UEMK1113 Formula Sheets

UEMKI1I3 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Aprrendix A - Conversion Table and Gas Constant

THE GAS CONSTANT

8 .314 m3 .Pa / (mo l .K )

0.08314 L 'bar / (mol 'K)

0.0U206 L'atm/(mol 'K)-62.36

L ' nrm Hg/( nro l ' K )

0.1 302 ft3' atm/(lb-mole' 'R)

10.1 3 ft3' psia/( lb-mole' 'R)

8.314 J / (mol 'K)

1.981 ca l / (mol 'K)

1.987 Btu/ ( lb-mole ' "R)

FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS

Quantity Equivalent Valrres

Force

Pressure

Energy

Power

Mass

Length

Volurne

k g : 1 0 0 0 8 : 0 . 0 0 1 m e t r i c t o n : 2 . 2 0 4 6 2 1 b , . , , : 3 5 . 2 1 3 9 2 o 2lbn, : 16 oz : 5 X 10-a ton : 453.593g : 0.453593 kg

m : 100 cm : 1000 mm : 106 microns (pm) : 1910 angstroms (A): 39.31 in. : 3.2U08 fr : 1.0936 yd : 0.0006214 mile

l t : 7 2 i n . : l l Z y a : 0 . 3 0 4 8 m : 3 0 . 4 f l c m

m3 : 1000 L : 106 c*3 : 106 mL: 3-5.3145 ft3 : 219.()7 imperial gallons : 264.11 gal: 1056.68 qr

ft3 : 1728 in.3 : 1.4805 pol : 0.(l2l31l r-,-r3 : 283\1 L: 28,31J crn3

N : 1kg 'mls2 :105 dynes : ]05 g .cm/s2 : 0 .22481 lb rlbr : 32.114lb, , ' . f t ls2 : 4.4482N : 4.44u2 x 105 clynes

arm : 1.01325 x 10s N/rn2 (Pa; : 10L325 kpa : 1.01325 bar: 1.01325 x 106 dynes/cm2: -160 rnm Hg at 0"C (torr) : 10.333 m H2O at 4'C: 14.6()61b1/ in.2 (pr i ) : 33.9 f t H2O at 4 'C: 29.921in. Hg at 0'C

J : 1 N.m : 107 ergs : 107 clyne.cm: 2. ' .7 ' /8 x l0-7 kw.h : 0.23g01 cal: 0.7316 f t - l t r , : 9.4tJ6 x l0--{ F}tu

W : . l J /s : 0.23901ca1/s : 0.1376 f t . lbr /s : 9.486 X 10-4 Btu/s: 1 . 3 4 1 x l 0 3 h p

Example: The factor to convert grams ro lbn, tr (,?##F)

UEMK1113 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Appendix B – Physical Property Tables

(Adapted from Felder, R. M., & Rousseau, R. W. (2000). Elementary principles of chemical processes (3rd ed.). John-Wiley & Sons.)

Table B.1 Selected Physical Property Data

Table B.2 Heat Capacities

Table B.3 Vapour Pressure of Water

Table B.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table

Table B.6 Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table

Table B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam

Table B.8 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: SI Units

Table B.9 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gasses: American Engineering Units

' fable l f . l Selected Physical Property Data,

Compound FormulaSG

Mol. Wt. (20"14")af?,,, ( 7',,, ).,/

kJ/nrol7-,, ,("C)1'A}7"(2u1",;

1i("C)' kJimot l'.(K)J /,.(atm)u(Ltt, 'y,t (a,"")i,.,kJ/urol kJ/mol

r'1J.o

o

X

LAJAceta ldehyde

Acetic acid

Acetone

Acety lene

Ammonia

Ammonium

hydrox ide

Anrnron iunr

l i l t rate

Amnon iurn

su l fa te

A n i l i n e

Benza ldehyde

Ilenzene

Rcnzo ic ac id

l lenzyl alcoholBronr ine

1 , 2 - B u t a d i e n e

1 , 3 - B u r a c l i e n e

r r - l J u te rnc

Isobu tane

I - tsu lene

(lalciLrrn

carbicle

Ca lc ium

carb<lnate

Calciunt

chloride

ctH3cHoclH3ctooH

ct3l{6o

C2Il2

N H r

N H 4 O H

N H 4 N O T

(NH4)2SC)4

c6H7N

C 6 I 1 5 C H O

CuHo

clTH6or

ctTft8o

Brz

C+Hn

CqHo

C l H r o

C q H r o

c4l{8

CaC2

CaCOr

CaClr

58.08 0.191

26.0417.03

93.72 1.022106 . l 2 1 .046

.5rJ. l2

.56 .1064.10 2.2218"

Decomposes a t 210 'C

I)ec<,rnrposes at -5 l3"Cla f te r n re l t ing

4(t1.0.594.8 57.1

50tJ.0 41.0

309.-5 61.6405.5 I I 1.3

o:: tt:

s62.6 48.6

.5t34 t02446425 .12.1125.t7 31.47

40u.1 -16.0

4t9.6

- 166.2(g)-4rJ6. r8( l )-a38.1.5(g)-248.2(t)-2 t6 .1 (g )

+226.75(g)-61.20(t )

46.1 e(g)- 366.a8(aq)

-36.5. la(c)- -199.36(aq )

- 1179 .3 (c )- I 1 7 3 . l ( a q )

- rJrJ.83(l)-a0.0a(g)

+ 48.66(t )+82.e3(g)

0 ( t )

r47 .0 ( l )- r2a.1@)- 1s8.4( l )

134. .5(g)+ I . 1 7 ( g )

-62.16(c)

- 1206.9(c)

-194.96(c)

-1tez/g)- 871 .6e( l )- ! r1e.73(g)

- 1785 .7 ( l )- l f i21.4(g)

r2ee.6(9)

- 3 X 7 5 x / o \_ " - ' " " \ b /

-3.520.0(t)

-3261.6(t )- 33t)1. .5(g)-3226.1(g)-3741 .8 ( t )

285.5.6( l )21378..5(g)

-2rJ4e.0( l )

2tt68.8(g)-21 t8 .6 (9 )

44.0-5 0.793'n" - 123.160.0_5 1.049 16.6

l ( ) . t t . i . I12 .0e 118 .2 24 .39

5.6e 56.0 30.2

- t J l . 5 11 .6.5.653 33.43 23.351

- 9-s.0

71.8

6.3-26 .0

1 { n 1

80.0-5 1.1252s" l6t).(-t

1 3 2 . 1 1 | . 1 6 9 - 5 1 3

.5.4

7 rJ . l 1 0 .u79 5 .53

122.12 1.26615" 2:2.2r 0r i . t3 1.045 - l s .41 5 9 . U 3 3 . 1 1 9 7 . 454.09 - 136. .554 .09 - - 109 .158. t2 , l3t i . - l

t84.2t79.0 3t3.40

9.837 80.10 .10.765

l-19.r{- 1 / t s ?

lO.r i -5u.6 3 1.01 0 . Il . o

1.661 0.6 22.305

.1.s40 - n.73 21.292

3 .8 .180 -6 .25 2 t .916

I)ecomposes at tJ25'C

l f i 17 - l6(x)

- 159.6

l8-s.32300

100.09 2.93

I 10.99 2.152t5" 192

Calcium Ca(OFI)2 14.10 2.21 ( - lt2o at 5tri0"C)hydroxide

(lalcium oxide CaO 56.0u 3.32 2510 50 2850C- 'a lc ium Car(POa)2 310.19 3.11 1670phosphate

Clalcium CaSiO.r 116.11 2.915 1530 48.62si l icatc

Calc ium ( 'aSOr 136.1-5 2.96sulfate

( la lc ium CaSO+.21-1. : ( ) 112.18 2.32 ( - 1. .5 H2O at 12i3"C)sulfate(gypsunr)

(larbon C 12.010 2.26 3600 46.0 4200(graphi te)

Carbon COz 44.01 -56.6 1J.33 (Subl imes at -7U'C)

dioxide at 5.2 atmcarbon ctsz 16.14 1.26122'/ztt ' - n2.1 4.39 46.25 26.gdisulfide

Calbon CO 2t l .0 l -205.1 0. t i37 - 191.5 6.042monoxidc

Carbon CCl4 153.84 1.595 22.() 2.51 16.1 30.0tetrachloride

Chlor ine Clz 70.91 -101.(X) 6.406 -34.06 20.4Chl<rrobenzene C6H5CI 112.56 1.107 -45 132.10 36.5Chloroethane C2H5Cl See ethylchlor ide

9f16..5()(c)

6.15.6(c)a l -18(c)

1.s84(c)

1432.7 (c)- 1a50.a(aq)- 202 I (c)

0(c) - 3e3.51(c)

12 .e - 4 t2 .e ( t )- 3e.1.5(g )

78.0 +87.e( l ) - 107s.2( l )+ l l s . 3 ( g ) 1 1 0 2 . 6 ( 9 )

34.s -110.s2(g) -282.ee(g)

45.0 - 13e._5(r) -3s2.2( t )- 106.7(9) -38s.{) (g)

16 . t t t (g )44.6

304.2

.552.1)

133.0

-556.4

411.0632.4

"AdapGdinpar t l romD'M.Himmelb lau ,aaJ 'cPru . iP le tan . lc4 lca l4 | iUns i4chen icu |ED! i Ieern | ! ,3 |dEd i l ion ,g l974, rab lesDlanPrcnlice Hall,lnc., Englewood Clifti, NJ.'Mellingpoinl al I dtm.

