UIUC CS 497: Section EA Lecture #5

UIUC CS 497: Section EALecture #5

Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence

Professor: Eyal Amir

Spring Semester 2004

Last Time

• DL entailment using subsumption and Tableau (for satisfiability)

• Applications:– Games and natural language generation– Medical informatics

Today

1. We can partition reasoning while not hurting soundness and completeness

2. How to partition a KB with the best computational benefit

• Still maintaining soundness & completeness

3. Applications du jour: Planning

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broom dry can_cleancan_clean cleanedbroom let_dry drytime let_drydrier let_drytime drier

High-Level Structure in First-Order Logic




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Structured First-Order Reasoning

• Craig’s interpolation theorem (First-Order Logic):– If A B, then there is a formula C including only

symbols from L(A) L(B) such that A C and C B

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• Start with a tree-decomposition partition graph

Reasoning with partitions using MP

MP Algorithm

Pass messages in Li toward goal

• Identify goal partition

• Direct edges toward goal(fixing outbound link language Li for each partition)

• Concurrently, in each partition: Generate consequences in Li

Another Example

• Message Passing: Espresso machine

• SAT via partitioning

Benefits of Message-Passing

• Search space is restricted

• Allows parallel processing

• Sound and complete

• Can use different reasoners for each partition

• Small links imply short proofs

• Small partitions imply short proofs


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Has(broom) dry(broom) can_clean(x)can_clean(x) cleaned(x)Has(y) let_dry(y) dry(y)Has(time) let_dry(y)Has(drier) let_dry(y)Has(time) Has(drier)

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clean(room)

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Has(broom)x Has(x) Has(broom)

Contents




3. Applications: Planning



Automatic Decomposition of a Theory


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can_open open

opened fetch

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dry

cleaned

let_dry

time

drier

can_clean


key locked

can_open open

opened fetch

broom

dry

cleaned

let_dry

time

drier

can_clean

broom


broom

key locked

can_open open

opened fetch

broom

dry

cleaned

let_dry

time

drier

can_clean

broom




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Automatic Partitioning• Begin with a KB in PL or FOL• Construct symbol graph

– Edges join symbols which appear together in an axiom

• Find a tree decomposition of low width– Roughly, generalizes balanced vertex cut

• Partition axioms correspondingly– Each partition has its own vocabulary– Edge labels defined by shared vocabulary

Automatic Partitioning

• Find a tree decomposition of minimum width:– A tree in which each node corresponds to a

set of vertices from the original graph– The tree satisfies the running intersection

property: if v appears in two nodes in the tree, then v appears in all the nodes on the path connecting them

– The width of the tree is the size of its largest node

Why Tree Decomposition?

• Example: BREAK-CYCLES

Automatic Partitioning

• Treewidth: [Robertson & Seymour ’86], …• Approximation Algorithms:

– General theories: [A. & McIlraith ’00]– O(Log(OPT))-approximation for general

graphs: [A. ’01]– Constant factor approximation for planar

graphs: [Seymour & Thomas ’94], [A., Krauthgamer &

Rao ’03]

Automatic Partitioning: Heuristics

• Heuristic: min-degree1. Given a graph G; List L - empty2. Add to L a node v with minimum number

of neighbors3. Make a clique from v’s neighbors4. Remove v from G5. If G is empty, return L6. Go to 2

Automatic Partitioning: Heuristics

• Heuristic: min-fill1. Given a graph G; List L - empty2. Add to L a node v with minimum number

of edges missing between neighbors3. Make a clique from v’s neighbors4. Remove v from G5. If G is empty, return L6. Go to 2

• Reasoning is performed locally in each partition

• Specialized reasoning procedures in every partition

• Globally sound & complete… provided each local reasoner is sound & complete for Li-consequence finding

• Performance is worst-caseexponential within partitions, but linear in tree structure

Summary: Characteristics of MP

Minimizesbetween-partition

deduction

Supports parallel processing

Different reasonersin different partitions

Focuseswithin-partition

deduction

Contents




3. Applications: Planning

Application: Planning

• General-purpose planning problem:– Given:

• Domain features (fluents)• Action descriptions: effects, preconditions• Initial state• Goal condition

– Find:• Sequence of actions that is guaranteed to achieve

the goal starting from the initial state

Application: Planning with partitions

PartPlan Algorithm• Start with a tree-structured

partition graph• Identify goal partition• Direct edges toward goal• In each partition

– Generate all plans possible with depth d and width k

– Pass messages toward goal

Factored Planning: Analysis

• Planner is sound and complete

• Running time for finding plans of width w with m partitions of treewidth k is O(mw22w+2k)

• Factoring can be done in polynomial time

• Goal can be distributed over partitions by adding at most 2 features per partition

Next Time

• Probabilistic Graphical Models:– Directed models: Bayesian Networks– Undirected models: Markov Fields

• Requires prior knowledge of:– Treewidth and graph algorithms– Probability theory

UIUC CS 497: Section EA Lecture #5

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