UI 370

Media EthicsH. Hamner Hill

CSTL-CLA.SEMO.EDU/HILL/UI370

UI 370 Introduction

H. Hamner Hill, Political Science, Philosophy, and Religion  Carnahan 211BB MWF, 11-12  Office 651-2817 Home 339-0575  hhill@semo.edu

Nature and details of the course

This is a lecture/Discussion course. The emphasis is on discussion. That means that the students will bear most of the responsibility for keeping the class moving. Students MUST be prepared for class.

Expectations of Students

Students will be expected to:  Be prepared to discuss assigned readings  Prepare 5 case studies  Prepare 2 short (5-7 pages each) interdisciplinary research papers  Prepare and delivery an oral summary of one of your papers  Complete a comprehensive final exam

Scoring

Individual Papers 50%Individual Presentation 10%Case Studies 25%Final Exam 15%

Why Do We Need a Course in Media Ethics?

Public Attitudes About the MediaRapid Technological ChangeChanging Business Pressures in the MediaMedia Consolidation and ConglomerationChanging DemographicsOverview of Ethical Theory

Overview of Ethical Theory

What is a Theory? Scientific theories:– Tool for describing our experience– Tool for predicting future experience– Tool for organizing our experiences

Good Theories Must:

Fit (generally) our experienceBe subject to test and refutation

Are Ethical Theories Really Theories?

What are the data in ethics?–Considered moral judgmentsCan ethical theories be tested?–Test cases and moral senses

Components of an Ethical Theory

Theory of Value (Axiology)– Monistic (there is only one thing of value)– Pluralistic (several things have value)

Components of an Ethical Theory

Theory of Value (Axiology)Theory of Obligation (Deontology)

Two Major Types of Theories of Obligation

RelativistNon-relativist (absolutist)

Relativist Theories

There are no universal or objective standards of right and wrong, there are no universal duties. “Right” is a concept that makes sense only in a context; what is right is relative to a context.

Non-Relativist Theories

There are objective, universal standards of conduct that apply to all people in all settings.

Major Non-Relativist Theories of Obligation

ConsequentialistDuty BasedRights BasedNatural LawVirtue Ethics

Consequentialist Theories

The rightness or wrongness of an act is determined through reference to the consequences of the act. Right actions maximize value.

Duty Based Theories of Obligation

Human reason allows us to discover universal duties or obligations that ew have to one another.

Rights Based Theories of Obligation

People come equipped with a basic set of rights, respect for which is a defining feature of moral action. Right actions respect basic rights.

Natural Law

The Divine law sets the standard for all human laws. Humans are obligated to act in accordance with the Divine law, and all human laws should embody it.

Virtue Ethics

Act in ways that promote the development of and display virtuous character traits

Major Ethical Principles

NonmaleficenceBeneficenceUtilityDistributive JusticeAutonomyPrecautionary Principle

Nonmaleficence Act in ways that do not cause harm or

needless suffering to others. This principle is a formalization of the "above all else, do no harm" edict.

Beneficence

Act in ways that promote the welfare of other people. This principle requires affirmative steps be taken to advance the welfare of others.

Utility

Act in ways that maximize good and minimize harm. Right actions maximize some measurable thing of value.

Distributive Justice

Act in way that promote a just* distribution of social goods. This theory needs an independent theory of just distribution to be workable.

Autonomy

Act in ways that allow rational individuals to govern their own lives. Treat persons with respect and dignity and allow them to make decisions for themselves with regard to their own lives.

The Precautionary Principle

Take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Rather than await certainty, regulators should act in anticipation of any potential environmental harm in order to prevent it.

Roles, Responsibilities, Values and Conflicts

Social Roles and Institutions

Established and continuing parts in a social enterpriseCharacterized by distinctive activitySpecial contexts of evaluation and appropriateness

Contexts of Evaluation and Appropriateness

Prescribed means (constraints on reasons)Constraints on actionsPrescribed ends

The Ecology of Social Roles

A roles is shaped by the demands of complementary roles surrounding it, and roles change in response to changes in other interacting roles

Responsibilities and Values are Defined by Roles

Role Responsibilities

Expectations that are placed on an agent in virtue of that agent’s acting in a certain role capacity

Role Responsibilities

Expectations that are placed on an agent in virtue of that agent’s acting in a certain role capacityIncluded and excluded reasons--agents acting in roles are expected to use, or exclude certain types of reasons

People Fill Several Roles Simultaneously

The fundamental values and responsibilities of different roles may come into open conflictInconsistent social messages about values

Three conflicting roles

ConsumerCitizenNeighbor

Values Vary by Role

What is valued in one role may not be valued in, or may be harmful to, another

Inconsistent Social Messages About Values

Success: wealth and avariceWork: virtue or punishmentSocietal Values: liberty, justice, and equalityLand values: stewardship or dominionConfusion between morality and legality

M.L. King on Morality and Legality

Morality cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated. We cannot change the heart, but we may restrain the heartless.

Law is External Morality is Internal Law is about what we MUST Do Morality is about what we STRIVE to Do and Be

Ethics is about doing more than you are required to do, but less than you are allowed to do

Michael Josephson