"Heat o{lusion ar ?',,, and I .lm.aBoiling poiDt al I alnl'Hcal ol vuporization at I! aDd I alD./Cridcaltempera$re.

'Heat of formation at 25'C and I atm.'Hcrt of combustion at 25'C and 1 atn. Standa srates of products are COr(d, IIrO(lJ, SO,(g), HC(aq), and N,(g). Ib calcuhte Alr"' wirh H,O{g) a$ a product, add44.0h* to the tabulaled value, where n" : moles HrO iormed/mole fuel t'urn,.'d.r1b convert All tokcaumol, divide given value by4.184; to conv€rr to Bru/lt,nrole. multiply by 430.2E.

(uottiruted)

H

a

H

t

of-.1

nq

o

' I ' ab le B . l ( ( 'on t inucd)

CompoundSG

Formula Mol. Wr. (20'11")a/i,,,(7n,).,r

1"('C)' kJ/mol '[6('C)/T,(K)t P.(atrn)o

LH,1ru7".tkJ/mol

(Lfrr'1l'ikJ/mol

(4H.")' ' 'kJ/mol

"oCD

XH

Chlorofornr CHCIr

Copper ( lu

Cupric CuSOasu l fa te

Cyclohexane C6IJ 12

Cyclopentane C5FI1o

n-Decane C lo I {22

Die thy le ther (C2Hs)2O

Ethane (:2HL

Ethyl acetate CaFI6O2

Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH( t r thano l )

Ethyl benzene Csl11"

Ethy l b romide C2H5BrEthy lch lo r ide Cu H;C l3-Ethy l Cs l l rs

hexane

Ethylene C2I{4Ethy lene C2H6O2

glycol

Ferric oxide Fe2O1F-errous oxide FeOFerrous FtS

sulf ide

Formaldehyde HzCOFormic acid CH2O2

GlycerolHel ium

C:HsOrHe

1 I9.39 l .4tJ963.54 8.92

159.61 3.606r5 ' .

rJ4.16 0.179

10 .13 0 .145

142.28 0.730

14.12 0.7082s'30.0788 .10 0 .901

46.0'7 0.7u9

106.16 0.867

108.98 1.46064.52 0.903 15'

1 t4 .22 0 .1 t7

28.0s62 .01 l . l 13 re "

159 .70 5 .1271.U.5 5.181.92 4.84

30.03 0.815 20"

46.03 1.220

92.09 7.26050'4.00

6 1 . 013.01 2595 304.6

Decomposes > 600"C

2.611 ri0.7 30.1

.536.0 54.0

553.7 40.4

511 .8 44 .55

619.0 20.8

461 35.6305.4 48.2523,1 31.8

.516.3 63. t )

619.1 31.0

504 61 .5460.4 52.0567.0 26.4

283.1 50..5

-63 .1

l 083

6.1

-93.4

-29 .9

- 1 1 6 . 3- I tJ3.3

rJ3.8

-174.6

-94.61

- l 1 9 . l- 138 .3

- t69.2- l - )

I 193

-92

8.30

18.20-269.1

- 131.8( l )o(c)

-l6t).9(c)- t343.1(aq)- 1s6.2(r)- t 23 . r (g )- r 0s.e(r)-17.2(g)

-24e;7( t )

-212.8(t)-84.67(g)

-463.2(t)-a26.8(g)-211.63(t)-23s.31(g)- 12.46(l)+29.79(g)-sa.a(g)

- lus.0(g)-2.50.5(l)-2I0.e(g)+52.28(g)

-4s1.s( t )- 387.1(g)*822.2(c)- 266.s(c)

95. I (c)

- I 1s.eO(g)-40e.2(l)-362.6(9)-665.e(l)

o(e)

-313( t )

-3er e .e( l )- 3es3.0(g)-32e0.e(l)-3319.s(g)- 6118.3(t)

682e.1(g)-2126.1(t)- 1.5s9.e(g)-2246.4(t)

- r 366.e1( l )laOe.2-s(g)

-4564.e(l)-4607.1(g)

- s407.1(t)-,550e.ti(g)- lal t) .99(g)- l17e.s( l )

-.563.a6(g)

262.8(t)

- 1661 .1 ( l )

0.609 49.3

173.8

3.350 - 103.7t1 .23 l9 l . 2

1.30 34.6 26.0s2.859 -88.6 14.12

71.0

s.021 78.5 38.5u

9.163 136.2 35.98

38.24.452 t3.1 24.1

I lt i.5 34.21

21.30

Decomposes at l560"Cl

- r9.3 24.4812.68 100.5 22.25

I U.30 290.00.02 -268.9 0.084

13 .54s6.9

18.67 373.6

826.0354.01't9.92131 3 1 . 8136 .8

5.26 2.26

31.69 540.2 21.0

28.8-5 501.9 29.9

0.904 33.3 12.8

16 .1 324 .6 81 .5

.s0-1.2

t**, "

r r -Heptane CrH,o

n-Hexane CoHto

Hydrogen H2l{ydrogen HBr

bromideHydrogen HCIchlor ide

Hydrogen HCNcyanide

Hydrogen HFfluoride

Hydrogen HzSsulfide

' Iodine 12Irrn FeLead PbLead oxide PbOMagnesium MgMagnesium MgCl2chloride

Magnesium Mg(OH)2hydroxide

Magnesium MgOoxide

Mercury HgMethane CH+Methyl CrHoOzacetate

Methyla lcohol CHrOH(Methanol)

Methyl CHsNamine

Methyl CH3CIchloride

100.20 0.684 -90.59

86.1't 0.659 -95.32

2.01680.92

0 . t2 -252 .76-61

1.99 - t t5.0

26

20

2.38 -60.3

184.21"5.1 2800

_ 5.10 1750r1.1 14129.2 ll20

43.1 1418

Decornposes at 350'C

11.4 3600

-356.9

o .94 161 .5J t . l

3.161 64.1

_6 .9

-224.4(t)- 187.8(g)- 1e8.8(r)-167.2(s)

o(e)-36.23(g)

-e2.31(g)

+ 130.s4(g)

-268.6(9)-316 .e (aq ,

200)1e.e6(g)

o(c)o(c)t)(c)

-21e.2(c)

o(c)-6a1 .8 (c )

- 601.8(c)

o(c)-7a.8s(g)

-40e.4(l)

-23U.6( l )-20t.2(g)-28.0(g)

-81.e2(g)

-4816.e(r)-a8s3.s(g)-4163.r ( l )-a1ea.8(g)-2t3s.lla(g)

-s62.se(g)

- t3e0.36(g)- 1.5es( l )

726.6( t )-76a.0(g)

- 1071 .5 ( l )

14.03

r 3.03

98.43

68.14

-259 .79-86

36.41 1t4.2

27.03 -14

20.0 -83

3,l.Olt - 85.5

253.855.ri5

207.2r223.2124.3295.23

58.34

40.32

4 .93 113 .31.1 153.5

17 33720"120' 321.49.5 8861.74 65023252s" 114

1 - +

3.6-5 2900

ti8.9

oID

H

H

.o(!t

F-l

o-(Dq

200.61 73.546 - 3U.8716.04 - 182.514.08 0.933 -98.9

32.04 0]t)2 -91.9

3 L06 0.699 I '" 92.1

u.rzv r . r ( )J0 4;506.7 46.30

35.21 513.20 78.50

429.9 73.60

4 r 6.1 65.8050.49 a A- L +

(t t tr t t i t t t tel)

Tab le t l . l (Conr inued)

Compound FormulaSG

Mol. Wt. (20"t4")A17,,,(7',,,;,,r

7'," ("C)' kJ/molAf?u ('1',,1",r

7'5("614 kJ/mol ?.(K)/ p.(atm)s(AH,";t ' ' r

kJ/mol

(Ar?"";i',kJ/nrol

*o'oo

t 'Methy le thy l C1 IJ8O 12 .10ketone

Napht l ia lene CroHs l2u. l6Nickel Ni -5ti.69Nitric acid FINO3 63.02

Nit robenzene CoHsOzN 123.I INitrcrgen N2 28.02Nit rogen NOz 46.01dioxide

Nit r ic oxide NO 30.()1Nitrogen N2Os 108.02pcntoxide

Nitnrgen N2Oq 92.0tetraoxide

Nitrous NzO 14.02oxide

tt-Nonane C,,Hz,, 128.25

n-Octane Cl8Hr8 114.22

C)xalic acid C2H2O4 90.04Oxygen 02 32.00n-Pentane C5l-112 j2.15

Isopentane CsHrz 12.15

I -Pentene CsH,u j0.13Phenol CoH:OH 94.1I

Phosphoric I{3PO1 98.00acid

Phosphorus Ir+ 123.90(red)

Phosphorus P,r

(wh i te )

Pl.rosphorus Pzf).

pentox ide

Itropane C:Hs

Propylene C:Hu

n-Propyl C3HiOFI

a lcoho l

Isopropy l C iHTOI I

alcohol

n-Propy l CcHrz

benzene

Sil icon SiO2

d iox ide

Sod iunr NaFlCOr

bicarbonate

Sod iurn Na l lSO4

b isu l fa te

Sod ium Na2CC)3

carbonate

Sodium Na(l l

chloride

Socliun.r NaCN

cyanide

Sod ium NaOH

hydroxide

Sod ium NaNO:

n i t ra te

Sodiun'r NaNO2

ni t r i te

Sodium Na2SC)4

sulfate

Sodium Na2S

sulfide

Sod ium Na2SO3

su l l i te

2.51 280

Sublir les at 250'C

3.52 --42.01

3.(X) -41.10

91.04

82.24

u.-s4 159.2

14.2 2230

Dccomposes at 270'Cl

- l -506.2(c)

42.0 - 119.8( l )103.8(g)

45.4 +20.41(9)49.95 -300.70(l)

-2s,s.2(g)s3.0 - 310.e( l )

3r .3 -38 .40 ( l )

+7.82(g)t3s l .0(c)

- 9a.5.6(c)

- I 126.3(c)

- 1130.9(c)

-411 .0 (c )

89.79(c)

- a26.6(c)-469.a(aq)-a66.1(c')

-3-59.a(c)

- 13t34.5(c)

-373.2(c)

- 1090.3(c)

0.805

1.1 4-58.9t)l.-502

1.203

1e"1 .448

1.226-8',)"

0.71rJ

0.103

1 .90

0.63 r8"

0.62t t"

0 .6411 .07I2s '

l . g34 r8 '

2.20

-81.1 18.2 32.0

80 .0 2 t1 .81452 2900 0(c),4r.6 10.41 86 30.30 _ n3.23(t)

-206.57(aq)5.5 2t0.1

-210.0 0.12t t -19-5.1t 5.511 126.20 33.-5 0(g)-e.3 t .33s 21.3 t4. j3 431.0 j00.0 +33.8(9)

163.6 2.301 - 151.u 13.78 1 ' t9.20 65.0 + 90.37(9)30 41

_e .5 21 . t 431 .0 9e .0 I 9 .3 (g )

-91.1 88. tJ -109.5 j t . jO +81.-5(9)

-s3.il 1-50.6 .5es 23.0 -229.0(I)

,s7.0 12s.5 56rJ.rJ 24.s -zqitu-2{)8.a(g)

I)ecornposes at 186'C _ti26.g(c)-218.15 0.44{t t \2. ( ) i 6.g2 154.4 49j u(g)-129.6 8.393 36.01 25.11 .169.80 33.3 _ 173.0(t)

- la6.a(g)- I 60. I 27 .7 46 I .00 32.9 17e.3(l)

- 1s2.0(g)- 165.2 4.g4 29.s7 414 3g.9 - 20.9(9)

42.s I 1.43 181.4 692.1 60. .5 _ 158. r ( l )-et) .8(g)

12 .3 10 .54 ( - +HrO a t 213"C) - 1281 .1 (c )-1278.6(aq,

IFI2O)-59043 atnr 8 l . 17 lgni tes in a i r , 725"C - 17.6(c)

t)(c)

49.11

18.11 369.9

18.42 365.1536.1

508.8

38.24 638.1

-2136(r)

*-51s7(g)

- 30e2.ri(t)

6124.s(t)-6171. t ) (g)-s410.1(t)-sst2.2(g)- 2s1.e(s)

-350e.-5(l)_-3s36.I (g)- 3s07.5(l)-3s2().2(s)

337s.tt(g)-3063.5(s)

-2201.tJ(t)-2220.{)(s)-20s8.a(g)-2010.4(l)2068.6(g)

- 1e86.6(l)

- s2r8.2(l)- 5264.48(g)

L**- '"1

123.y) ).82

141.95 2.381

44.09

42.0860.09 0.rJ04

60.09 0.78-5

120.19 0.1162

60.09 2.25

84.01 2.20

120.01 2.142

10.5.99 2.533

5r.t.45 2.163

49.01

40.00 2.130

i15.00 2.257

69.00 2.16rJ0"

t 42.05 2.698

78.05 1.856

126.05 2.633t5"

44.2

- 187.69

- 185.21 4 1- I L I

-ri9.7

- 99.50

l7 10

l)ecotnposes at tl-54'C

r.i08 2ti.5 146-5 110.7

562 16.1 1497 l5-5

319 t i .34 1390

3 I 0 I 5.9 l)ecomposes at 380"C1

271 I)ecomposes at 320"C

890 24.3

9 5 0 6 ; 7

q

--ai.o

n

H

cr(D

/ @

a

Dccon'rposes

(continued)

'o

o

XH

Tahle B. l (Cont inued)

Compoundsci

Fbrmula Mol. Wt. (20"14') f,,,(.C;b4r,,,(7;,).,/

kJAnol 7.r,("c),LH"(ro1",t

kJ/mol\ L H : ) h . j ( a t i . . ) , , ,

!q| ""99I_ kJ/mol kJ/mol

Sodium NazSzOrthiosulfate

Sul fur 58(rhombic)

Sull 'ur 56(monoclinic)

Sul fur SOzdioxide

Sulfur SO:tr iox ide

Sul fur ic H2SOaacid

J'oluenc C?Ils

Water Il2O

zr-Xylene CsHr,,

o-Xylene C,rHr"

p-Xylene CoHr

Ztnc Zt

1-5t i . I 1 t .661

256.53 2.01 I 13 10.04

256.53 1.96 I 19 14.11

64.01 75.48 1.102

80.07 16.84 25.48

gtJ.OtJ 1.83418" 10.35 ().8-7

92.13 0.866 -94.99 6.6t9

1 8.016 1 .004" 0.00 6.0095

106.16 0.864 -41.81 I1.569

106.16 0.880 -2.5.18 13.598

106 .16 0 .861 t3 .26 t1 .11

65.3U 1.740 479.5 6.614

444.6 83.1

444.6 83.1

- 10.02 24.9r

43.3 41.8{)

430.1

491.4

Decomposes at .140"C

110.62 33.41 593.9

100.00 40.656 641.4

139.10 36.40 619

144.42 36.82 631.5

13rJ.3.5 36.01 618

q)7 | 14.17

- 1 I l 7 . l ( c )

11.8

u3.8

t)(c)

+0.30(c)

--2e6.e0(g)

-3es. l8(g)

- 811.32( t )- 907.51(aq)+ 12.00(l)+.50.00(g)

-285.84(l)* 2a1.83(g)-2s.42(t)+ t ] .2aG)-24.44(t)+ 18.99(g)-24.43(t)

17.es(g)o(c)

40,3

2t8.3

34.6

35.7

J - 1 - y

-:oonllr;-3eaeE)

-4-5.51.e(l)-a5ea.5G)-4s52.e(t)-ase6.3(g)-4552.91( t )-ases.2(g)

'Iable 8.2 Heat Capacities'

Physical Propertydatabase

0urckly integratestabulated heat

capacrtr es

Fbrm l: C,,[kJ/(mol' 'U)] or [kJ/(mol'K)] : u + bT + c'[2 + (tl ' tRrrm 2: Cr[kJ/(mol'"C)] or [kJ/(mol'K)] : u + b'l ' * , 'T 2

E x a n t p l e : ( q , ) o . , t , n " 1 g ) : 0 . 0 7 1 9 6 + ( 2 0 . 1 0 x 1 0 5 ) r - 0 2 . 1 8 x 1 0 8 ) r 2 + Q 4 . 1 6 * 1 1 1 - t 2 1 7 ' : , w h e r e 7 ' i s i n " c l .

Note: The formulas for gases are strictly applicable at pressures low enough for the ideal gas equation of state to apply.

Compound Formula d X 70t2

Range(Un i t sof 7 ' )

Mol .

Wt. State Fbnn c X l 0 3 b x 1 0 5 c X 1 0 8

1brnp.Un i t

Acetone

AcetyleneAir

Ammonia NH:Ammonium su l fa te (NH4)2SO4 132.15 c

Benzene

Isobutane

n-Butane

lsobutene

Calcium carbide

Calcium oxide

Carbon

Carbon dioxide

29.0 CgD

11.03 C

()a

5U.12 C5u .12 g5 6 . 1 0 C64.10 c

56.08 c12.0I c44.01 g2ti.01 C

153.U4 I10.97 C63.54 c

-12.18-5.033

0.31910.41990.442r

-25.20- l u .9 l

15.41- L t . L t

-tJ.66 x*12.81 x

-4 .52 x:4 .U91 x-2.881

0.3548

-1.607

-3(f 600-12000-12000-1500

273 18000- I 2(X)

215-3286-610- r 2000- 12000-12(X)0-t 200

298-120213-7033216-313213- t113213-t313

0-15000 1500

213-3430-1200

273-1351

cH3cocHr 5u.08 Ic

C2ll2 '26.04 C

t23 .0 18 .61t .L)6 20.1042.43 6.05328.94 0.4t4"128.09 0.196535 .15 2 .954

2t5.912,6.5 23.114.06 32.9589.46 30. l392.30 21.8882.tJ8 25.6468.62 Ll982.34 4.91589.541.84 2.03l1 . l r J 1 .09536.11 4.23328.95 0.411093.3r) t2.9833.60 1.36122 .16 0 .6117

34.7618 .20

-- 1.9651 .9656.686

11.5149.8734.9tJ50..50

1010l 0 r 0

l0 l0l0r0

1.464-2.220

6.473

"CO C

"(lO C

Kofl

K"clO C

"C"(lOC

KKKKK

OC

"CK

OC

K

coHo 78 . t l I

Calcium carbonate CaCOr 100.09 cCalcium hydroxide Ca(OFl)2 14.10 c

C q H r o

C'lHru

CrHe

CaC2

(laC)

CCoz

Carborr monoxide CO

Carbontetrachloride CCl4

Chlorine Clz

Copper

'Adapted in part frorn D. M. Himrnelblau, Bcsic Principles and Calulations in Chemicul EngineerinrT, 3rd Edition, A fn4, 'Iable E'.1

permission of Prentice-Hall , Inc., F.nglewood Cli f f i , NJ.Adapted by

(continued )

H

H

o'oCD-H

C'o

' l 'able l|.2 (Continued)

'o.o

7,H

C'onrpoundMo l .

Forrnula Wt. Sfate

-lbmp.

Frrrrn Unit a X l 0 r l) X 105

Range( L l n i rs

c X 108 r / X l0r2 of 7 ' )

Cumene.( lsopropy l benzene)

Cvc lohexane

C)yckrpentane

Ethane

Ethyl alcohol(E thano l )

Frthyle ne

Itrr ic oxide

Irorrnaldehydc

Heli turr

r r -Hexane

IJydrogen l lzl l ydrogenbronr ide t l t l rI lydrogen chloricle HCIHydrogen cyanide HCNHydrogen sulf ide I-t2SMagnes iunrch lo r ide MgCl2Magnesium oxide MgOMethane C-'H+

Methy l a lcoho l CHrOH(Methano l )

Methy lcyc lohexane C7FI r4Me thy l cyc lopentane C6I [12Ni t r i c ac id NHO3Ni t r i c ox ide NO

Nitrogen

Nitrogen dioxide

Ni t rogen te t raox ide

Nitrous oxicle

Oxygen

f l -Pentane

Propane

Propy lene

Sodium carbclnate

Sod ium carbonate

decahydra te

Su l fu r

Sulfuric acid

Sulfur dioxide

Su l fu r t r iox ide' lbluene

Water

cIto

sI tD

ssL:

c

I'J

I

sgI

Ia

28.02 s46.01 C92.(\2 g44.02 g32.00 g1 2 . 1 5 I

I44.09 g42.08 S

I 0,5.99 c286 .15 c

32.01 c(Rhombic)

c

(Monoc l in ic )

H2SO4 98.08 I

SOz 64.01 Sso:r u0.07 sczHr 92 .13 I

g

H2O i l J .016 I

c

"c 91.140 4t).62"C 13.39 39.2ti"c 49.31 t3.92' C 1 0 3 . 1uc 158 .u"ct 61.34 t5.12"c +40.7.5 | L41K 103 .4 6 .1 | |

oc 34.28 4.268oc 20.8'ct 216.3"(,' t31.44 40.8.5"c 2ti.t i4 0.00765"c 29.10 -0.0221o(__' 29.13 -0. l34loc 35.3 2.90uoc 33 .51 1 .541K 12.4 1.-5oK 45.44 0.5(X)tt

"c 34.31 5.469K 19.81 5.021

"ci 15.86 t 6.ti3"c 42.93 rJ.301"C 121.3 56.53'C 98.83 45.tJ.57"c t I10 .0"c 29.50 0.81u8

(_',)l-l lr

c_'6I I r2c5Hro(-'2H6

c2 l15oF l

C'zH.rFe2()3,CFI2OlleC '61 I1a

1 2 0 . I 9

u ,1 . I61 0 . t 330.0746.01

2u.05l-59.7030.034.(X)

u 6 . l 7

2 .01680.9236.4121.0334.08L)5.23

40.3216.0-1

32.04

9t3. r884.1663.0230 .01

t20..5

80.6368.661.280

19.83\1.66

--rJ.69.1

57.660.u6984.8.5tJ

-4.335

-3.292

- 11 . ( x )__ I 1.00

-rJ.03100.883.u 1

0.3652

0 t2 (x )

0- 1 2000 l2(x)0 t200(l

I (X)

0- I 2000 ,120( )

213-t0910- 1 2000 t 2(x)

20 l (x)0 l2(x)0- 15000- l2(x)0 - 1 2 0 00- I 2000- t5(x)

213 991213 -2073

0 t200213-t5(X\

0-6-50 -700

0-1 2000-1200

250-3.s00

cI t

I

I

cg

c

OC\ t39.2 53.16 39.19

- 3 1 . 9 0-25.54

.5 .816

-8.149- 6 .u91

- 1 1 . 1 2 x I 0 r { r0.(x)(x)

- 2',3.920.32tiu0.9iJu70.9715

- 1.0920 .3012

-9.132 x 10100..1661t.268

- 1 . 8 7-31.12- 30.44

-0.2925

!*" *

N2

NozN2Ol

N2O

o2

ClsHrz

C r H o

C:Ho

NazCO.r

Na2ClO3. l0 t I2c )

S

oc 29.00 0.2199"c 36.01 3.9,1oc 15.1 12.5"c] 37 .66 4.1-51'C 29 .10 l . l 5 rJ"c r 55.4 43.68"c I t4.8 34.09oc 68.032 22.59o( ' 59 .5u0 l1 .11K I 2 TK 53.5.6

K 15.2 2.68

K 18 .3 1 .84

oc 139 .1 15 .59'c 38.91 3.904oc 4i t .50 9. l8r l"c 148.u 32.4'C 94 .18 38 .00"c 15.4"ct 33.46 0.6tt80

-2.8't1 0-150t)1 .81 0 l2(X)

0-30010.57 0-1200I .3 I I 0- 1.5(X)

0--1642.26 0-12(X)3t .11 0-12(X)24.60 0-1200

288 -37 I298

273,368

368,392

1 0-45tJ.606 0-l-5u)

'32.40 0- 10000 - 1 l 0

80.33 0-12000-1(x)

3.593 0- 1500

0.51232.titJ

I t . - 1

-2.694

0.6076

- t t i .9e- l 3 . l l

' t0 . t ]

* 3 .1 04- rJ.54i)

-21.86

o.1604 Fn

E

n

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.lo'CD

C ' :

r E gL,J X

PDa

Fl

FnCD

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S U F F O \ O \ O N O \ O \ @ - l A

@ oo co --l -J o\ o\ o\ (/r (n (/r (/r 5 .F. 5 ,,F u) u) uJ (}) u) N) tJp!n - :r P :o 9 !.r :o I 9) I po s^P P 90 9F le I }o )r- l 5 t . t J ( } ) O , + @ ( / r ( / r ( / r - - l + ( / r P - - . 1 U r 5 j : ( / r - t l O U )\ O t J U I H O \ \ O O \ O C o P O o { O E P \ { ) @ - I - l O \ 5 P !

O 5 fJ \O -.1 O\ 5 -l f- P (,l (^ 5

\.o @ @ -l -] --l O\ O\ (Jl (-rr (/l Lrr {: 5 S 5 U) UJ (}) UJ (}) NJ t-)P ! ^ i : - t P 9 9 ! " ) o 9 9 D i 9 o 9 , ! , J i 9 0 9 f P 9 y e : lN ) @ O \ O \ { O l . / l t s \ O O o @ O U ) { ( } J O @ O \ O \ - J \ O H U rA ( / r A O + : ( n F U ) C ) t s r O \ 5 O \ \ O L ^ t Q O C a O \ 5 t i @ U J

\l @ | \O Ur U) ts UJ ! -l (}) F U\

\ O @ @ \ t ! ! O \ O \ O \ U r ( r ( / r J : 5 5 S U r ( } ) ( } ) ( } ) ( J J t ! l \ )O O \ u @ 5 O C r \ U l C ) ! + . P @ O \ ( / ) + C o O \ 5 N ) F J \ O {

o. i.J b b ts i bo +- i..r i- p L, b\ b G i..r b bo bo i,o L i.,.> b.\.o CO Lrr O u + O\ O\ N) P t/r tJ u (J| \O (,l P \O CN UJ C> (i \.o

O \ U ) - l O ( . . r + @ P E A N ) S O \

\O @ @ -J ! -.1 O\ O. O' (/r (/r (/l A +. J: J: UJ ()J U) UJ UJ IQ tJi 9 P 9 0 f P J 9 ' r P : f : 9 a 9 ! D i p ) - r ! ^ 9 . ' i y o ) lF ! J : J : ( , , l - - l t . J \ l U r + : J : O \ C , U ) @ J : U O O H t . J L / r @+ r F O \ O O = J F \ O f t s + > O \ O O U ) c | o U J \ O o | \ u c o f . . ) ( ^

O\ O P fJ O' O -l \O NJ lJ + Ur @

\ O @ @ - . 1 - - J - ] O \ O \ O \ ( ^ ( 2 ( / r F { : + - F O ) U J O ) O ) U J t 9 ui ) r l . J 9 0 f - J l P ) r f : y c 9 f i y r : r ! ^ s a - ) c 9 0( / r t s O O c / ) q ) ? ( / r F @ - l - l C O + U r O - ' - l 5 U ) t . J ( } ) S O \ O\ O 5 - J O @ E O \ t J O \ l J ( } ) - l ( , | | ( ^ - l P L T T O O , P O \ \ O N )

- J \ O - t o | 1 C a O - J O O F t . J F - l F

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O O A P O N) -l Oo N) U) tJ C) (n

\ O @ - - l O \ U r . { : U I N F C )

t : 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 J : 5\ O @ - l C ( / r 5 ( J J u t s O

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O r U r ( ^ 5 5F i t i c o \O o O \ { \ O + :\ l O \ C C o {

F U J I J t s C )

io i...i U, bo i..rO O U ) F 5 O- J P @ + \ \ O

b L.l ur vc i..lO \ O @ P - Jt / r ( / r @ O !

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F L,J O\ i,O i,

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I ! I J I J t s t s( r F O \ O O O O \ U r 5 5 U J

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N) TJ I'JP i 9 9 0 : r 9 ! ^ J ' 9 r ! ag \ U J O @ - . 1 O \ O \ - l @ \ O{ - u { C o ( ^ O o - - J - O t - a@ + . O C ) U ) ( / l O ) U r \ O ( ) J

t J I J t J p FfJ ts C) Ca -] O' Ur J: U) OJ! L ; i o o c i i b o b o t >@ U r r O . O O O O { O \ O ( } r(, UJ U) f,. UJ \O tJ \O OC !

