve 205) RESTER* – to stay 206) RETENIR – to reserve, retain 207) RETOURNER* – to return 208) RÉUSSIR – to succeed 209) REVENIR* – to come back 210) RÊVER – to dream 211) RIRE – to laugh 212) ROMPRE – to break 213) ROULER – to roll 214) S’ADRESSER À – to address/speak to 215) S’AGIR DE – to be about 216) S’AMUSER – to have fun 217) S’APAISER – to calm down 218) S’APERCEVOIR – to notice, realize 219) S’APPELER – to be called 220) S’APPROCHER DE – to approach/come

closer 221) S’ARRÊTER – to stop one’s self 222) S’ASSEOIR – to sit down 223) S’ASSURER – to make sure 224) S’ATTENDRE – to expect 225) S’EFFRAYER – to be frightened

226) S’EN ALLER – to go away 227) S’ENDORMIR – to fall asleep 228) S’ENNUYER – to be bored 229) S’ENTENDRE AVEC – to get along with 230) S’ÉTONNER – to be surprised 231) S’EXCUSER – to excuse oneself 232) S’HABILLER – to get dressed 233) S’OCCUPER – to keep busy 234) SAISIR – to seize 235) SALIR – to make dirty 236) SAVOIR – to know (things) 237) SE BAIGNER – to take a bath/go swimming 238) SE BAISSER – to stoop, bend down 239) SE BATTRE – to fight 240) SE BLESSER – to get hurt/injure oneself 241) SE BRISER – to break 242) SE BROSSER – to brush (teeth/hair) 243) SE BRÛLER – to burn oneself 244) SE CACHER – to hide oneself 245) SE CALMER – to calm down 246) SE CASSER – to break (a bone) 247) SE CHARGER – to take care of 248) SE COUCHER – to go to bed 249) SE COUPER – to cut yourself 250) SE COURBER – to bend over 251) SE CROISER – to cross, meet 252) SE DÉBARRASSER – to get rid of 253) SE DÉBLOQUER – to unlock 254) SE DÉBROUILLER – to manage/get by 255) SE DEMANDER – to wonder 256) SE DÉMOCRATISER – to become democratic 257) SE DÉPÊCHER – to hurry 258) SE DÉPLACER – to move (around) 259) SE DÉROULER – to take place 260) SE DÉSHABILLER – to get undressed 261) SE DÉTACHER – to separate, break away 262) SE DIRIGER VERS – to move toward 263) SE DISPUTER – to have an argument 264) SE DISTRAIRE – to have fun 265) SE DOUCHER – to take a shower 266) SE DOUTER BIEN – to be sure 267) SE FÂCHER – to get angry/upset 268) SE FAIRE MAL – to hurt one’s self 269) SE FIANCER AVEC – to get engaged (with) 270) SE LAVER – to wash 271) SE LEVER – to get up 272) SE MAQUILLER – to put on make-up 273) SE MARIER AVEC – to marry (with/to)

274) SE MÉFIER – to distrust/mistrust 275) SE MOQUER DE – to mock 276) SE PEIGNER – to comb (hair) 277) SE PLAINDRE DE – to complain about 278) SE PORTER – to behave 279) SE PRÉSENTER – to present 280) SE PROMENER – to take a walk/take a ride 281) SE RAPPELER – to remember/remind 282) SE RASER – to shave 283) SE RATTRAPER – to catch up with 284) SE REMARIER – to remarry 285) SE RENDRE COMPTE DE – to realize

something 286) SE REPOSER – to relax 287) SE RESSEMBLER À – to look like 288) SE RÉVEILLER – to wake up 289) SE ROMPRE – to break up 290) SE SÉCHER – to dry 291) SE SENTIR – to feel 292) SE SOUVENIR DE – to remember 293) SE TAIRE – to shut up 294) SE TENIR – to keep, stay 295) SE TROMPER – to be mistaken 296) SÉCHER – to dry 297) SENTIR – to smell 298) SERRER – to shake 299) SIGNALER – to signal 300) SONGER – to think about 301) SONNER – to ring 302) SORTIR* – to go out 303) SOUFFLER – to blow 304) SOUFFRIR – to suffer 305) SOUHAITER – to wish 306) SOURIRE – to smile

307) SUIVRE – to follow 308) SURPRENDRE – to surprise 309) SURVIVRE – to survive 310) TÉLÉPHONER – to call (phone) 311) TENIR – to hold 312) TIRER – to shoot/pull 313) TOMBER* – to fall 314) TONDRE – to mow 315) TORDRE – to twist 316) TRAHIR – to betray 317) TRANSPORTER – to transport 318) TRAVAILLER – to work 319) TRAVERSER – to traverse/cross 320) TRICHER – to cheat 321) TROUVER – to find 322) TROMPER – to fool/deceive 323) TUTOYER – to address informally (TU) 324) TUER – to kill 325) UNIR – to unite 326) UTILISER – to use/utilize 327) VAINCRE – to win/conquer 328) VALOIR – to be worth/deserve/merit 329) VENDRE – to sell 330) VENGER – to take vengeance/avenge 331) VENIR* – to come 332) VÉRIFIER – to verify 333) VERSER – to pour 334) VÊTIR – to clothe/dress 335) VIEILLIR – to grow old/age 336) VIVRE – to live 337) VOIR – to see 338) VOULOIR – to want 339) VOUSVOYER – to address formally (VOUS) 340) VOYAGER – to travel