UEAtc Technical Guide for the Assessment of Non ...INCERC Institutul National de Cercetari...

UEAtc Technical Guide for the

Assessment of Non-Reinforced, Reinforced

and/or Backed Roof Waterproofing

Systems made of PVC(PVC = Plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride)

GENERAL SECRETARIAT: British Board of Agrément (BBA)P O Box 195, Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, Herts WD25 9BATelephone: 01923 665300 Facsimile: 01923 665301e-mail: [email protected] website: www.bbacerts.co.uk

©2003

M.O.A.T.

No 65 : 2001

December 2001

UNION EUROPÉENNEPOUR L’AGRÉMENT TECHNIQUEDANS LA CONSTRUCTION

EUROPÄISCHE UNIONFÜR DAS AGRÉMENTIM BAUWESEN

EUROPEAN UNIONOFAGRÉMENT

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This document has been prepared jointly by the member institutes of the UEAtc listed below : BBA The British Board of Agrement (Watford) representing the United Kingdom CSTB Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (Paris) representing France DIBT Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (Berlin) representing Germany EMI Plc Epitésügyi Minöségellenörzö Innovaciones/RT (Budapest) representing

Hungary ETA Dansk Selskab for Europoeisk Teknisk Godkendelse of Byggevarer

(Hørsholm) representing Denmark IAB Irish Agrement Board (Dublin) representing Ireland ICITE Instituto Centrale per l'Industrializzazione e la Tecnologia Edilizia (Milan)

representing Italy IETcc Instituto de Ciencas de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (Madrid) representing

Spain INCERC Institutul National de Cercetari -Dezvoltare in Constuctii si Economia

Constructiilor (Bucharest) representing Romania ITB Instytut Techniki Budowlanej (Warsaw) representing Poland LNEC Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (Lisbon) representing Portugal NBI Norges Byggforskningsinstitutt (Oslo) representing Norway SBK Stichting Bouwkwaliteit (Rijswijk) representing the Netherlands SITAC Sventsk Byggodkännande AB (Karlskrona) representing Sweden TZUS Techniky a Zküsebni Üstav Stavebni (Prague) representing Czech Republic UBAtc Union Belge pour l'Agrément Technique dans la Construction (Brussels)

representing Belgium VTT The Technical Research Centre of Finland (Helsinki) representing Finland Each member institute uses this document for the assessment of appropriate products for granting, in its own country, Agrément Certificates recognised by other members. The ICITE/UBAtc acted as rapporteur.

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Contents 0 INTRODUCTION 1 SCOPE 2 IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS

2.1 Identification characteristics of the sheets 2.2 Identification characteristics of the PVC-compound 2.3 Identification characteristics of the reinforcement and/or backing 2.4 Additional layers

3 REQUIREMENTS 3.1 General requirements 3.2 Additional requirements 3.3 Durability requirements

4 TEST METHODS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Identification test methods 4.3 General test methods 4.4 Test methods regarding durability

5 QUALITY CONTROL 5.1 General 5.2 Internal check 5.3 Monitoring by an independent body

6 CONTENT OF THE APPROVAL 6.1 Purpose, defined as a function of 6.2 Description 6.3 Brief description of manufacturing process 6.4 List of controls in the course of manufacture 6.5 Installation 6.6 References

Appendix 1 : BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendix 2 : DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Appendix 3 : CLASSIFICATION Appendix 4 : RULES FOR INSTALLATION ON SITE Appendix 5 : FORMAT FOR INSPECTION BRIEF

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0 INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of 1980s, the UEAtc has published several Directives and Guides for the assessment of roof waterproofing systems. These documents, which were forerunners at European as well as international level, have enabled the free exchange of waterproofing membranes between numerous countries. At the time of the entrance of the Scandinavian countries into UEAtc, a revision of these Directives and Guides should have been considered, since the testing methods applied in these countries are sometimes different; however the revision never took place because of different priorities. Moreover, the enlargement of the EC to include new countries (as Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, etc.) makes these revisions urgent. The publication of the EN and prEN standards of CEN TC 254 seems to be the ideal time to review these documents from the point of view of the testing methods and possible, if necessary, to adapt the corresponding criteria. In the CEN product standards, there are listed only the characteristics to be fulfilled on the basis of the essential requirements with no limit except the manufacture's limiting value or manufacturer's determined value. In UEAtc Guides it is necessary to establish all the characteristics with limits and tolerances and the requirements necessary to be able to assess the fitness for a well known end use and this on the basis of a number of years of experience. The EN and prEN standards were adopted without any modification, but in exceptional cases it was necessary to introduce variation from the standards to fulfil the assessment criteria based onto a long experience of mutual acknowledgement of the necessary requirements. It appears that the CE attestation of conformity is not adapted to assess the fitness for use in waterproofing systems, because in the CE attestation reference is to a single sheet (a product) without any link to the system and/or to the use with other sheets to achieve a waterproofing system. The introduced modifications are considered to be necessary from many points of view; among these it is important to recall mostly : - in a few EN standards the tests are performed in only one direction, while the anisotropy makes it necessary to

verify both directions (machine and cross) - ore, for fulfilling certain requirements it is necessary to specify better where and how the measurements have to

be done. This Guide supersedes the old General Directive and Technical Guides regarding the waterproofing systems and membranes; in particular : - General Directive for the assessment of Roof Waterproofing Systems (January 1983) - Directives for the assessment of Roofing Systems using PVC sheets without reinforcement, loose laid under

heavy protection and not compatible with Bitumen (April 1984) - UEAtc Technical Guide for the approval of reinforced and/or backed roof waterproofing systems made of

plasticised PVC Sheeting incompatible with Bitumen (October 1997) - UEAtc special Technical Guide for the assessment of single layer roof waterproofings (March 1991) The UEAtc Supplementary guide for the assessment of mechanically fastened roof waterproofing (April 1991), is superseded by the EOTA guideline for mechanically fastened waterproofing systems (ETAG 006-2000).

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1 SCOPE The purpose of this Technical Guide is to establish a basis for assessing waterproofing systems using sheets of polyvinyl chloride with plasticiser (plasticised PVC) (*), non-reinforced, reinforced with a fabric or a non-woven fibreglass or synthetic fibre felt and/or backed with a synthetic non-woven material, for use in roofs. The membrane is regarded as �reinforced� if the reinforcement is contained between two layers of PVC and �backed� if it is supported on the underside, e.g. by a synthetic felt. Mechanically fastened roof waterproofing systems (see ETAG 006-2000) are not covered by this Technical Guide. All the characteristics required in this Technical Guide are to be checked on test specimens sampled by an independent institute. This document does not attempt the assessment of the whole roof, but in assessing the waterproofing system account has to be taken of those elements of the roof structure (i.e. the support and the protection) that may affect the performance of the waterproofing system. This document can also be used for assessing non homogeneous systems provided that the inherent problems to do with the physical behaviour of these systems and the problems of compatibility between various family of products and with the base layers in contact with PVC sheets are carefully dealt with. In general there must be no direct contact with these sheets and any products based on tar, asphalt, bitumen and polystyrene based insulation boards. In those cases the approval shall mention the necessary precautions to take e.g. separation layers. For special applications, such as roofgardens, car pardecks, ... additional requirements regarding the fitness for use and installation techniques shall be taken into account by the approval institute. (*) Production of non-reinforced, reinforced and/or backed sheets - non-reinforced : by calendering or extrusion - reinforced and or backed : by calendering(1), extrusion(2) or coating(3) (1) Lamination by calendering : two or more individual calendered sheets are hot-rolled with the interposed reinforce-ment and/or backing (2) Lamination by extrusion : two or more individual extruded sheets are hot-rolled with the interposed reinforcement and/or backing (3) Coating : the plastisol is poured onto the backing or onto the transfer support and allowed to gel. The reinforce-ment is laid on the hardened plastisol and covered with another layer of plastisol and that too is allowed to gel.

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2 IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS This chapter sets out the necessary characteristics for identifying the products (sheets or membranes) and the basic materials (compound, reinforcement, backing or finishing layer) referring to the values advertised by the manufacturer. The values shall be defined as: ! MLV : as stated by the manufacturer to be met during testing. The MLV can be a minimum or a maximum value; ! MDV : as a value declared by the manufacturer accompanied by a declared tolerance. The approving institute verifies these values. 2.1 Identification characteristics of the sheets TABLE 2.1

Characteristics Test method reference Acceptable tolerances Thickness* § 4.2.1 MDV ± 5%

± 10% for individual value Width § 4.2.2 MDV - 0,5/+ 1% Length § 4.2.2 ≥ MLV Mass per unit area § 4.2.3 MDV ± 10% Straightness § 4.2.4 MLV ≤ 30 mm Flatness § 4.2.4 MLV ≤ 10 mm Tensile strength § 4.2.5 - ≥ MLV Elongation § 4.2.5 - ≥ MLV Foldability at low temperature §. 4.3.14 ≤ MLV respecting the requirements in chapter 3 *Recommended minimal nominal thickness : ≥ 1,2 mm for the non-reinforced, reinforced or the backed sheet (excl. backing) Total thickness for backed sheets (declared value ± 10%) 2.2 Identification characteristics of the PVC-compound The mix used to manufacture the sheets includes PVC and other ingredients are fillers, plasticisers, stabilisation agents, fire-retarders, anti-oxidants, colorants, etc. TABLE 2.2

Characteristics Test method reference Acceptable tolerances Ash content at 850°C § 4.2.6 MDV ± 5% absolute Plasticiser content § 4.2.7 ± 2% absolute Type of plasticiser § 4.2.8 By comparison of IR-spectra These characteristics have to be defined according § 5.2.

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2.3 Identification characteristics of the reinforcement and/or backing (can be provided by the manufacturer of the reinforcements) TABLE 2.3

Characteristics Test method reference Acceptable tolerances Nature (1) ----- Information given by the manufacturer Mass per unit area (1) § 4.2.9 MDV ± 15% Maximum tensile force (1)

§ 4.2.10

If the maximum tensile force is not greater than 100 N/5 cm, the sheet is not considered as reinforced

- For mineral or composite reinforcement ≥ MLV - For polyester reinforcement MDV ± 20%

Elongation at maximum tensile force (1)

§ 4.2.10

- For mineral or composite reinforcement ≥ MLV - For polyester reinforcement MDV ± 15 absolute

Mesh number over 200 mm (for fabric woven)

§ 4.2.11 MDV ± 2 absolute

(1) these characteristics need to be checked by the approving institute All characteristics are to be checked by the manufacturer (via testing or based on a supplier's certificate) The reinforced sheets are made laminated or co-extruded with an internal reinforcement towards a homogeneous sheet. The synthetic fleece backed sheets can be manufactured on the following methods : - by bonding to membranes with adhesives; - by lamination to membranes with hot melts or by using backings which can be laminated in itself; - by mechanical pressure during the production process. 2.4 Additional layers The PVC sheets can also be finished in the factory with an upper and/or lower layer, fully bonded to the sheet, depending of the intended use. Normally the upper layer is a PVC sheet with an improved resistance to UV radiation and/or with a pigment for aesthetic reasons. The lower layer is a PVC sheet with special components for improving the compatibility with other materials as bitumen, adhesives and so on. All these additional layers, if present, have to be fully bonded to the sheet during the production process and these layers have to be considered as an integral part of the sheet. All other treatments (paintings, other coatings, etc) applied on site are not covered by this Guide.

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3 REQUIREMENTS This chapter sets out the requirements of the waterproofing sheets and systems and the assessment criteria relating to them. These requirements are defined in respect of the classification and the general rules for installation on site as mentioned in appendix 3 & 4. For ease of reference, the requirements, to be respected for all types of PVC-waterproofing sheets and systems for the use on roofs, are mentioned in § 3.1. In § 3.2 the additional requirements relating to this family of coverings and to particular application are listed. The assessment according the mentioned requirements shall provide the approval institute enough information to select the appropriate classification and rules for installation on site as mentioned in appendix 3 and 4 and eventual national rules. 3.1 General requirements 3.1.1 Requirements for waterproofing systems TABLE 3.1.1.

Characteristics Test method reference

Requirement

- fire behaviour § 4.3.1 National provisions � EC-provisions - resistance to wind uplift (pull-off under suction) § 4.3.2 Test result (in kPa) only for non-ballasted

systems, according to National Practice; - resistance to peel from the support § 4.3.3 ≥ 25 N/50 mm

test only for all glued systems with indication of selected substrate

- resistance to slippage § 4.3.6 ≤ 2 mm for bonded systems depending slope and national installation rules

- resistance to cyclic movement (fatigue) § 4.3.7 No damage test necessary only for bonded sheets

- resistance to static loading § 4.3.8 According to National Practice The UEAtc will provide figures after

having gathered experience within two years.

- resistance to impact § 4.3.9 According to National Practice The UEAtc will provide figures after

having gathered experience within two years.

- shear strength of joints (N/50 mm) § 4.3.17 break outside of the joint or ≥ tensile strength of the sheet

- resistance of peeling of the joints (N/50 mm) § 4.3.18 Based on experience, the UEAtc recommends the following in respect of the

quality of jointing mean ≥ 150 N/50 mm

min ≥ 80 N/50 mm

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3.1.2 Requirements for the sheets TABLE 3.1.2 - thickness (mm) - thickness (mm) for backed sheets

§ 4.2.1 MDV ≥ 1,2 mm (without backing) MDV ≥ 1,2 mm + x mm (x = thickness

backing) Based on experience, the UEAtc

recommends the given thicknesses. Thinner sheets require special attention for complying with all the characteristics and meanwhile installation and maintenance.

- resistance to water pressure (watertightness) § 4.3.4 Resisting to 10 kPa - dimensional stability - (free shrinkage) § 4.3.5 MLV ≤ 2% for non-reinforced sheets

MLV ≤ 1 % for backed sheets MLV ≤ 0,5% for polyester reinforcement with or without backing MVL ≤ 0,3% for composite (polyester/mineral) reinforcement with or without backing not necessary for glass reinforcement

- resistance to static loading § 4.3.8 ≥ MLV - resistance to impact § 4.3.9 ≤ MLV - tensile strength § 4.2.5 - MLV ≥ 15 N/mm² (non-reinforced)-

method B - MLV ≥ 500 N/50 mm (reinforced = mineral or composite)-method A - MLV ≥ 650 N/50 mm (backed and/or reinforced non-woven synthetic)-method A - MLV ≥ 800 N/50 mm (reinforced woven synthetic)-method A

- elongation (%)*

§ 4.2.5 - MLV ≥ 250% (non-reinforced)-method B - MLV ≥ 40 % (reinforced = non-woven synthetic, composite and/or backed)-method A - MLV ≥ 15% (reinforced = woven synthetic )-method A - MLV ≥ 2% (mineral reinforced )-method A

- tearing resistance for non-reinforced sheets § 4.3.12 ≥ MLV - resistance to tearing (nail shank) for reinforced

and/or backed sheets § 4.3.11 MLV ≥ 150 N (reinforced and/or backed)

- foldability at low temperature § 4.3.14 MLV ≤ - 20°C - water absorption (%) (to perform on non-reinforced

and reinforced sheets, not for backed sheets) § 4.3.13 ≤ 2% by weight

(if higher more information is required) - capillarity for reinforced sheets § 4.3.15 ≤ 15 mm (otherwise protection of the joint

by liquid PVC) - interlaminar adhesion (T-peel)** § 4.3.16 Between 2 sheets ≥ 80 N/50 mm;

Between membrane and reinforcement or backing : ≥ 50 N/50 mm

- moisture resistance factor (µ) § 4.3.10 if necessary the moisture resistance factor µ may be determined in accordance with §.

4.3.10 as a MDV ± 30% * The mean of the elongation at maximum tensile force (method A) or the mean of the elongation at break

(method B) shall be ≥ MLV for both directions of the sheets. ** not for coated sheets

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3.2 Additional requirements 3.2.1 Requirements related to the handling of the waterproofing on site TABLE 3.2.1


Requirement

- slipperiness (safety for workers) (pm) national provisions when required 3.2.2 Requirements for sheets used in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland), if required by national provisions


Requirement

- resistance to impact at -10°C For Nordic countries an additional test has to be performed at -10°C if the installation and repair techniques are prescribed in frost condition (or application at t° ≤ 0°C).

§ 4.3.9 The Nordic countries will propose figures

after gathering experience within two years

- foldability at low temperature § 4.3.14 ≤ -30°C - watertightness after stretching at low temperature § 4.3.20 No leakage at 10% elongation

(-10°C, 15 kPa) 3.2.3 Requirements for sheets to be used in specific geographic areas TABLE 3.2.3


Requirement

- hail resistance for geographic areas if required § 4.3.19 No damage

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3.3 Durability requirements Note : As the CEN documents on durability provide actually no relationship between the artificial behaviour and the service life (lifetime) of a product in end-use conditions, it was agreed to maintain the actual UEAtc durability conditions with regard to temperature, water, UV, � especially as UEAtc has enough experience and references. The moment experience is obtained in respect of prEN 1297 and a correlation is set up with the UEAtc durability conditions and requirements the UEAtc shall revise this chapter. The current state of knowledge indicates that ozone does not affect the physical properties of PVC. No durability tests are performed on joints for PVC sheets (formed by hot air or THF) due to experience of the UEAtc showing that the affect of ageing on the membrane is more pronounced on the membrane than on the joint.

Characteristics of the membrane Test method reference

Requirement(*)

Ageing on exposure to temperature - foldability at low t° 24 weeks at 70°C** - weight loss 24 weeks at 70°C** - tensile strength 24 weeks at 70°C** - elongation 24 weeks at 70°C** - resistance to peel from the support 4 weeks at 80°C (only for bonded systems)

§ 4.4.1.1 +

§ 4.3.14 § 4.4.1.1 +

§ 4.2.3 § 4.4.1.1 +

§ 4.2.5

§ 4.4.1.1 + § 4.3.3

(Only for reinforced sheets) no change to

the initial value ∆ ≤ 2%

(Only for non-reinforced sheets) ± 20% (Only for non-reinforced sheets) ± 20 %

rel. ≥ 25 N/50 mm and ∆ ≤ 50% of the initial

value Ageing on exposure to water - plasticiser content 4 weeks at 23°C

§ 4.4.1.2 +

§ 4.2.7

∆ ≤ 3 units

Ageing on exposure to bitumen (if applicable) - weight change - foldability at low t° - appearance

§ 4.4.1.3 +

§ 4.2.3

§ 4.4.1.3 + § 4.3.14 § 4.4.1.3

∆ ≤ 3%

∆ ≤ 10°C

No damage

Ageing on exposure to UV (2.500 h 45°C and 4500 MJ/m²) (not for ballasted roofs) - plasticiser content & appearance

§ 4.4.1.4 + § 4.2.7

No damage + ∆ ≤ 3 units

Ageing on exposure to micro-organisms (only for ballasted roofs) - weight loss

§ 4.4.1.5 +

§ 4.2.7

No damage +

∆ ≤ 10 % * If the max. deviation is more than indicated, additional information is required ** In agreement with the issuing institute, the temperature conditioning can be reduced in time towards 12 weeks at

80 °C The characteristics up to 24 (or 12) weeks are determined in the initial and final stage (on request at the end of 4,

8 and 16 weeks)

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Characteristics of the joints Test method

Reference Requirement

Ageing on exposure to water (1 week at 60°C) (not for joints welded with hot air or THF) - shear resistance of joints - peel resistance of joints

§ 4.4.2.1 + § 4.3.17

§ 4.4.2.2 + § 4.3.18

∆ ≤ 20%

∆ ≤ 20%

Ageing on exposure to temperature (4 weeks 80°C) (not for joints welded with hot air or THF) - shear resistance of joints - peel resistance of joints

§ 4.4.2.1 + § 4.3.17

§ 4.4.2.2 + § 4.3.18

∆ ≤ 20%

∆ ≤ 20%

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4 TEST METHODS 4.1 Introduction The tests defined in this chapter are, in general, identification or performance tests for the assessment of waterproofing systems. In using the performance tests given, it is necessary to consider the various possibilities of application, in terms of types of support, methods of laying and the types of protection available, so that test samples selected represent the worst possible situation for the particular test in question, from the directions given by the manufacturer/applicant. With some waterproofing systems, the ultimate properties of the system will not be achieved until after a period of curing has taken place. In general, unless special precautions are taken on site, a system must have reached sufficient cure in 4 to 6 hours under the most adverse site conditions permitted for installation, so that, it is able to resist the normal changes in the envisaged climatic conditions (i.e. frost conditions, precipitation, wind suction and thermal movement of the supporting substrate). If not otherwise specified for the test conditions, the tests will be carried out after conditioning the samples for 7 days at 23°C. Normally it is assumed that the sheet after 7 days from the manufacturing has reached a state in which the characteristics to be measured are constant. When hot bitumen are used as the bonding system, all tests can be carried out 24 hours after sample preparation. Where other kinds of bonding systems (i.e. adhesives) are used, the tests will be carried out on the indications given by the manufacturer. Unless otherwise stated all tests will be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and between 30% and 70% RH ± 5% in a testing laboratory as agreed with the approval organisation. 4.2 Identification test methods 4.2.1 Thickness The test method is the standard EN 1849-2 § 5 with the following clarifications : - for backed sheets the thickness shall be measured on the selvedge (where the backing does not exist) approximately at 2/3 from the edge or by means of optional test for sheets without selvedge; - a synthetic backing (film, non woven or fabric) with a mass per unit area less than 80 g/m² shall be considered as integral part of the thickness. 4.2.2 Length, width EN 1848-2 4.2.3 Mass per unit area EN 1849-2 § 6 4.2.4 Straightness and flatness EN 1848-2 4.2.5 Tensile properties The tensile properties shall be determined in accordance with Method A of EN 12311-2 : 2000. If it is not possible to obtain a result in both directions using method A, Method B shall be used. The tensile force (Method A) or the tensile stress (Method B) shall not be less than the manufacturers minimum limiting value (MLV) for the longitudinal and transverse direction of the sheet. The mean of the elongation at maximum tensile force (Method A) or the mean of the

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elongation at break (Method B) shall not be less than the manufacturers minimum limiting value (MLV) for the longitudinal and transverse direction of the sheet. In the case of sheets with composite reinforcements which give rise to two or more distinct peaks on the force or elongation curve, the force or elongation of the two greatest peaks shall be recorded. 4.2.6 Ash content at 850°C ISO 3541/1 and 5 Method A 4.2.7 Plasticiser content The test method is the standard DIN 53738 . Plasticisers are extracted using diethyl ether or other suitable substance in a Soxhlet apparatus over a 16 hours period and then with methanol over a period of 4 hours. The total amount of plasticiser is given in %. 4.2.8 Type of plasticiser The types of plasticiser are determined by infrared spectroscopy. 4.2.9. Mass per unit area of the reinforcement The test method is EN 29073 part 1 4.2.10 Tensile strength and elongation at break of the reinforcement The test method is EN 29073 part 3 4.2.11 Mesh number The mesh number (and eventually the mesh size) shall be determined over a length of 200 mm in both directions. 4.3 General test methods 4.3.1 Fire behaviour Fire tests must be carried out in accordance with National Standards or CEN documents. 4.3.2 Resistance to wind uplift (pull-off under suction) For the non-ballasted systems (bonded or glued) full scale testing according EOTA reference document ETAG 006 �Systems of mechanically fastened flexible roof waterproofing membranes� (Nov. 2000) shall be taken into account with some adaptations influenced by the bonding application as given below. Test specimen :

- The approval institute together with the applicant shall determine a representative combination to be tested. The combination that is tested will have the lowest characteristic resistance of the combinations mentioned in the approval. Depending on the experience of the approval body, results of resistance to peel from the support and full scale wind uplift tests on similar or generic systems can be performed on the weakest system as well, to determine the upper boundary of design value of the wind resistance.

- The min. dimensions of the test specimen and the pressure chamber are at least 2 x 2 m²; - To initiate the rupture (delamination) of the bonded membrane, and in the case an insulated substrate is

concerned, the insulation panels shall at least be sufficiently mechanically fixed on a substrate. The substrate shall also be sufficiently perforated to allocate the wind suction under the membrane itself.

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Test procedure :

- to adapt the peak loads at 100% (to be expressed in Pa instead of load per fastener): see table ;

Number of cycles Max. load (kPa)

1 (= for the first 4 cycles) 1 1 1 1 1

etc.

1,0 (= for the first 4 cycles)

1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 etc.

- no correction to the test load shall be made as long as the min. dimensions of the test specimen and the

pressure chamber are at least 2 x 2 m²; (Wcorr. = Wtest => for Ca, Cd = 1). - The admissible (design) load of the bonded system, Wadm. is calculated according the following formula :

Wadm. = Wcorr/γm (γm = safety factor relating to the effects of materials and defective quality of installation and set to 1,5) if no national regulation exists in respect of this safety factor

- Additionally the test report shall also indicate the age of the test specimen (the age of the test specimen shall be based upon the indication given by the manufacturer depending on the drying conditions of the used adhesive).

4.3.3 Resistance to peel from the support General The test is useful for the following : • it allows extrapolation from the test defined in 4.3.2 to all supports where the resistance to peel is superior to that

obtained on the support used in test 4.3.2 • it can be used to test the bond achieved at upstands • it can be used to assess bonding agents that may be sensitive to ageing, heat and humidity. Apparatus Tensile test machine as described in EN 12311-2 Peel test frame The apparatus consists of a peel test frame capable of moving to maintain an angle of peel of 90° (± 5°) throughout the peeling process. It is essentially a rigid steel frame mounted on the moving crosshead of the tensile test machine. On this frame is located, by means of free running bearings, a carriage onto which the specimen is mounted. By means of a wire and pulley arrangement the motion of the crosshead of the tensile test machine is transferred to the carriage in the ratio 1 : 1. A counter weight is fitted to return the carriage to the start position and to maintain the tension in the wire. Test samples Specimens of the roofing system are laid on to suitable substrates (at least a concrete slab is used as support; in agreement with the approval institute the other required supports shall be tested) of approximately 300 mm x 300 mm surface dimensions. A roofing sample 50 mm longer than the substrate is fully bonded to it except at one end where the sample is unbonded for a distance of 50 mm to facilitate a satisfactory start to the peel. If the properties of the material in the length of the sheet differ from those in its width, samples must be taken form both directions. Cuts are made down to the substrate along the length of the sample, to provide three peel strips 50 mm wide.

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Method Three specimens are peeled, one at a time, at a rate of 100 mm/min, according : Method A It is essentially a rigid steel frame mounted on the moving crosshead of the tensile test machine. On this frame is located, by means of free runnings, a carriage onto which the specimen mounted. By means of a wire and a pulley arrangement the motion of the crosshead of the tensile test machine is transferred to the carriage in the ratio 1 : 1. A counter weight is fitted to permit the carriage to return to the start position and to maintain the tension in the wire. Method B A frame, onto which the specimen is mounted, is fixed on a rigid wall at a distance from the tensile test machine not less of 2,5 m and at a height sufficient to maintain a peeling angle of 90° ± 5° during the test. A wire transmits the peeling force to the specimen by means of a pulley fixed on the non-movable crosshead of the tensile machine.

Result The test method, the type of rupture, the maximum peel strength for every test specimen and the mean peel strength of the three are recorded, specifying the test method and following the instructions given in the EN 12316/2 §9 or with computerised method. In the test report, the mounting of the test specimens shall be stated, especially with regard to the nature of this support and the eventual physical characteristics of the membranes and glue.

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Note for compatibility purpose In case of verification of compatibility of the sheet with sheets of different family or adhesives, the test specimens, constituted by support, adhesive or sheet of different family and sheet under approbation, have to be submitted to artificial ageing at elevated temperature following the standard EN 1296 for 4 weeks 4.3.4 Resistance to water pressure (watertightness) EN 1928-Method B (test with 10 kPa) (method B as specified in the latest version of prEN 13956). 4.3.5 Dimensional stability (free shrinkage) EN 1107-2 till stabilisation (∆ ≤ 10% relative) 4.3.6 Resistance to slippage Procedure The specimens are glued onto steel plates in accordance with the manufacturer�s installation instructions. Aluminium sheets are glued using a two-part adhesive onto the specimens in such a way to allow marking of a line before and after the test. Test samples are left 24 hours after preparation before initial line is marked on aluminium in respect to the reference marks on the steel plate. The test samples are placed into the oven at 80 ± 2°C in a horizontal position for 1 hour and then for 2 hours at the maximum declared slope. The samples are taken out of the oven and maintained for 24 hours in the horizontal plane and allowed to cool at ambient temperature. Another line is drawn in respect to the reference marks and the distance measured between the two lines at the centre of the specimen. Result The slippage of the sheet is the average of the three distances measured with an accuracy of 0,2mm.

4.3.7 Resistance to cyclic movement General This test permits the determination of the resistance to fatigue movement of waterproofing fully bonded systems due to gaps (not expansion joints) in the substrates. The resistance to fatigue movement is determined by applying the specimen on a specified substrate with a specified gap and investigating, after opening and closing the gap at a given speed, amplitude and temperature, the effects on the system both visually and by determining the watertightness at the area over the gap. (EOTA Guideline for liquid applied roof waterproofing systems-Technical Appendix 08)

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Apparatus - Fatigue testing machine with two rigid plates at both sides of a gap, on which a specified substrate can be fixed (at

both sides of the gap between the rigid plates). One or both of the plates are capable of moving in a horizontal plane with a speed of (16 ± 0, 1) mm/h.

- Cold box or refrigerator designed to reach a temperature of �20 ± 2°C and with a size that can contain the fatigue-testing machine.

- Specified substrate : concrete slabs prepared according EN 1323 § 5 with dimensions 200 x 200 mm. The surface of the slab, onto which the specimen is to be applied, shall be formed by the top surface.

Test specimen Only one test specimen is tested for every direction (machine and cross). The test specimen shall have a width of at least 50 mm and a length of at least 150 mm, shall be applied as prescribed by the applicant and shall be fully bonded to the surface of the two pieces of the specified substrate with gap, using a gap protection spacer of 2,0 mm. The assembled test pieces shall be cured at 23 ± 2°C and at 50% HR ± 5 for at least 24 hours in case of torching or hot bitumen bonding and for the period as prescribed by the manufacturer in case of bonding with adhesives. Procedure The test shall be carried out at a temperature of -10 ± 2°C. Position the fatigue-testing machine in the cold box and adjust the temperature to -10 ± 2°C. Fix the starting point and adjust the amplitude of movement and the speed of the movement to 16 min/h. Condition the cured test specimen including the substrate at -10 ± 2°C for at least 16 h in the fatigue-testing machine. Fix the relevant substrates to the rigid plates of the machine. The test specimen shall be placed in such a way that movement occurs only at the gap in the substrate, which shall be exactly in line with the gap between the two rigid plates Start the fatigue procedure by increasing the 2,0 mm gap to 3,0 mm, remove the gap spacer and subsequently cycle between 3,0 and 1,0 mm. Apply 500 cycles. Stop the test after the specified number of cycles. Take the test specimen out from the cold box and return it to ambient temperature. Examine the test specimen thoroughly for effects such as cracks, delamination, splitting or tearing on the top surface and loss of adhesion at the gap. Measure the length of debonding, if any. Determine the watertightness of the specimen over the gap at room temperature by using a pipe of sufficient size to impose a head of water of 100 mm during 24 hrs. Result Record the mode of failure. Record as final result whether the test specimen remains watertight or not. The test specimen shall pass the watertightness test and the debonding, if any, does not exceed 100mm in total or 75 mm on one side of the gap.

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4.3.8 Resistance to static loading EN 12730 The test method is the standard EN 12730 with the following clarifications : - both the methods A (EPS 20) and B (concrete) are to be used - the test must be performed at step of 5 kg, starting from 5 kg and prosecuting just to 25 kg. - the results are expressed as L5 if the specimens are punctured with a load of 10 kg and not punctured with a load of 5 kg L10 if the specimens are punctured with a load of 15 kg and not punctured with a load of 10 kg L15 if the specimens are punctured with a load of 20 kg and not punctured with a load of 15 kg L20 if the specimens are punctured with a load of 25 kg and not punctured with a load of 20 kg L25 if the specimens are not punctured with a load of 25 kg The test results according method A shall indicate also the depth of penetration of the puncturing tool which should not exceed 10 mm. 4.3.9 Resistance to impact EN 12691 Test at 23°C + additional test at -10°C if the installation and reparation is prescribed in frost condition (application at ≤ 0°C) The test method is the standard EN 12691 with the following clarifications : - introduction of a puncturing tool with a diameter of 15 mm - the results are expressed as I10 if the specimens are not punctured with a puncturing tool with a diameter 10 mm I15 if the specimens are punctured with a puncturing tool with a diameter of 10 mm and not

punctured with a puncturing tool with a diameter of 15 mm I20 if the specimens are punctured with a puncturing tool with a diameter of 15 mm and not



punctured with a puncturing tool with a diameter of 40 mm 4.3.10 Permeability to water vapour The test method is EN 1931 and the result is expressed as a moisture resistance factor µ calculated according §. 9.1 simplified calculation procedure. 4.3.11 Resistance to tearing (nail shank) EN 12310-1 (both directions). Test specimens shall be measured 100 mm ± 1 mm wide (test results on 50 mm wide can also be accepted. 4.3.12 Tearing resistance pEN 12310-2 4.3.13 Water absorption Apparatus Balance accurate to within 1 mg. Test pieces Three test pieces measuring 100 x 100 mm are taken.

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Method The sample is first immersed in distilled water for 1 minute. It is removed from the water, dried on blotting paper and immediately weighted on the precision balance. This weighting is taken as the initial value. The sample is then placed again in the distilled water for 24 hrs and weighted as before. The sample is subjected to this process until constant weight is reached, i.e. until differences in weight are ≤ 10 mg in 24 hrs. Observations The difference in weight expressed as a percentage of the initial weight gives the rate of water absorption. Any differences in appearance are noted. 4.3.14 Foldability at low temperature EN 495-5 4.3.15 Capillarity for reinforced sheets General This test method considers the behaviour of lateral capillarity of water by the woven reinforcement to judge the need of additional protection of the end of sheet within the joint. Apparatus

- container with fluorescent solution - measuring tape, accurate to 0,5 mm

Test specimen

- three test pieces measuring 100 x 100 mm are taken Method

- The sample is hanged partly immersed in the fluorescent solution with a suspended height of 50 mm. - The sample is held in place for 21 days at the same suspension level at 23°C. - The test pieces are delaminated to the reinforcement to determine the height to which the fluorescent has

risen. Observations The each individual measured height and the average value are reported. 4.3.16 Interlaminar adhesion EN 12316-2 to be performed in both directions (machine + cross) after which the maximum and the mean peel strength are recorded. The sample shall be taken in an appropriate way in the production process. 4.3.17 Tensile strength (shear) of joints EN 12317-2 Tests in 2 directions (meaning as the longitudinal as for the transversal joints) 4.3.18 Resistance to peeling of the joints EN 12316-2 Tests in 2 directions (meaning as the longitudinal as for the transversal joints) The test method is the standard EN 12316-2 with the following clarifications :

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- the length of the joint is recommended to be at least 300 mm, where applicable - the mean value of the peel resistance can be calculated also with computerised method (through deformation

energy, etc)** 4.3.19 Hail resistance EN 13583 4.3.20 Determination of watertightness after stretching at low temperature EN 13897 4.4 Test methods regarding durability 4.4.1 Durability tests relative to the membrane 4.4.1.1 Durability of the membrane after temperature conditioning at specified temperature The test specimens according EN 1296 are conditioned in a ventilated oven during a time period at specified temperature. a) Foldability at low temperature 24 weeks at 70°C (or 12 weeks at 80 °C) Foldability at low temperature is carried out as described in section § 4.3.14 (= EN 495-5). b) Weight loss 24 weeks at 70°C (or 12 weeks at 80 °C) The weight loss is determined as weight difference between the specimen before ageing and after ageing and expressed as % of the initial weight. c) Tensile strength and elongation 24 weeks at 70°C (or 12 weeks at 80 °C) Test pieces (cut at right angles to the direction of production) 20 test pieces from § 4.2.5. Method The test pieces are conditioned at 70 ± 2°C or (80 °C) in a ventilated oven for 24 weeks at 70°C (or 12 weeks at 80°C). After this period five test pieces of each type are removed and cooled for at least 2 hours in standardised climatic conditions. Tensile strength and elongation are carried out as described in section § 4.2.5 (= EN 12311-2).

d) Resistance to peeling from the support 4 weeks at 80°C Test pieces (cut at right angles to the direction of production) 20 test pieces from § 4.3.3

**NOTE : The purpose of the evaluation method specified here is to calculate an average peel resistance value which

corresponds to the mean value of the forces acting on the test specimen at certain specified times during testing. This method also permits an evaluation to be carried out if the graphs do not feature any distinctive peaks. This can occur when testing some bonded materials. It should be noted that the results can vary, depending on the direction in which the specimens are taken.

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Method The test pieces are conditioned at 80 ± 2°C in a ventilated oven for 4 weeks at 80°C. After this period five test pieces of each type are removed and cooled for at least 2 hours in standardised climatic conditions. Resistance to peeling is determined as described in section § 4.3.3. 4.4.1.2 Durability of the membrane after water conditioning Plasticiser content 24 weeks in water at 23°C The plasticiser content is determined as described in section § 4.2.7 (= DIN 53738). 4.4.1.3 Durability of the membrane after exposure to bitumen at elevated temperature EN 1548, the test pieces in contact with bitumen are examined after 4 weeks at 70°C with regard to the changes : a) Weight change The weight change is determined as weight difference between the specimen before ageing and after ageing and expressed as % of the initial weight. b) Foldability at low temperature Foldability at low temperature is carried out as described in section § 4.3.14 (= EN 495-5). c) Appearance (as mentioned in EN 1548) 4.4.1.4 Durability of the membrane after UV conditioning The apparatus used is a Xenon lamp. The temperature of the black body is 45 ± 2°C and the relative humidity of the air is 50 ± 5%. These test pieces are taken at right angles to the direction of production and exposed to a Xenon lamp for 2500 hours exposed with 4.500 MJ/m². The plasticiser content is determined as described in section § 4.2.7 (= DIN 53738). 4.4.1.5 Effects of the membrane to micro-organisms According to ISO 846 � Method B and C the test pieces are exposed to fungicides and to a bacterial culture. The weight loss is determined as weight difference between the specimen before ageing and after ageing and expressed as % of the initial weight. 4.4.2 Durability tests relative to the joints 4.4.2.1 Shear strength and exposure to water Test to be performed according EN 12317-2 after having been conditioned in water during 1 week at 60°C.

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4.4.2.2 Peel strength and exposure to water Test to be performed according EN 12316-2 after having been conditioned in water during 1 week at 60°C. 4.4.2.3 Shear strength and exposure to temperature 4 weeks at 80°C Test to be performed according EN 12317-2 after having been conditioned in a ventilated oven for 4 weeks at 80°C. 4.4.2.4 Peel strenght and exposure to temperature 4 weeks at 80°C Test to be performed according EN 12316-2 after having been conditioned in a ventilated oven for 4 weeks at 80°C.

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5 QUALITY CONTROL 5.1 General The manufacture of PVC sheets must be quality-controlled (consisting of an internal self-check and supervision by the issuing institute). The possession of an ISO 9001 certificate by the manufacturer is to be taken into consideration if it can be verified by the issuing institute. 5.2 Internal check To ensure constant quality control of products is maintained, the internal checks performed by the manufacturer must comprise :

- raw materials check - inspections during production - finished product inspections and tests

The results of these checks are to be recorded and submitted to the institute responsible for supervision during the surveillance inspection as described in the following tables. If the manufacturer is ISO 9001 certified, the quality control data sheets of the QM can substitute internal tests. In this case the applicable part of the QC becomes integral part of the technical dossier. These results are to be kept for at least five years. 5.2.1 Raw materials check The scope of the raw materials check will be specified by the approving institute in agreement with the manufacturer.

These inspections are used for checking the quality consistency of the following components :

- the PVC used - the plasticisers - the stabilisers - other additives (fillers, �) - reinforcement / backing

For these checks, the supplier�s appropriate documents can be taken into consideration (ISO 9001 certified suppliers of the raw materials).

5.2.2 Checks during production Apart from continuous production process and plant monitoring (temperature, line speed, weight, thickness, etc) checks shall be performed on calandering, extrusion and on finished product on line. 5.2.2.1 Check of the component / formulation The purpose of this check is to confirm swiftly any deviation liable to affect the characteristics of the finished product. The samples shall be taken when appropriate. The characteristics to be checked at least are listed in the following table. Viscosity or density Every day or if change of

formulations Plasticiser content and/or DHC DIN 53738 and/or ISO 182/2 (DHC) Every month

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5.2.2.2 On finished product on line The purpose of this check is to confirm swiftly any deviations liable to affect the characteristics of the finished product. Apart from continuous production plant monitoring, checks shall be performed on calandering, extrusion and on finished product on line. Thickness Every hour or 30 minutes Appearance Continuously (or per shift) 5.2.3 Checks on finished product Within the context of the internal check, the manufacturer must verify at least the following characteristics at the minimum frequencies mentioned (in agreement with the approval institute the frequencies can be adapted). Thickness or mass per unit area Every day or if change of formulation Width Every day or if change of formulation Flatness Every month Straightness Every month Tensile strength Every week(b) Elongation Every week(b) Tearing resistance or Nail shank 2 per year(b) Dimensional stability * Every week(b) Foldability at low t° 2 per year(a) Plasticiser content ** 2 per year(a) Interlaminar adhesion *** Every week T-peel resistance of joints Every year Weight loss after 4 weeks at 80°C in air (to be considered in reference with the ITT ageing of 24 weeks 70 °C or 12 weeks 80 °C)

Every six month

* Not necessary for sheets with non-woven glass or not for mineral reinforced ** To be performed on one product per plastisol family *** Not necessary for sheets obtained by coating (a) In the case where a manufacturer is continuously producing numerous differently reinforced sheets, whilst using

the same type of coating and having a similar thickness, the frequency for these tests, which relate essentially to the type of coating, may be considered on the total number of these different sheets.

(b) In case where a manufacturer is continuously producing numerous different sheets which contain the same carrier

(type and mass) and the same type of coating, the frequency of these tests which relate essentially to the carrier, may be considered on the total number of these different sheets.

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5.3 Monitoring by an independent body

The manufacturer is required to conclude a supervision contract with a body recognised by the approving institute by arrangement with the confirming institute. The inspection must take place at least twice per year. It relates to verification of internal inspection and the conditions pertaining to relevant personnel and equipment. During these visits samples will be taken for audit testing to be conducted once per year by an external laboratory or by the internal laboratory if accepted by the involved institute; the characteristics to be checked being those listed below. TABLE 5.3

Characteristics Thickness Width Mass per unit area Tensile strength Elongation Dimensional stability * Foldability at low t° Plasticiser content ** Weight loss after 4 weeks at 80°C in air ** * Not necessary for sheets with non-woven glass or composite reinforcement ** To be performed on one product per plastisol family The inspection reports must be kept by the approving institute for a period of at least five years. The confirming institute of the country of destination could ask additional tests not included in the certification if required by national regulation, but must however recognise the inspection contract approved by the issuing institute.

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6 CONTENT OF THE APPROVAL The approval shall provide at least the following information : 6.1 Purpose, defined as function of :

- Slope (see Appendix 3) - Accessibility (see Appendix 3) - Presence or not of protection - Compatible support (e.g. concrete or similar, timber or similar, insulation not as support, etc.)

6.2 Description 6.2.1 Manufactured sheets (waterproofing sheets)

- Chemical type - Presentation : length/s, width/s, thickness/es, weight of rolls, type/s of reinforcement and/or backing - Composition of the sheet/s - Identification characteristics of the sheets (nominal and measured values) - Identification characteristics of the reinforcement/s and/or backing (nominal and measured values) - Specific properties of the sheet/s as reported in chapter 3 - Other properties (in the case for information only)

6.2.2 Other materials (adhesives, screeds, other sheets, etc.)

- Chemical type - General declared identification characteristics

6.2.3 Conditioning and storage of the various materials 6.3 Brief description of manufacturing process 6.4 List of controls in the course of manufacture 6.5 Installation

- Preparation work of the substrate - Composition of the roofing system on main part of the roof and type of connection of the roofing to its

support - Installation process (including joints between sheets) and any point that should be specially mentioned to

the contractors with the relevant drawings - Repair and maintenance processes

6.6 Reference Information about address, age, dimension, design, composition, behaviour, etc.

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APPENDIX 1 : BIBLIOGRAPHY

CEN STANDARDS : - EN 1107-2 Determination of dimensional stability - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - EN 495-5 Determination of foldability at low temperature - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof

waterproofing - EN 1296 Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roofing - Method of artificial ageing by long term exposure

to elevated temperature - EN 1848-2 Determination of length, width, straightness and flatness - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for

roof waterproofing - EN 1849-2 Determination of thickness and mass per unit area - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof

waterproofing - EN 1928 Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - Determination of watertightness - EN 1931 Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - Determination of water vapour

transmission properties - EN 12310-1 Bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing - Determination of resistance to tearing (nail shank) - EN 12310-2 Determination of resistance to tearing - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - EN 13583 Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roofing - Determination of hail resistance - EN 1548 Plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - Method for exposure to bitumen. - EN 12316-2 Determination of peel resistance of joints - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof

waterproofing - EN 12317-2 Determination of shear resistance of joints - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof

waterproofing - EN 12691 Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - Determination of impact resistance - EN 12730 Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - Determination of resistance to static

loading - EN 29073-1 Textiles - test methods for non-wovens - Part 1 : Determination of mass per unit area - EN 29073-3 Textiles - test methods for non-wovens - Part 3 : Tensile strength and elongation - prEN 13956 Plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - definitions and characteristics - EN 12311-2 Determination of tensile properties - Part 2 : Plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing - prEN 13897 Flexible sheets for waterproofing - Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing -

Determination of watertightness after stretching at low temperature (under approval) - prEN 1297 Flexible sheets for waterproofing - Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing -

Method of artificial ageing by long term exposure to the combination of UV radiation, elevated temperature and water (under approval)

OTHER STANDARDS - EN ISO 846 : 1997 Plastics - Evaluation of the action of microorganisms - ISO 3541 : 1985 Earth-moving machinery - Dimensions of fuel filler opening (withdrawn) - ISO 182-2 : 1990 Plastics -- Determination of the tendency of compounds and products based on vinyl chloride

homopolymers and copolymers to evolve hydrogen chloride and any other acidic products at elevated temperatures -- Part 2: pH method

- EN ISO 9001 : 2000 Quality management systems. Requirements

EOTA GUIDELINES :

- Guideline for mechanically fastened waterproofing systems ETAG 06 - Guideline for liquid applied roof waterproofing systems - Technical appendix 008 - Fatigue resistance

UEAtc :

- General directive for the assessment of roof waterproofing systems - Directives for the assessment of roofing systems using PVC sheets without reinforcement, loose laid

under heavy protection and not compatible with bitumen - Technical guide for the approval of reinforced and/or backed roof waterproofing systems made of

plasticised PVC sheeting incompatible with bitumen - General guide for the assessment of insulant as support of waterproofing sheets

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APPENDIX 2 : DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 1 Waterproofing system A waterproofing system consists of all the essential materials, components and accessories to provide a waterproof barrier to the roof structure, including the necessary detailing to cope with internal and external angles, upstands, verges, gullies, rainwater outlets, expansion joints, etc. 2 Base layer (support layer) The layer situated immediately below the waterproofing system. 3 Roof In this document the roof is defined as consisting of the structural elements and all intermediate elements up to the surface exposed to the weather. The various elements that may be used in a roof are given below. In any particular roof one or more of the elements may be omitted, the minimum specification being a structural deck and a water-proofing system. 4 Roof elements 4.1 Protection One or more layers of material applied or placed on the upper surface of the waterproofing system. The protection may have an aesthetic requirement, but its main function usually is to protect the waterproofing system from the effects of solar radiation or mechanical effects such as wear or wind uplift. Main types of protection : a no protection b site applied protection - paint - sheet - chippings or gravel : - light (thin layer of gravel)

- medium (layer of gravel 20-30 mm thick) - heavy (layer of gravel greater than 30 mm)

- slabs - pavement Methods of application : a - bonded to the waterproof layer b - loose laid on the waterproofing layer with or without an anti perforation layer c-separated from the waterproofing layer by an air space (slabs on support) 4.2 Separation layer (Isolation layer) A layer of material laid between the roof elements to prevent adhesion between the elements and transmission of differential movement or to prevent chemical reaction between the various elements. 4.3 Watertight layer One layer of waterproofing materials applied over the roof area designed to prevent water entering the roof structure of a building. 4.4 Venting or equalising layer Continuous air layer located under the roofing system or under the vapour control layer in order to equalise the water vapour pressure. This layer may or may not be vented to the outside.

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4.5 Anti-perforation layer A layer between the waterproofing and the heavy protection used to minimise the effect of mechanical loads. 4.6 Surfacing screed A screed used to produce a levelled and uniform surface on an element and/or to give it the mechanical and/or physical properties required for the application of the next layer. A distinction is made between the screed applied to the insulation and the screed applied to the load bearing structures. 4.7 Thermal insulation A layer or layers of lightweight material to give the required thermal insulation to the roof. 4.8 Vapour control layer A vapour control layer used to reduce or stop the migration of water vapour to the upper layer. 4.9 Sloping layer A layer of varying thickness to provide the finished roof with a slope which ensures free drainage of water. 4.10 Structural deck Part of the roof designed to take both dead and imposed loads, constructed in accordance with National Regulations. 4.11 Partial bonding layer An underlayer installed on site and designed to achieve a reliable and defined percentage of bond (with a given distribution of holes) between the roof waterproofing and the substrate. This layer can also diffuse any water vapour pressure. 4.12 Mechanically fastened underlayer An underlayer, fastened mechanically to the structure (through any insulation present). It does not count as a waterproofing layer unless the fastenings are completely covered by the joints in the underlayer. 4.13 Added layer beneath protection A layer installed between the roof waterproofing and its protection layer of gravel or slabs, designed to protect the roof waterproofing against impact and other mechanical damage.

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APPENDIX 3 : CLASSIFICATION 1 Classification according to built up of waterproof layer - Single layer system : The waterproof layer is laid as a single sheet. The joints consist usually of a

simple overlay at the edges of the sheets. The joints usually are to be formed on site. - Multi-layer system : (not often used with PVC) : two or more layers of dissimilar materials

(mixed system), e.g. polymer modified bituminous sheet or traditional bituminous felts and PVC sheets.

2 Classification according to roof accessibility - Non accessible roofs : architectural or sloping roofs on which it is difficult to walk on without

special equipment or accessible for the maintenance of the roof itself. - Limited access roofs : maintenance traffic only, excluding maintenance of equipment placed on

the roof requiring frequent access, unless particular walking ways are present. - Accessible roofs : pedestrian traffic (public or private). - Accessible roofs : vehicular traffic - lightweight vehicles (up to two tons per axis) - heavyweight vehicles (more than two tons per axis) - Roofs for special purpose (out of this document) - roof gardens - green roofs - other usage 3 Classification according to the slope of the roof - Class I : allows the free standing of water and the possible use of heavy protection. - Class II : allows the free drainage of water and the possible use of heavy protection. - Class III : allows the free drainage of water, but does not allows the use of heavy protection. - Class IV : special laying techniques are required because of the slope. 4 Classification according to the method of fixing the waterproofing to its support - Fully bonded : by adhesive - Partially bonded - Mechanically fastened (not considered in this document) - Loose laid and ballasted - Mixed system NOTE ON THE SUPPORTS TO THE WATERPROOFING The support of the waterproofing has an important influence on the behaviour of the waterproofing independently of its function to ensure the general level of the roof. Among the characteristics of the supports which affect the behaviour of the waterproofing the following have to be noted : - the internal cohesive strength (in relation to the effects of wind uplift) - the reaction to fire of the roof assembly when the source of fire is external to the roof covering - the movements of the supports under the action mainly of temperature and humidity Distinction is made between :

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- irreversible movements (thermal shrinkage and/or deformations which may produce cracking of the support)

- reversible movements caused by variations of temperature and/or moisture content at the surface of the supports

- the resistance to loads (static loads and impacts) - the chemical compatibility between the supports and the waterproof covering The use of traditional multi-layer bituminous felts on well-defined supports is generally the subject of national Codes of Practice. The codes take account of the properties of the supports in relation to the roof slopes, the accessibility of the roofs and the method of fixing between the waterproofing and the support. Where such well-known supports are to be used with a waterproofing it is sufficient to list such supports in the approval. Where novel forms of support are to be used with the waterproofing the conditions of use must be explicitly defined in the approval.

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APPENDIX 4 : RULES FOR INSTALLATION ON SITE

1 General rules The installation procedure must be such that it can be carried out in a satisfactory manner by competent roofing contractors. The instructions for detailing to cope with jointing, internal and external angles, upstands, verges, gutters, gullies, rainwater outlets, expansion joints, etc. must be simple and compatible with normal building site conditions. 1.1 Climatic conditions The system must be capable of installation under climatic conditions normal to external building construction work. The finished waterproofing must not be adversely affected by interruptions in the installation process due to sudden rainstorms. The system must be capable of withstanding the normal changes in climatic conditions, which may occur within a few hours of installation. 1.2 Support conditions The system may be capable of being installed on support materials at their normal accepted site humidity conditions. The state of the surface of the support (planeness, irregularities, etc.) must be compatible with the requirements of the roofing. If this condition is not fulfilled, it is necessary to provide a protecting or equalising layer. Timber decking must be treated with a timber conservative without oils or solvents. Insulant materials, e.g. EPS or glass foam, may deteriorate the sheets. When plasticised PVC membranes are laid directly on a structural deck such as concrete, timber or chipboard, it is necessary to provide a separating layer (for instance a non-woven polyester felt at least 300 g/m²). In all cases, the declared substrate must comply with current national regulations, if any. 2 Quality rules for the installation of sheet materials on site 2.1 Resistance to tearing The tear strength must not be so low that the material is easily damaged in handling under normal site conditions. 2.2 Handling characteristics at low temperature Materials that can not readily be heated without risk must be sufficiently flexible at the lowest temperature likely for roof construction, so that they do not crack or split when roofing details are being formed. 2.3 Impact damage at low temperature At the lowest temperature likely to occur in roof construction, the material should not shatter or show more than superficial damage when subjected to impact likely to occur during handling and installation. 2.4 Unrolling at low temperature After 24 hours at the lowest temperature likely to occur in roof construction, the material should be capable of being easily unrolled without damage. 3 Compatibility of materials