-l -J O\ O\ O\ O\ (/r (/r (/r (Jru ) o o o u r u J t s o o o \ 5 t J

P ) r N : r ! D 9 9 0 9 9 9 't-J t.J c) o\ \o \o o\ \o c) -.1J : - l - l t J C O O \ O L ^ O ,

{ ! O\ Or O\ O\ L.r Ur (/r (nU J O @ O \ U ) t s \ O O \ A Ny , : o f 9 9 9 r P p 9 0 ) l@ @ U r O N ) t s @ P t s !@ ( , J ( n U J . 5 - l O t J - O \

--.1 -] O\ O\ O\ O\ Ur (Jl La (nU ) P O O O \ U J F \ O - ] U r N9 0 ! . r : - t N 9 0 ! ^ ! D f P pU r J : O J : U r S O I J P - JU I O S ( ^ \ O 5 O O \ C o - l

- l ! O \ O \ O \ O \ ( r L n L h ( . , lS P O O O \ 5 P \ O ! t ^ U )P F \ O { ' O - l L n U J I . J +; i.o u, b. io --r i- -r- ir -rO o O o A @ D - N ) t s O O \ C o

\I -J O\ O\ O\ O\ (/r Ln (,.l Q.rA + \ O O \ E N J \ O - ] ( j U J

9 ) J ! \ ) : J ! ^ : ) P > ) g n f ! , )@ L / T O U J U ) O J : U r U J C ot n O \ ( A + O t s ( } ) L r r L h O

! { O \ O \ O \ ( } \ ( I L , l ( / r ( , l+^ t9 \O o|\ +- f.l \O -J Ur UJ9 P f : 3 9 , ! . J ) o : r 9 ! ^( / r F ( / r ! O \ ( } ) O \ ! 5 O Of . . ) ( / r ! ( / r . - | P O \ + A t J

ff

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P O \ O O o - l O \ q S ( } ) N ) F O

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(.J t!O\ (,|

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UJ (lJ (;) U) (lJ (l) Ui UJ UJ UJ t'J t J t\)\o @ -l o\ (rl .F u) t! ts o \o @ \)

U r l { : + : 5 ( , l ! U J U ) ( } ) ( } J T J N )

P y 3 J } , . ! . r p J ! ^ P - P 9 0 9A O \ O L r r t s @ - r O \ O \ @ O ( , !+" \O O\ O, -] \O N) O\ \O tJ 5 $. U)f.J tJ -l U) (I @ \O UJ (Jr J: U) \O \.o

Ur {: 5 5 S .l: UJ (}) U) ()J U) N) t\)P p : r f P 9 : r ! ^ P ! ' J P 9 0 9! \ O U J @ F F \ O O O @ O N U I @I J O \ I J O O f J S O \ @ O t s t s \ O(Jr + A @ \O F [. U\ OO -.1 ! g \]

(J (^ .F A {: J: (}) UJ U] (}) U) NJ I.JP 9 : r S ^ ! J 9 9 0 9 f P P 9 0 : JO I . J U T Q O \ U J P Q c ) t s U ) O \ c >O U) Oo L/I -F ,F Ur O\ OO \O \O @ t,'l\ O + t J + ' A A U \ @ N ) t s t Q O ( ^

@ Oo -l \] --.1 O\ O\ O\ Qn (Jr@ u J \ o ( ^ + c o + . + c o u l

b ! b . o . b o i ! b o t u , L r L ,t . J - O U r @ O \ C ) O E l . )

5

@ @ @ ! ! O r O \ O \ ( / r ( / r9 0 f 9 9 N 9 0 9 , i 9 0 y ,+ - P O O f J O \ - C O O r O rO ' U J O $ . L h + I N U t P

o ( ) @ O o \ . 1 - l O \ O \ O \ ( ^ ( n9 0 J : P 9 l . J 9 0 y ' P 9 . y ,. O ( / r l - J - O . \ C l - # \ O \ OO O \ t s U ) N J - ] O o 5 O \ P

tJ t . )9 , f

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t9 t\)9t :It

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@ . { : s \ o\ ; b b o

o \ t J

J : O J T \ ) t sa , o N ) t s U ))-l )'r | 9_ V J t s U

--l Oo

( , l u J t J P

9 r P S )P O \ ] O \

- J - l O \ O ' O \ O \ O \ U r U r ( ,A t ! \ O - l 5 N ) C > - l U r U J\ O l J - l f . ) c D l : + \ O c D - li- --r i- i. b b. bo oo ir, cpO ( J r O O ( , l + \ O - I U J O \

\t ! O\ O\ O\ O\ O\ L/r 'Jr L/rLft t. \.o -] (/r N) O @ O\ UJt s q \ . O . | : O O \ + . l J O \ Obo i-" o. ol L lcl l- b b\ io

Oo -1 { -l -J O\ O\ O\ O\ (, t/r (/lP @ (^ tJ O -J Ur N) C) Co O\ AP P | : r ! \ J - - t ! . J y c 9 | P -tJ O Ut \.o F ts Oo t\-,) ()) u -l \OF O @ O O - l N l J A O o N ) ( J r C ^

Oo -l -l -l -l O\ C}\ o|\ o.\ L^ Lrt Ut s @ ( , , l ( r O ! L / r U J O @ ( } , A( / J 5 { O A \ O U r F @ O \ S A

b i ir t^ i b, i..r tr, b, i bo b@ O O \ O - P \ . o N ) - ] 5 l f - l O

E

q

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H

o-

q

bo


Table B.5 and Table B.6: Saturated Steam Tables

Compilations of physical properties of liquid water, saturated steam, and superheated steam issued in steam tables have been standard references for engineers dealing with steam. The following properties of saturated liquid water and steam can be determined for each tabulated T (and for intermediate temperatures by interpolation).

Column 2: The pressure corresponding to the given temperature on the vapour-liquid equilibrium curve, the vapour pressure of water at the given temperature.

Column 3 and 4: The specific volume of liquid water and saturated steam at the given temperature. The inverses are the densities.

Column 5 and 6 The specific internal energy of saturated liquid and saturated steam at the given temperature relative to a reference state of liquid water at the triple point.

Column 7 to 9: The specific enthalpies of saturated liquid (C7) and saturated steam (C9) and the difference between these quantities, known as the heat of vaporisation (C8). The reference point for the values is liquid water at triple point.

Table B.7: Superheated Steam Tables

� List V , U and H of water at any temperature and pressure, not just at points on the vapour-liquid equilibrium curve.

� The T below the P in Column 1 is the boiling point.

� If the properties fall within the closed region, the water is a liquid; outside it is a superheated vapour.

� If you are at a point in the superheated steam region, you can move all the way to the left to determine the saturation T at the same P, or the dew point of the superheated steam.

33334 +S833 AS€eRFRF 3 3 F F S S S S S S R K F S S R

C.) O\ cO @ ca CO cO Od Ca oO a{ r= N r d r *c1 c! C,l i -r O C O.\ O, cO co (-- F rO ,o in v-r!e !e cl co c. ce ra ct N N N N i.l c.r c.r cr orc . l c . l c \ l N N c . l 6 l c . . l c \ c . r N N c - i N N N c . l

4)

C'

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q N :f A O N W F- O' + ..) \O 6'' - a. 1.- O.\q \ r: \ \ oo 0o co @ a o. o, o\ o o b o;q n lt 1 n \t :t J <- d .i- v + r, vr rh v^:n r 6 l o J c . l ^ l c \ c n ^ l c \ N N N a . J N N c . l N

q n oq q n og c.l \? a :t q ci F- *\o o *

8 6 4 = R g ? ; 3 € S 3 3 s = e Rr\] .q c.).a rQ co ce co co cq ro cq ca l- v $ +

S€RS$ HESNH gRDHR€E,r; -t + c.i r.; c.; c.i c.i ai 6i oi c.i oi .j .j .j .j

a t a \ Q 0 o o , c ) N c a d \ o t - . - o \ o a l 3 v - )N N N N c\ (...l co ca (n co 6 i6 m + * + +A A A . - '_ . _ . _ . _ . 3

r:r - d d d d - d rt d .r d ri rt * n n

- - E E a B E E E : i d 8 8 8 8 t 8o o o c j d c j d o o c i d d d d d - -

565? r3 F3n=3 =ESERHFI:l c! \o Q rl t- d rr) o -t o \n -c Fr $ # coc l c 1 . 1 1 n n ' Q ' a \ q \ q r - . F _ c o c o o r o d

a A - : ^ i - i , - { , - i . ^ :. J J J U 9 9 ! ' ! '

\ , q c . . ! q \ q . . 1 q \ q - l q r e c \ ! c e r . r i * \ , + O \ o c l c o - : i o \ r ) # \ o N538: : eR\ f i l f r= i !38,EFi lFE XSE€s Nsess 8 : :eRRRKKK KKKKK KKKKKK KTKKK KKKKK KKKFF FRRFR

- ? = 1 f * ? l c l v l e q . l g q n ^ l 1 r : q c . . ! . + t - - o \ d . . r n F - o \

FESDA \8qQA SSlA?q 855 : ; €SF8D DFs€€ n i l s+nnxxxs xxxxx xxxxxx sxxrx =xnKrKt KRnxx nnnRn

