UD 6-81-8 (E) a Guide to Cold Weather Operations, Booklet 8, Fieldworks and Camuflage (1987)

8/13/2019 UD 6-81-8 (E) a Guide to Cold Weather Operations, Booklet 8, Fieldworks and Camuflage (1987)

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UD 6-81-8E

A G uide toCold Weather Operations

Booklet 8Fieldworks and Camouflage

H E A D Q U A R T E R S DE FE N C EC O M M A N D N OR W A YT H E A R M Y ST AFF1987


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UD 6-81-8E (Engl ish edit ion)A Guide to Cold Weather Opemtions - booklet 8 -FieldworksandC amouflage h as beenissued foruseby the alliedw intercoursesan dforeign un i t s exercising u nd e r Norwegian co m m and .Oslo December 1987,

D. Dan ie lsenMajor Genera lInspector Genera l oft h e N o r w e g i a n A r m y

A. PranBrigaderIn spec tor o f I n f a n t r y


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UD6-81 EA G U ID E T OCOLD W E A T H E R O P E R A T IO N S

includes:UD6-81- l EUD6-81- 2 EUD6-81- 3 EUD6-81- 4 EUD6-81- 5 EUD6-81- 6EUD6-81- 7 EUD6-81- 8 EUD6-81 9 EU D 6 - 8 1 - 1 0 E

(Booklet 1 )(Booklet 2)(Booklet 3 )(Booklet 4)(Booklet 5)(Booklet 6)(Booklet 7)(Booklet 8)(Booklet 9 )(Booklet 1 0 )

W i n t e r Condi t ionsPersona l C lo th ingFoodFrostbi te an d O the r In jur iesM o v e m e n tBivouacsCold W e a th e r Equ i p me n tFie ld W orks and Camouf lageS n ow ,A v a la n c h e s a n dRescueW e a p o n effects


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C O N T E N T S Para PageIntroduction l 7Field fortificationsG en eral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8Fir ing pos i t ions in snow and frozen g r oun d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9Shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 1Communica t ion t renches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 13ExplosivesG e n e ra l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14In i t ia t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 14Blast ing th roug h frozen g r o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 1 4Plac ing o f c ha rge s in frozen g r o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 1 5Blast ing o f hoies in frozen g r oun d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1 5l d emol i t ionGen e r a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 1 8Es t ima t ion and p l ac ing o f c ha rge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 18Blast ing of gap in ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 20Tactical use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 2 0Artificial obstaclesGen e r a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 2 2In fan t ry obstacles o n f rozen g r o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 22I n f a n t r y obstacles o n s n o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2 2Ant i - tank , an t i -veh i c l e obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 2 4Mines and minefieldsGeneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 2 7A n t i - p e r s o n n e l m i n e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 2 7Improvised an t i -pe r sonne l m i n e M 1 9 5 1 C o n s k i t ra i l . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 27Ant i -pe rsonne l m i n e M 2 i n sk i trai l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2 8Trip-wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 2 8Ant i - t ank mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 29Posi t ioning o f an t i - tank mi ne s M 6 A 2 a n d M l 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2 9Road ConstructionGenera l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 3 2Snow-clear ing e q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 32Organizat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 3 2Reconnais sance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 3 2C o m m a n d responsibi l i t ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 3 3Snow-clear ing d u r i ng advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 33


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Para PageSnow-clearing du r i n g offensive combat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 3 3Snow-clearing dur ing defensive operat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 3 3Snow-clearing d u r i ng delaying battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 34Clearing of parking loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 34Improving the BV t ra i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 36Road over i ce and frozen m ar s h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 37CamouflageG e n e ra l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 3 9Fir ing posi t ions an d co m m u n ica t i o n trenches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 3 9Decoy posit ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 3 9Trail discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 3 9Noise discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 4 0M e a n s o g camouflage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 4 0Natura l cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 4 0Personal camouflage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8 4 2Te n t s a n d ma t r ie l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 4 4Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 4 5R o u t e select ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 4 7


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F I G U R E S PageFigure l. Bul le t penet ra t ion tab le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 . F i r ing position i n sn ow wi th splinter-proof shel ter . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 .Fron ta l cover - t imber a n d packed sno w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 4. Fir ing position with shelter beneath th e frozen g roun d . . . . . . 1 1 5 . 4-man shel ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6. Improvised shel ters wi th protection against indirect fire . . . . . . 12 7 . Pos i t ion fo rp ron e r i f leman, with spl inter-proof overhead cover 13 8 . Dri l l ing plan fo r u n i t t r ench in frozen g r o u n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 9 . Use o f pressure charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 10. P repara tion o f hoie made by shaped charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11. Shaped charge - a n d ma in charge craters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 12. Blas ting a gap in t he i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 13. Table of charges - depth o f water more t h a n 2,5 m . . . . . . . . . 19 14. Tab le o f cha rges - depth less than 2 ,5 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 15 . Examp l e o f su spen ded charge fo r d e m o l i sh i n g ice . . . . . . . . . . . 20 16. T i mb e r obs tacle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 17 . I n f a n t r y obstacle o n s n o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 18.C o n c e r ti n a wi re o n s n o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 19 . Tr ip-w i re i n s k i t ra i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2 0 . T imber barricade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 1 . S n o w barr icade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 22 . Barr icade o f felled trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 23 . Improvi sed an t i -pe r sonn e l m i n e M 1 9 5 1 C i n s k i trai l . . . . . . . . 2 7 24 . An t i -pe r sonn e l m i n e M 2 A 1 i n s k i trai l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 25. Plac ing of mi ne s in less t h a n 50 cm of sn ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 26 . P lac ing t he M 6A 2 in 50-80 cm of snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 27 . Pfacing o f m i n e in mo re t h a n 80 cm o f s n o w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2 8 . Park ing loop - p lan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 2 9 . Snow-clearing tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3 0 . B V t ra i l over a rise w i t h s n o w d r i f t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 31. BV t ra i l across a slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 32 . Re in fo rcemen t o f i ce on frozen m a r sh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 33. Bear ing capac i ty o f fast h i g h q u a l i t y ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 34 . BV camouf laged w i t h ne t and p i n e b ranches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 35. Section t en t in fores t , not camouflaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 36. BV in forest, no t camouflaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 37. P e r s o nne l inpos i t ion - camouf laged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 38 . Personnel o n t h e ma r c h , w i t h o u t camouf l age smock . . . . . . . . 43 3 9 .T e n t wi th camouflage c lo th ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 0 . Mater ie d u m p w i t h ne t s - seen f rom a i r a n dg r o u n d . . . . . . . . 4 5 41 . B Vw i th n e t - seen from a i r a n dg ro u nd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4 2 . M 6 2 1 wi th n e t - seen from t h e a i r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 43. