UKHPT Proposal for continuation of generic high power target studies Rob Edgecock (Huddersfield &...

UKHPT

Proposal for continuation of generic high power target studies

Rob Edgecock (Huddersfield & STFC)

on behalf of the UK High Power Target Group (UKHPT)

http://www.stfc.ac.uk/home.aspx

UKHPT Outline

Introduction

Reminder: motivation for the proposal

UKHPT

WPs:- Summary- What we think is to be funded

Costs

Conclusions

UKHPT Introduction

Our charge: propose generic high power target programme

Used this as an opportunity: combine 4 separate target groups

Group Main recent activities

HPTG Technology Department T2K, Super-beams, muon production, powder targets

Huddersfield Group ADSR, ESS, muon production

ISIS Group TS1, TS2

UKNF Target Group Neutrino Factory, thermal neutrons

Unique in the world

Broad range of skills and experience

Apply to find solutions for important HP targets

UKHPT High Power Target Issues

Modelling of beam energy deposition

Modelling of secondary particle production

Modelling of target material response using FEA codes

Target cooling or replacement

Activation and radiation damage everywhere

Thermal shock, fatigue

Target lifetime

Particle capture, moderation and delivery

Beam windows

Target station design, inc. shielding, RH, licensing, etc

Diagnostics in high radiation environments

Demanding environmental and safety requirements

UKHPT High Power Targets

WP1: Generic tools for high power target development and operation

WP2: ISIS upgrades

WP3: Thorium energy amplifiers (ADSR)

WP4: Neutrino Factory solid target

WP5: Low energy thermal neutron production

WP6: Conventional neutrino and super-beams

WP7: Muon to electron conversion experiments

WP8: Generic fluidised powder target research



WP2: ISIS upgrades







Note: Many of the HP target problems are common (generic).Broad range of skills are required to solve them. This proposal makes them available for each target.Not possible with individual proposals.



WP2: ISIS upgrades









WP2: ISIS upgrades




Moly99 only

Start early

Delayed

UKHPT WP1: Generic Tools for High Power Targets

Efficient, reliable and safe operation of high power targets requires:- thorough understanding of the target material operational

limits - good real-time condition monitoring of the target

Even more important for future higher power targets!

Recent experience shows benefits of solid targets

Need to assess true limits of solids:- R&D- measurements from existing targets, e.g. TS1, TS2, T2K

Improved temperature measurement:- improved confidence in target condition monitoring- extended operating life for targets- reduced frequency of target replacement and disposal

Monitoring of target and target cladding erosion:- erosion issues with cladding in high velocity coolant environment- careful control of target containment vessel atmosphere

UKHPT WP1: Generic Tools for High Power Targets

Develop tools based on new technology

Better reliability and performance in extreme environments

In particular:- Temperature measurement- Target structural integrity eg cladding condition- Heat transfer integrity- Erosion/corrosion of target and cladding- Long term strain measurement

Maximum allowable temperature and thermal shock for solid targets

Evaluation of erosion/corrosion rates of targets and cladding materials

Aims:

UKHPT WP2: ISIS Upgrades

(1) 180 MeV linac: 0.5 MW(2) 3.3 GeV ring: >1 MW(3) 800 MeV linac: ~5 MW

Current focus: accelerators.

Target(s) need work as well.

Current idea: exploit developments elsewhere.


UKHPT has much relevant expertise, e.g.- long term operation of tungsten target, inc. radiation damage- helium cooling- thermal shock- neutron production- moderation, etc


Assess existing TS1 for operation at 0.5 MW and modifications required

Contribute to ESS target activities:- Need to start soon as ESS moving “Pre-construction” to “Construction”- Limited discussion so far- Possibility of external funding in the future?

Apply knowledge gained to ISIS

Conceptual design for:- 1 MW- 5 MW

Aims:

UKHPT WP3: Thorium Energy Amplifiers

Thorium as a nuclear fuel:- identified reserves would power the world for 10000 years- nuclear proliferation resistant (no Pu)- 0.6% of waste for storage cf Uranium- but..........sub-critical

Make neutrons via spallation- Higher safety margins

Accelerator requirements are tough:- >4 MW- 99.9% duty cycle due to thermal stress, power production

Significant interest world-wide


Aker Solutions (bought by Jacobs Engineering Group) ADTR

Searching for partners – academic & industry, mainly UK

In discussion with us re target and beam window


Determine target and beam window requirements for ADTR

Study:- Potential target materials- Solid vs liquid- Thermal shock issues- Whether more than one target feasible- Integration of target(s) within reactor- Neutron delivery to fuel- Operation of target(s) within reactor

Produce conceptual target design

Design for a target beam window

Aims:

UKHPT WP5: Low Energy Thermal Neutron Production

Use compact, DC, possibly electrostatic, cheap accelerators to produce highflux of thermal neutrons commercially

- Li(p,n) looks attractive

- Possible applications:- BNCT- Moly99 production- Security

- Emphasis here on first two

- Check whether third improved


Use compact, DC, possibly electrostatic, cheap accelerators to produce highflux of thermal neutrons commercially