R S * P K 3 $ S 3 S t H S 3 3 8 8

l 6; ; t qrv l a\ |! l. : - l 6'\.) | :

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?* :Ks $8nGp ssEg85 KS$3A c rsss 8 IF i i l ;EGS;* * d i * + * d d H * d * c . . t N N N a . i N o i N d ] i \ F i

u ? l n A \ q n - e q n Q o Q r r ) o \ c . . l Q a : = r d c o r n c . l o \ \ o c ' ) o \ \ o

F f E S E g H e 5 8 E 3 3 3 = y * i ' i c ' i - ' r r : C c ' i. . . . ) . . ) . - ) . . (e cn (o g € g iq ? 5 n ; = i l i s I U f i f r = ! 5 ? 6 ; \o o \d 1 ' r -o r . ,c ,c . i ^ i i . . i . . iax x : :xs i =EI i I = I55= i i lSR 5:X$S

O tt cO (.l \O O =+ ca i r^ O\ o.t \O @ O\ .l \ O -t t-. * :t cO 6l (e q C.! t\ O =j_ 69 i,ra 6l\ N \O

EtgKR q3 f r cR EssSES nJ+ i t f , uF=q i - q i ; - ; + { , : od \ " i. ) i _ j j - _ . j . _ r : ! r = . 3 R R S F l R X K K F S K

] rT€5Kc . r q r . , c o o = r o o o , n i o q , a q l e \ q , q \ q q \ c i A g B E R S S B f A - - = j - o \ < i.o c . F- F- - ; \d r . i n i r . i rA x - - i ,^ . : _- . : . , 'H : 3 : I H B D R € l ; ; S + + 3 S R S X S 3 : : 3 : S = i = . i o d r - F - . c ; - i , . i

? = = ? = a ? = = = s A : r t : 4 S S S S E s A a : = l ! 1 3 9 t = 9 R N- 5 5 5 5 5 . d 5 E E E E E 8 8 E 8 8 8 3 8 8 o - c c - a - c c 3 c o -5 3 3 8 8 = = E = = = = = n n : J i ; = : = r ; ! q l - E , + i H * ' - _ H d d dE - - E E s E E E - j E 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 = ? R a = P R " R Q p a a e e od d c i d d - - - - - - = - = = = : : = : : : : : : = = = = 3 = 3 3 : 3 3- Y-) ca tr) c.:l tr- * tr- t- cl! - J . ^ N r ^ A

EEEe= 3=3=E BSEEEb S5rds sEES: iEEeE B*n€Ed d cj d - - - - - - - - = ; = : : : = : : 3 E - ci c; d ci ci d i = : : : S

o c ' r . t - - 3 s : s = R S r x K R K 3 g 3 3 n ? q l s 5 s 3 f i f r 3 n 3 s € € €

a lo l6 l

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I

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l 'able 8.6 Properties of Saturatccl Steam: pressure lhble,

.o

XFN

V(m3/kg) u(kJ/kg) r?(kJ/ks)P(bar) 7 ' ("C) Water Steam Water Steanr Water Evaporation Stearn0.006110.(x)8

0 . 0 I 00 .0 l20 . 0 l 40 .0160.0l t i

0.0200.022tJ.0240.0260.02ti

0.0300.03.50.0400.0450.050

0.0600.0700.0ri00.0900 . 1 0

0 . 1 10 . 1 20. l30 . 1 4

0.0 r-1.8

1 .09.1

12.01.1.01 5 . 9

r7 .519 .020.42 1 . 123.0

24 .126.729.03 f . i )32.9

36.239.041.-543.ti4.s.8

41.149.45 1 . 152.6

0.00l0(x)0.00100()0.(x) I (xx)0.001(u)0.(x) 10000.(x) I00I0 .001001

0.001001,0.0010020.0010020.001(x)20.(n 10020.001(n30.0010030.0010040.00100-50.(x) 100.50.001(x)60.(x)10070.(x)1(x)80.001(x)90 . ( x )10100.(x)t0 i l0.00 I 0l 20. (x)10130.00 t 0l 3

206.2l5().1

129.2lOfJ.7L)3.r)

82.rJ14.0

61.06 t . 2-56.452.348.7

45.139.-534.u3 r . l28.2

23.7420.53I u . l 016,2014.61

13.4212.36| . 4 1I0 .69

7.ero

l5 . r i

29.340.6-50.3s8.966.5

13 .519.81J5.79 1 . 196.2

1 0 1 . 0l t l . tJ12 t .4130.0137.8

1 5 t . 5163.4173.91u3.3l 91 . f J

199.1206.9213.1220.0

2315.62380.1

2385.223ri8.9231)2.02394.82391.4

2399.62401.12403.62105.42401.1

2408.62412 .22415.32118.12420.6

2425.12428.1)2432.32435.32438.0

2440.52442.82445.02441.0

+0.t )l 5 . u

29.340.650.3-5u.966.-5

13.579.885.19 1 . 196.2

1 0 1 . 0I I l . ut 2 1 . 4130.0137 .8

1 5 1 . 5t63.41'73.9I u3.3i9 l . tJ

l()(.).7206.9213.1220.0

2s01 .62492.6

248s.02418.12413.22168.42464.1

2460.22156.62453.32150.22441.3

2444.62438.52433.12428.22423.8

2416 .02409.22103.2239't.92392.9

23lJti.42384.32380.42376.1

2501.62,50U.5

2514.42s19.32523.s2527.32530.6

2533.62536.(?539.0z \ + t . t2543.6

2545.62550.12554.52s58.22561.6

2567.52512.62517 .12 .58 t .12584.u

2588. r2591.22594.02596.7

0 . 1 50 . 1 60 .170 . l 80 . r9

0.2t)0.220.240.260.2ti

0.300 .350.400.450.50

0.-5.50.6t)0.650.700.15

0.iiO0.850.900.951.001 .01325

(1 atm)

-54.055 .356.657.859.0

60 .1o z . z

64.165.961.5

69. l12.115.918.18 1 . 3

83.186.0tJtJ.090.09 1 . 8

93.595.296.798.299.6

100.0

0 .0010140.001 0l -50 .0010r 50.0010r 60.001017

0 . (n10170 .0010 L80 .0010190.0010200.001021

0.00t0220.00102.50.0010270.(x) l02u0.(n1030

0.0010320.(n10330.0010350.0010360.001037

0.0010390.0010400.0010,110.0010420.00 r 0430.001044

I0.029.13u .9 I8.458.03

1.657.006.4-55.grJ5.5t1

5.2-\4.533.993.583.24

2.96L . I . )

2 .532.362.22

2.081r.972l.rJ69r.1711.694t.613

226.023r .6236.9242.0246.8

251.5260 .1268.2215.6282.1

289.3304.3311.6329.6340.-5

350.6359.936U..5316.1384.4

3 9 1 . 6398.540-5.14It.44 r1 .4419.0

2448.92450.62452.32453.92455.4

2456.92459.62462.12464.42466.5

2468.62413 .12411.12480.72484.0

2486.92489.72492.22494.52496.1

2498.82500.82502.62504.42506.12506.5

226.0231.6236.9242.0216.8

2 5 r . 5260.1268.2215.1282.1

289.3304.3311.1329.6340.6

350.6359.936ri.6316.83rJ4.5

39r.739ti.6405.24 t 1.-5477.5419.1

zJ | ) .-1-

2370.02366.92363.9z J o l . l

2358.12353.32348.6L ) 4 + . L

2310.0

2336.12321.22 3 t 9 . 223 t2 .02305.1

2299.32293.62288.32283.32218.6

2274.12269.82265.62261.72251.92256.9

2599.22601.62603.fJ2605.r)2607.9

2609.92 6 t 3 . 52616.82619.92622.1

2625.4263r .52636.92641.12646.0

2649.92653.62656.92660.12663.t|

2665.82668.42610.92673.22675.42676.0

'Frorn R. W. Haywood, ThentutdynarnicThbles in SI (Metri t ' ) Uri irr ; Cambridge University Press, London, 196u. y = spcci l ic volume, 0 : specif icintcrrral energy, and f? : spcci l ic enthalpy. Note; kJlkgx 0 4303 : Btu/Ib,, , .