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Plasticised PVC sheeting must not be brought into contact with bitumen or tar unless appropriate actions are taken. PVC is incompatible with oil or organic solvent-base impregnating agents as well as PSE unless appropriate actions are taken. Appropriate separation layers need to be provided (for instance a polyester fleece at least 300 g/m²). 4 Quality rules for primers and adhesives used on site 4.1 Safety on site Toxic or inflammable products must be labelled, stored and placed according to the relevant EC or National regulations. 4.2 Shelf life Time and conditions of storage must be clearly marked on the containers (cans or drums). Materials that are adversely affected by exposure to low or high temperature conditions must have this fact clearly marked on the containers, indicating the lowest or highest temperature the material can withstand. The "best use before" time must be indicated. 4.3 Drying time of primers The drying time of any primers used in the system must not be in excess of 24 hours at the lowest temperature envisaged for site applications. Also it can not be less than 1 hour at the highest temperature envisaged. 4.4 Setting time of adhesives The setting time of any adhesive used in the system must not be more than a few hours at the lowest temperature likely to occur during construction and enough long at the highest temperature to permit the work. 4.5 Softening of the support layer The adhesive should not cause softening and/or damage of the support layer due to the effects of its solvents or of the temperature of application of the adhesive. 4.6 Water sensitivity The drying or curing time of primers or adhesives must not be adversely affected by the normally expected humidity of the support.

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5 Quality rules for jointing on site 5.1 Introduction The reliability of joints is particularly important in the case of single layer waterproofing systems for which there is not the same margin of safety as in multi-layer waterproofing systems. Experience has shown that failure of these roofing systems occurs when there are discontinuities and this is why it is essential to follow accurately the rules set out below for jointing sheets. Joints may be made on site by welding with solvent or hot air using either manual or automatic equipment. On factory it is possible, for prefabricated sheets, use the above techniques and also the hot-corner welding or the THF welding. 5.1.1 Hot-air welding This technique is advisable in all cases. Welding must be carried out over a minimum width of 30 mm (20 mm can be tolerated). A uniform weld is obtained by pressing the heated zone. Welding temperature varies with the climatic conditions, the speed, the pressure exerted, the types of substrate and the air flow. 5.1.2 Solvent welding This technique is used in areas not readily accessible, where there is no risk of condensation, when the temperature is greater than 5°C, and no undue mechanical stress is foreseeable within 6 hours. The solvent (normally tetrahydrofuran -THF) is brush-applied lengthways and the upper sheet pressed onto the lower and pressure maintained using a sandbag. Welding must be carried out over a minimum width of 30mm and must always be sealed. 5.2 The manufacturer must provide a jointing method, describe how it is to be achieved and its limitation in use and provide technical assistance during the laying process. 5.3 Qualification of operatives (workers - manpower) Good joints must be made by skilled operatives, trained in the use of the proposed products and methods of jointing. 5.4 Sensitivity to climatic conditions The stated extreme conditions of temperature and humidity, which the joints must be able to withstand, should represent conditions that are as unfavourable as those normally encountered on site. 5.5 Cleaning of the materials to be joined The constituent parts of the joint (sheets and overlapping areas) must be cleaned (free from dust, grease and other materials) when the joint is made. 5.6 Conditions at the support At the joints between roofing sheets, the support must have a continuous surface, free from irregularities that might prevent the bonding and consolidation of the joint from their normal course. 5.7 Overlap of roofing sheets Joints must be overlapped by at least 50 mm (whether loose-laid or adhesive bonded) and by at least 100 mm , when mechanically fastened, where the fasteners are in the joint. The sheets are to be laid in such a way to avoid the overlapping of four sheets in the same point, both in longitudinal and transverse direction.

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The width of overlap of roofing sheets must be fairly constant and in any case greater than the minimum required for the correct execution of the joint. It is difficult to envisage joints that can be achieved properly on site if the width of overlap is less than 30mm (special justifications should be made for such type of joints). 5.8 Workability of adhesives The open time of the adhesives and their pot-life must be indicated by the manufacturer for the extreme temperature conditions envisaged on site and the quoted times must be strictly observed during the application. 5.9 Compatibility of jointing materials with the support The compatibility of jointing materials with the support must be carefully studied. In case of incompatibility special measures should be taken to prevent contact between the jointing materials and the support or other materials with which can be come in contact. 6 Connection to the substrate Sheets can be laid by loose-laying and ballasting, by adhesive bonding or by mechanical fastenings. 6.1 Ballasted sheets Ballast can be obtained with rounded and washed gravel (grade 10-32), concrete slabs or pavement. The layer of gravel must have a minimum depth of 50 mm and the effective thickness of the ballast must be designed following the national regulations for the wind resistance. It is necessary to use always a separating layer (for instance a polyester non-woven felt of 300 g/m²). 6.2 Adhesive bonding The adhesive used must be compatible with the sheet and its immediate substrate (peel tests). Wind resistance must be measured for each type of adhesive on the substrate deemed to produce the lowest peeling resistance. 6.3 Mechanical fastenings (not considered in this document) The jointing technique, the screw and the washer shall be designed and executed in correspondance with the indications given by the manufacturer and the approval.

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APPENDIX 5 : Format for INSPECTION Brief (for information)

AGREMENT CERTIFICATE N° .............................................................................. Issuing institute ................................................................................................... Inspection Report N° .......................... Date ......................................................... Previous inspection date ................................................. Certificate holder .................................................................................................. Factory address ................................................................................................... Factory delegate ................................................................................................... Holder delegate ................................................................................................... Inspector ........................................................................................................... Raw materials checks Checks made by supplier/s manufacturer Dry extract at 105°C Each batch PVC Ash content at 450°C Each batch K grade Each batch Nature by declaration Each batch Density Each batch Plasticiser Dry extract at 105°C Each batch Refraction index Each batch pH Each batch etc Each batch Nature by declaration Each batch Stabiliser Density Each batch Refraction index Each batch etc Each batch Nature by declaration Each batch Filler Granule size Each batch Ash content Each batch Nature by declaration Each batch Mass per unit area Each batch Reinforcement Mechanical strength and

elongation at break Each batch

Mesh number Each batch

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Checks during production on component / formulation Range of

nominal value

Total number of tests

Number of tests out of conformity

Minimum measured value

Maximum measured value

Frequency

Viscosity or density Every day or if change of formulation

Plasticiser content and/or DHC

Every month

Checks on finished product on line Range of

nominal value





Frequency

Thickness Every two hours Finished product checks Range of

nominal value





Frequency

Thickness or mass per unit area

Every day or if change of formulation

Width Every day or if change of formulation

Flatness Every month Straightness Every month Tensile strength Every week Elongation Every week Tearing resistance or nail shank

2 per year

Dimensional stability *

Every week

Foldability at low t° 2 per year Plasticiser content **

2 per year

Interlaminar adhesion ***

Every week

T-peel resistance of joints

Every year

Weight loss after 4 weeks at 80°C in air

Twice per year

* Not necessary for sheets with non-woven glass or not for mineral reinforced ** To be performed on one product per plastisol family *** Not necessary for sheets obtained by coating

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Checks on sheet produced the ............... performed in presence of inspector Result Range Conform Not conform Thickness or mass per unit area Width Tensile strength Elongation Dimensional stability Foldability at low t° Plasticiser content Weight loss after 4 weeks at 80°C in air Observation Testing apparatus Production Drawing of samples Conclusion Signatures :

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UEAtc Technical Guide for the Assessment of Non ...INCERC Institutul National de Cercetari...

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