- Li(p,n) looks attractive

- Possible applications:- BNCT- Moly99 production- Security

- Emphasis here on first two

- Check whether third improved

PoP underway


Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Very good for aggressive tumours, particularly infiltrating healthy tissue

Complementary to other therapies

Most studied: Glio-blastoma multiforme (GBM); kills 2000/year in UK

2 year survival:

Radiotherapy Radiotherapy + Temozolomide BNCT + Radiotherapy

10.4% 26.5% 45.7%

Current neutrons sources: test reactors

For accelerators:- 5-10 mA DC- ~ 3 MeV- solid target

Best currently: ~1 mA using Dynamitron (IBA) in Birmingham


”Proof-of-principle” project funded by STFC

Implementation, testing and running for clinical trials

Commercialisation:- Siemens ONIAC- IBA Dynamitron

Modelling and tests: possible external funding

Implementation in Birmingham(?)

BNCT Aims:


99Mo is used for 99mTc: used is 85% of medical tracer applications

Current source: 5 reactors, all >40 years old; two recently off

Possible to make via accelerators, but needs to be commercially viable

Low energy (low cost!) option studied here: - 50-100 mA at 5 MeV- flowing lithium target

Aims:- Determination of requirements- Modelling of neutron production, heat deposition and transfer- Neutron capture and delivery- Extraction of moly

Possible external funding: NHS for- Moly extraction test in Bham- Prototype

Moly Aims:

UKHPT WP8: Generic Fluidised Powder Target Research Generic flowing powder target research programme proposed for the highest power densities. Potential applications include a neutrino factory, muon collider, superbeam or spallation neutron source. Flowing powder targets are suggested to have the following potential attractions:

• Shock waves– Powdered material is intrinsically damage proof– No cavitation, splashing or jets as for liquids– High power densities can be absorbed without material damage– Shock waves constrained within material grains, c.f. sand bags used to absorb impact of bullets

• Heat transfer– High heat transfer both within bulk material and with pipe walls - so the bed can dissipate high

energy densities, high total power, and multiple beam pulses• Quasi-liquid

– Target material continually reformed– Can be pumped away, cooled externally & re-circulated– Material easily replenished

• Other– Can exclude moving parts from beam interaction area– Low eddy currents i.e. low interaction with NF solenoid field– Fluidised beds/jets are a mature technology– Most issues of concern can be tested off-line -> experimental programme

UKHPT WP8: Generic Fluidised Powder Target Research

Still images from video clips of tungsten power flowing from 1.2 m long x 2 cm diameter pipes

1

2

3

4

1. Suction / Lift2. Load Hopper3. Pressurise Hopper4. Powder Ejection and Observation

Open jet

Contained discontinuous dense phase

Contained continuous dense phase

UKHPT WP8: Generic Fluidised Powder Target Research This new technology has already overcome initial scepticism in the community. However to maintain momentum and, for example, to become the baseline technology for a NF/MC, will require the following programme to be pursued:

• Optimise gas lift system• Attempt to generate stable solid dense phase flow• Investigate low-flow limit • Carry out long term erosion tests and study mitigation• Implement CW operation• Develop diagnostics for monitoring and control• Study heat transfer between pipe wall and powder• Demonstrate magnetic fields/eddy currents are not a problem

– Use of high field solenoid?• Investigate active powder handling issues (cf mercury?)• Demonstrate interaction with pulsed proton beam does not cause a problem

– First experiment on HiRadMat facility at CERN planned for autumn– Future experiment planned using LDV to measure dynamic response of pipe wall. This

experiment would be carried out together with a packed bed sample. • Study low Z target material (e.g. graphite powder) for a 4 MW SuperBeam

UKHPT

Costs FY 12/13 FY 13/14 FY 14/15 FY 15/16 Totals/£k

WP1 University grants 0 0 0 0 0 STFC 187 217 224 232 860 Non staff 66 55 11 11 143 Sub total 253 272 235 243 1003WP2 University grants 17 17 27 27 88 STFC 121 142 147 152 562 Non staff 17 17 24 24 82 Sub total 155 176 198 203 732WP8 University grants 0 0 0 0 0 STFC 178 184 190 197 749 Non staff 41 54 49 83 227 Sub total 218 238 239 280 975WP3 University grants 31 31 58 58 178 STFC 52 65 67 70 254 Non staff 2 3 3 37 45 Sub total 84 98 128 165 475WP5 University grants 10 10 24 24 68 STFC 15 17 22 22 76 Non staff 1 1 1 57 60 Sub total 26 28 47 103 204TOTAL 736 812 847 994 3389

UKHPT Conclusions

Targets are increasingly becoming the limiting factor in future projects

High power targets present significant challenges

They tend to be neglected, particularly in UK

Target R&D and target station design require a broad range of skills

Somewhat different from other accelerator R&D

In this proposal, we are:-

bringing together 4 existing target groups with this broad range- thereby creating a unique group

- developing generic tools for target design and operation

- undertaking R&D on targets well beyond the state-of-the-art- creating collaborations with external groups from hospitals

to industry

- seeding external funding for further development

UKHPT Proposal for continuation of generic high power target studies Rob Edgecock (Huddersfield &...

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