(continued )

H

H-!oFl

no-o@

A

Tab le 8 .6 ( ( lon t inued) (D

xf-rlt(m3/ks) _ U(kJ/kg) t(kJ/kg)

P(bar) 7'('C) Water Stearn Water Steam Water Evaporation Steam

t . 11 at - L

1 . J

t . 4

1.-5t . 6t .11 . 81 . 9

2.0'2.2

2.4z.o2.8

3.03.23.13.63.8

4.0A 1

4.44.6,1. lJ

-5.05 .56.06.51.0

102.3l04.tt107 .1109 .3

l l t . 41 1 3 . 3115.2I t 6 . 9I I rJ.6

120.2123.3126.1t28.1131.2

133 .5135 .8131.9139 .9r 4 1 . 8

t43.6t45.4141.1148.11-50.3

1 5 1 . 815-5..51-58.u162.016.5.0

1 . ,519t .428t .3251 .216

I . 1 5 9I .09 I1 . 0 3 10.91'70.92e

0.88-5u.ri l00.7.160.6930.646

0.6060.5700.5380 . -5100.4u.5

0.4620.4420.4230.4050.389

0.3750.3420 . 3 1 50.2920.213

428.7439.2449.1458.3

461.0415.24tJ3.0490.5491.6

504.55 t 1 . 4529.4540.6-5.51 . I

5 6 1 . 1570.6519.6-588.1596.4

604.26 l 1 . 86 1 9 . I626.2633.0

639.6655.2669.8683.4696.3

2509.22 5 1 2 . 12511.125 t1 .2

2 5 t 9 . 52 5 2 1 . 12523.12525.62527.5

2529.22532.42535.42.53rJ.12540.6

2543.02545.22547.22549.22 .551 .0

2552.1t < < , t /

'2555.9

2551.425.58.8

2560.22563.32566.22s68.1251 t . l

42tJ.8139.4449.2458.4

461.)115.4483.249tJ.1497.8

504.1517.6529.6.540.9551 .4

-561.45'ttJ.957().9588.5.596.8

604.76 t2 .3619 .6626.1633.-5

640. I6-55.u670.4684.1691.1

2250.82244.12237.8223t .9

2226.22220.922t5.12210.82206.1220t .62193.02t84.92n1.32110 .1

2163.22t56.12150.42t44.42138.6

2133.02121.52122.32 t r1 .22112.22t01.4209s.9208.5.02011.12064.9

2619.62683.42681.02690.3

2693.42696.22699.1)270 t .52104.0

2706.32110.627 t4.52118.2212 t .5

2124.72121.62730.32132.9'2135.3

2131.62739.82141 .92143.92145.1

2741.52151.12155.52758.92162.0

(.).001046

0.0010480.(n1049(.) .00105l

0.()(n0530.0010-550.001()560.00105u0.001059

0.00106 r0.(n10640.0010660.00l0690.001071

0.0010740.()()l0760.()()107ri0.0010800.001082

0.0010810.()()10860.00l0ntt0.001(xl90.001091

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O \ O \ O c O o Oo c l c o n c oJ a ] o o o \ oi l c l c q c o t* # ! + *

- O ra \O cO a.l O\ O\ CO (\l tn if, C) rr C Ca Cr),.o @ o. * rr) o\ r/) (o c.l N -j- oo (a o\ oo coco ! o\ oo '.o :j- co c] * c) o\ @ @ F- t-- tr--

I * .\l co tt r^ \o tr- t-- co o\ 3 = :

t O \O N cO O\ N cf) O\ O\ O tn rq ca O C.J \O3\ O (o O c...l O\ O\ CJ O\ O\ * \O ca Cn N CAaO a.l * + : : al t tn F O (..l tn oO i -j-

I - c.l ca t r \o F-- oo o i N co rr) \o

+ * - + + +

\ o o r n o \ aF - t r ) ( . . l O F -O d N c e c n* - * * d

c o o c o N {tr- 0O oO O c.lN C o O F - t ad c.l c.l a-l :l+ i l * ; *

O O \ O * * t 6@ c . ) O \ r a #o \ c o \ o ' a td c . l c o t r ^* * : * +

o.l c \o Fr .aO \ O # c O \ O. o ( - l o c o \ oF r C \ l a i r O $* * * * +

-r

r]O

-(-)

o

r/) N o\ co co t- r/-) clq n \ q a \ 1 ( . 1 QO \ c O t - - N \ O - \ O +i l ( a c a t l r r ) r n \ o

\ o ' f o a - ) t @ o \ . : tn q \ q n - q o q et t - N c O t O t n F i t - -ao'+ <f ra, \O \O l ' - l --

a a o , i l - _ t r _ o r n -- 1 q 1 . Q - { q ' lJ a - O t F - d . 1 - c ocl c] .o ca ca -+ -+ -+

t r ) C a ' f O \ c r , ( \ O No q q q - n \ q q ( . 1C l | r ) O \ C . l \ a c O * l r )o] c\l o] ca .a .a J J

\ ^ 4 1 6 6 \ _ N ! r -

e - , t q - i q n Qc q t t - o c a F - o i - 0 , oc . l c J a a r o r a J t : t

v-r O\ t-- t-- O cO F- t--. ! e n q F : c l c ? \t r ) 0 O N \ O C \ C i t t - Oo.l a.l cq co ao -$ =j- t-

O \ O \ o r - t 1 - c t \ r )# J O O c a O a c a o o : J -+ S i + S - i + o do l c \ l . a c a . o = r t J

€ o \ c t i N l r ) ! + l ni Fi Fl Fl Fr !-i

t O - J r + f - c a d F c . lo g q ' Q q ' a . _ . l q q qO O . 1 \ O 5 . . ) t ' - O i '

| * i + N c . l

N O 1 3 m c o r n t r a 0 oq q q q , a c l c l ' n o q^ - ^ l l . - ' n - s +

| + ! c ' ) a ' l a o

ca O O\ \.o [-- tn CO F- C!\ q - - - c ! . 1 , n c qo o . l r a @ # - t r - - o

| - = : c . t

C . l O ' . O \ O \ O O . C q d -\ q - q q e c q P . ?< ) O c l r r ) t r - O c e \ O O \| - - - *

CO O Oj c.) (..l In J O, O\F - O - * : i c , l f . ) r r io

l - + + a l

c o c : t d r - o j c . ) - \ or - O C l . a - f r - O J o Oo o ^ ! , ; o d _ i , r ; c o . i

l + * * r l

C n O O \ t a t - - = t t s - r r ) O\ q - - - c - . l . f i c 9o o c - ) r n o o d t | : . - o

I * * * a l

c;E

-(-)

-O

c\l C O O\ 3 \O .1- O .i| tr) r/) Ci l-- O\ d O\ \O+ , , o r i \ o a - o \ c . l 1 4 o \ " i - o \ o c o N o cco # co r.) ai o\ (-- :l i c\ F- t c..l o co \o

| + a'l cl .a -t r) In \O r-- cO o\ o\ OI

c o o\ co o\ ii t/) + o. : \r) (.) r) - F \c) In* r^ :t ci fO N N * C\] C,l ca =|- \O @O cAc a i @ r r ) c . . l O \ \ O c i O F - t : @ t ^ C O O

I il N ..:l co :t- In r.) \O tr- lr- - - ?

I T

t--t--

l l

F:

-- ! ;

E i lA ;

m f t

. :F -

E

O

-0)

0)

OJ

r F )

!0,)

c-)a

o, ? ^

! b n

, , q )

3 H '6 n

.i :.?

d i <

U6l

t l

N

dE

o r l

J j \- , ;,'ts ;(f

,1j

r0)O

d: l

O'

;a

c-d

(n

uo.

a

€

I

7.

E

z

a)

k

4

cl c o t-- co In \o 3 m o o\ r/) o\ ri c\l o\ nri \o ra rn \o fr- o, ; In 0o ao o. rn cl o\ 0oc a - @ r . ) ( . . l O \ \ . o t * @ . O C Q + C \ O $

| - c.l c.l .o =f rr rn \o lr- co co o\ o

I

Ir) O.(.. l tr) C.l C! '<f oO Cn @ (. ' l h \O v) d t N- \O t - - O '1 - c r ' h .a i * d N - t t - - O \ i -ca * oo \o co o co \o + a.J o co \o'$ ci -

| " c''l ci .a -l- \rl \o t\ t"' cc -

= =

(-.l O C oO cO tn cO O\ i (.l O'r) O, O O t-- O* \O \n\O f- O\ d ra O\' i - O\ rn Ca * (} i O\.O * cO In (\l O.\ F- t 3 O\ \O :t N O tr- |r)

I i C.l (\ cO <l r.) t.) \O F- CO O\ O\ O4

^ T R A

Ft (\l co d rn \o r- € o\ c) r-l al lQ t tf)ri rr Fi Fl Fl Fi

X

!d

0)

o.

Nro

\ O t - € O \ OFl Fi Fi Fl Fl

^ I A A

t-l (\l ?") t In \o r-


Appendix C – Formula Sheet 1/10

Natural and Derived Force Unit

System Natural Force Unit Derived Force Unit

SI kg⋅m/s2 Newton (N)

1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2

CGS g⋅cm/s2 dyne

1 dyne = 1 g⋅cm/s2

American Engineering lbm⋅ft/s2

pound-force (lbf) 1 lbf = 32.174 lbmft/s2

Weight, mgW =

where g = 9.8066 m/s2 = 980.66 cm/s2 = 32.174 ft/s2 (at sea level and 45° latitude)

Specific gravity, refρρ=SG

The reference most commonly used for solids and liquids is water at 4°C.

ρH2O(l)(4°C) = 1.000 g/cm3 = 1000. kg/m3 = 62.43 lbm/ft3

Density, Vm

volumemass ==ρ Specific volume,

mV

V ==ρ1ˆ

Mass fraction, masstotal

component ofmass ixi = Mole fraction,

molestotalcomponent ofmoles i

yi =

Average molecular weight,

�=++=i

i

Mx

Mx

Mx

M...

1

2

2

1

1

Average molecular weight, �=++= ii MyMyMyM ...2211

Mass concentrationmixture of volume

component of mass= Molar concentrationmixture of volume

component of moles=

Molarity (M)litrein solution of volumemol-gin solute of moles=

Hydrostatic pressure, ghPP o ρ+= Hydrostatic head, Ph : gPP fluidhρ=

Absolute pressure, Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric



Temperature conversion, T (K) = T (°C) + 273.15

T (°F) = 1.8T (°C) + 32

T (°R) = T (°F) + 459.67

T (°R) = 1.8T (K)

Temperature interval conversion, K 1C1

, R1F1

, K 1

R1.8 ,

C1F1.8 °

°°°

°°

General balance equation: Input + generation - output - consumption = accumulation

Degree-of-freedom, ndf = (number of unknowns) – (number of independent equations)

The stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction states the relative number of moles of reactants and products that participate in the reaction. The numbers that precede each species in a stoichiometric equation are the stoichiometric coefficients of the components, vi. It is negative for reactants and positive for products. The stoichiometric ratio of two molecular species in a reaction is the ratio of their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced reaction equation. Two reactants, A and B, are said to be present in stoichiometric proportion if

=present B molespresentA moles

stoichiometric ratio

Limiting reactant is the reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion. Excess reactant is the reactant present in excess (more than its stoichiometric proportion).

