Uic Edu Aquatics
Transcript of Uic Edu Aquatics
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 1
Aquatic ecosystemsAquatic ecosystems
All life is dependent on WATER.
Salt-
and fresh-
water ecosystems haveimportant differences because the
concentration of solutes in organisms is
between pure water and seawater.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 2
READING ASSIGNMENTREADING ASSIGNMENT
Chapter 50.2
A review of the Water lecture, x1 05, may
help to understand this lecture.
I have included more local information and
more on the impact of sewage on aquatic
ecosystems than your text.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 3
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSAQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Freshwater
Lakes and Ponds
too deep for emergent plants
Wetlands
ephemeral or with emergent plants
Streams and Rivers
flowing water
Saltwater
Estuaries
Oceans -
huge, importance of tides
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 4
Water CycleWater Cycle
Rain drops condense out of air when watervapor is saturated as temperature cools.
Ice and Groundwater are big fractions of the
earths freshwater.
Rivers transport materials, including ions, to
the ocean (more rain over land than ocean).
Energy from sun evaporates water.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 5
Freshwater versus SaltwaterFreshwater versus Saltwater
Rain has dissolved gases, i.e., CO2, that make itacidic, but no mineral cations (except from dust).
Saltwater is about 3% salt and has many cations.
Cells of organisms have a concentration of cationsless than saltwater, but greater than freshwater.
Organisms in freshwater have to pump water outof their cells, while organisms in saltwater have to
do work to keep water inside their cells.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 6
Life evolved in SaltwaterLife evolved in Saltwater
Among the reasons life is thought of haveevolved in saltwater is:
Most water on earth is in the oceans
Many phyla of animals live in saltwater and
fewer live in freshwater
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 7
Water density and lake turnoverWater density and lake turnover
Water is most dense at 4 C, e.g., ice floats. In temperate areas, the cold surface waters
reach the same density as the bottom water
in the spring and the water is mixed by wind.
In fall the surface waters (with O2) sink to
the bottom of a lake as they reach 4 C,bringing dissolved oxygen to the bottom.
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ThermoclinesThermoclines and Lakeand Lake
TurnoverTurnover
Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 8
Abrupt change of temperature with depth is known as thermocline.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 9
Lake MichiganLake Michigan
6th
largest freshwater lake in the world 3rd largest of the Great Lakes
Ave depth = 85 m, Max = 282 m = 925 feet Volume = 4,920 km3, retention time 99 years
Total drainage basin = 118,000 km
2
IL drainage basin = 300 km2
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 10
Lake MichiganLake Michigan
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 11
Water CribWater CribWhere Chicago Water Comes FromWhere Chicago Water Comes From
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 12
Fish of Lake MichiganFish of Lake Michigan
Lake trout, Whitefish and Perch are thenative fish of Lake Michigan
The fauna has been dramatically altered by
invasions and deliberate introductions.
Invaders
Sea Lamprey, Alewife, Round Gobi
Introductions
Smelt, Coho Salmon, Chinook Salmon
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WetlandsWetlands
Kankakee Marsh in IN and Lake Calumetwere huge wetlands of Chicagoland. The
marshes have largely been drained or filled.
Wetlands have high levels of biological
activity because of the availability of water.
An ephemeral wetland is one that is bothwet and dry in same year.
Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 13
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 14
Streams and RiversStreams and Rivers
Streams and rivers have a channel. Greater drop in elevation per unit length
make the water flow faster.
Rivers naturally meander, especially whenelevation loss is slow.
Many flowing water organisms stay in oneplace and let the current bring food to them.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 15
Transportation by RiversTransportation by Rivers
People have used rivers to get themselves tonew places for a long time.
People have also used flowing water to get
rid of waste. Sanitary sewers bring water from toilets to a
processing place where growth oforganisms removes nutrients from thewater before it leaves the facility.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 16
EstuaryEstuary
Rivers eventually flow into oceans. Frequently, sediments from the river
accumulate to form shallow areas near the
mouth of the river known as estuaries.
Emergent plants and the mixing of nutrients
from the river and the ocean make estuariesvery productive.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 17
Dead ZonesDead Zones
Nutrients from the river are not always used up inthe estuary.
Nitrogen from the Mississippi River has resulted in
increased algal growth (productivity) in the Gulfof Mexico. Old algae sink to the bottom and their
decomposition depletes the oxygen near the bottom.
Fish flee the water without oxygen and from the
fishermans point of view it is a dead zone.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 18
OceansOceans
Oceans cover almost 3/4ths of the earthssurface. Most of the water on earth issaltwater.
At 10 m under the water surface the pressureis equal to 1 atmosphere.
Sunlight penetrates ocean to only 40 m anddeep areas are dependent on currents for thevery limited amount of oxygen available.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 19
TidesTides
The gravitational attraction of the mooncreates tides in the ocean.
There are two high tides and two low tides
per 25 hour period.
The intertidal zone is the area between the
high tide and low tide. Wave action keepsplants from growing on sand beaches.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 20
Shallow OceanShallow Ocean
Most continents are surrounded by a shelfof rock that means the ocean is relativelyshallow (less than 200 m) near the shore.
Continental shelf waters have higherproductivity because of nutrients from rivers.
Continental shelfs are where almost all theocean fishing occurs.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 21
OverfishingOverfishing
There have been many examples ofoverfishing.
Sardine fishery of Monterey CA
Lake trout in Lake Michigan
Herring in the North Sea
Cod off MA and Canada
Some overfished populations recover afterfishing stops, but most have not recovered.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 22
Oxygen in WaterOxygen in Water
Oxygen is not very soluble in water, 16 mg/l. If the water contains organic compounds
metabolism can quickly use all the oxygen in
the water, creating anaerobic conditions.
BOD, biological oxygen demand, measures
how much oxygen would be used inrespiration of organics in water.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 23
Energy Flow in Aquatic SystemsEnergy Flow in Aquatic Systems
Streams and small ponds typically getconsiderable inputs from the surrounding
terrestrial environment, e.g., leaf litter.
Phosphorus is usually the nutrient limiting
growth of algae. Input from humans has
resulted in blooms of algae. Increased growthof organisms (productivity) is called
eutrophication.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 24
EutrophicationEutrophication
Clear water implies that the density of fineparticles, including small organisms, is nothigh. Such lakes, including Lake Michigan,
are called oligotrophic. Lakes with an abundance of by small
organisms (productivity and resulting high
turbidity) are called eutrophic.
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Exam 3 lecture 1 Nyberg BioS 101 UIC 25
VocabularyVocabulary
Freshwater Saltwater
Eutrophication
Algal bloom
Biological Oxygen
Demand, BOD
Dead zone Overfishing
Estuary
Turnover
Oligotrophic