Fractional excess of A stoichA

stoichAfeedA

n

nn

)(

)()( −=

Fractional conversion,fed moles

reacted moles =f



Extent of reaction, ξ , is an extensive quantity describing the progress of a chemical reaction. ξiii vnn += 0 (batch process)

ξ�� iii vnn += 0 (continuous process)

�+=j

jijii vnn ξ0 (multiple reactions)

where ni = moles of species i at certain time

ni0 = moles of species i in the beginning

vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i

ξ = extent of reaction (same unit as n)

Yield =

Yield =

Yield =

Selectivity =

Overall conversion, feedfresh

A

AOA n

f_process input toreactant

process fromoutput reactant -process input toreactant ξν−==

Single-pass conversion, reactor input toreactant

reactor fromoutput reactant -reactor input toreactant =SPf

recycleA

feedfreshA

Afeedreactor

A

A

nnn +−

=−

=__

ξνξν

Theoretical oxygen is the quantities of O2 needed for complete combustion of all fuel, assuming that all C in the fuel is oxidised to CO2 and all the H2 is oxidised to H2O. Theoretical air is the quantity of air that contains the theoretical oxygen. Excess air is the amount by which the air fed to the reactor exceeds the theoretical air.

Percent excess air %100)(

)()(×

−=

ltheoretica

ltheoreticafed

airmoles

airmolesairmoles

moles of desired product formed moles that would have been formed if there were no side reactions and the limiting reactant had reacted completely

moles of desired product formed moles of reactants feed

moles of desired product formed moles of reactants consumed

moles of desired product formed moles of undesired product formed



Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Molecular Species Balances

If molecular species balances are used to determine unknown stream variables for a reactive process, the balances on reactive species must contain generation and/or consumption terms.

No. unknown labelled variables + No. independent chemical reactions – No. independent molecular species balances – No. other equations relating unknown variables = No. degree of freedom

Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Atomic Species Balances

All balances on atomic species (C, H, O etc.) take the form “input = output”, since atomic species can neither be generated nor consumed in chemical reactions.

No. unknown labelled variables – No. independent atomic species balances – No. molecular balances on independent nonreactive species – No. other equations relating unknown variables . = No. degree of freedom

Degree-of-Freedom Analysis: Extent of Reaction

Another way to determine unknown molar flow rates for a reactive process is to write expressions for each product species flow rate in terms of extents of reaction, ξ .

No. unknown labelled variables + No. independent reactions (1 ξ for each) – No. independent reactive species (1 equation for each species in ξ) – No. independent nonreactive species (1 equation for each) – No. other equations relating unknown variables . = No. degree of freedom

Standard Conditions for Gasses

System Ts Ps Vs ns

SI 273 K 1 atm 0.022415 m3 1 gmol

CGS 273 K 1 atm 22.415 L 1 gmol

American Engineering 492°R 1 atm 359.05 ft3 1 lbmol

Standard specific molar volume, lbmol(STP)ft

359mol

L(STP)4.22

kmol(STP)m

4.22ˆ33

===sV



Ideal gas equation of state: RTnVPnRTPV �� == or

where P = absolute pressure

T = absolute temperature

Ideal gas mixtures: partial pressure, pA: Pypyn

nPp

AAAAA =�==

pure component volume, vA: Vyvyn

nVv

AAAAA =�==

Gibbs phase rule: Degree-of-freedom = 2 + c – Π

where c = number of chemical species

Π = number of phases at equilibrium

Raoult’s Law: partial pressure = vapour pressure

)(* TpPyp iii ==

Relative saturation (relative humidity), %100or * ×=i

irr p

phs

Molal saturation (molal humidity), gas (dry) free- vapourof moles

vapourof molesor =

−=

i

imm pP

phs

Absolute saturation (abs humidity), ( ) gas (dry) free- vapourof mass vapourof mass

or =−

=dryi

iiaa MpP

Mphs

Percentage saturation (percentage humidity), ( ) %100)(

%100or *** ×−−=×=

ii

ii

m

mpp pPp

pPpss

hs

where pi = partial pressure

pi* = vapour pressure

Mi = molecular weight of vapour

Mdry = average molecular weight of vapour-free (dry) gas



Gas-Liquid System for Single Component

� A gas in equilibrium with a liquid must be saturated with the volatile components of that liquid.

� The partial pressure of a vapour at equilibrium in a gas mixture containing a single condensable component cannot exceed the vapour pressure of the pure component at the system temperature.

� A vapour present in a gas less than its saturation amount )]([ * TpPyp iii <= is referred to as a superheated vapour.

� If a gas containing single superheated vapour is cooled at constant pressure, the temperature at which the vapour becomes saturated is referred to as dew point of the gas. )]([ * TpPyp iii ==

� The difference between the temperature and the dew point of a gas is called the degrees of superheat of the gas.

Kinetic energy, 2

21

muEk =

Gravitational potential energy, mgzE p =

Energy balance on open system: spk WQEEH �� −=∆+∆+∆

m

WmQ

UzguP s

�

�

�

�

−=��

��

�−∆+∆+∆+∆ ˆ

2

2

ρ

Mechanical energy balance: m

WFzg

uP s

�

�

−=+∆+∆+∆ ˆ2

2

ρ

where H = enthalpy

Ws = shaft work

m� = mass flow rate

ρ = liquid density

g = gravity acceleration

F = ��

��

�−∆

mQ

U�

�ˆ = friction loss



Energy balance on closed system: WQEEU

WQEEEEUU

pk

pipfkikfif

−=∆+∆+∆

−=−+−+− )()()(

where U = internal energy

Ek = kinetic energy

Ep = gravitational potential energy

Q = heat transferred to the system

W = work done by the system

Changes in pressure at constant temperature (solids and liquids):

0ˆ ≈∆U and PVVPUH ∆≈∆+∆=∆ ˆˆˆˆ

Changes in pressure at constant temperature (ideal gases):

0ˆ ≈∆U and 0ˆ ≈∆H

Heat capacity at constant volume, V

Tv TU

TU

TC ��

��

�

∂∂=

∆∆=

→∆

ˆˆlim)(

0

=∆ 2

1

)(ˆ T

T v dTTCU

Heat capacity at constant pressure, P

Tp TH

TH

TC ��

��

�

∂∂=

∆∆=

→∆

ˆˆlim)(

0

=∆ 2

1

)(ˆ T

T p dTTCH

For liquids and solids: vp CC ≈

For ideal gasses: RCC vp +=

Phase change (solids and liquids): mm HU ˆˆ ∆≈∆

Vaporisation: RTHU vv −∆≈∆ ˆˆ



Enthalpy change of a reaction, ( )

rAA

r nv

PTHH ,

00 ,ˆ∆=∆

),(ˆ00 PTHH r∆=∆ ξ

where ),(ˆ

00 PTH r∆ = heat of reaction at temperature T0 and pressure P0

vA = stoichiometric coefficient of component A

nA,r = moles of A consumed or generated

Internal energy of reaction for a closed system,

��

�

�

��

�

�

−−∆=∆ ��reactantsgaseous

productsgaseous

)(ˆ)(ˆiirr vvRTTHTU

Assumptions: ideal gas, specific volume of liquid and solid are negligible.

Heat of Reaction: Hess’s Law

If the stoichiometric equations for Reaction 1 can be obtained by algebraic operations on stoichiometric equations for reactions 2, 3… then the heat of Reaction 1 can be obtained by performing the same operations on the heats of reaction 2, 3…

Heat of Formation

A formation reaction of a compound is the reaction in which the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they normally occur in nature (e.g. O2 rather than O). The enthalpy change associated with the formation of 1 mole of the compound at a reference T and P (usually 25°C, 1 atm) is the standard heat of formation of the compound, o

fˆ

iH∆ .

Heat of Combustion

The standard heat of combustion of a substance is the heat of the combustion of that substance with oxygen to yield specified products with both reactants and products at 25°C and 1 atm. The given values for standard heats of combustion in Table B.1 are based on the following assumptions: (a) all carbon in the fuel forms CO2(g), (b) all hydrogen forms H2O(l), (c) all sulfur forms SO2(g), and (d) all nitrogen forms N2(g).



Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of formation),

of

reactantsproducts

of

of

o

ˆˆ

ˆˆ

iiii

iiir

HvHv

HvH

∆−∆=

∆=∆

��

�

where o

fˆ

iH∆ = standard heat of formation of species i

vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i

Standard heat of reaction (based on heat of combustion),

oc

productsreactants

oc

oc

o

ˆˆ

ˆˆ

iiii

iiir

HvHv

HvH

∆−∆=

∆−=∆

��

�

where o

cˆ

iH∆ = standard heat of combustion of species i

vi = stoichiometric coefficient of species i If any of the reactants or products are combustion products [CO2, H2O(l), SO2,…], their o

cˆ

iH∆ terms in above equation should be set to zero.

Heat of Reaction Method: preferable when there is a single reaction for which the standard heat of reaction is known. Process Path:



Heat of Formation Method: preferable when there is a single/multiple reactions for which the standard heat of reaction is not readily available. Process Path:

UEMK1113 Formula Sheets

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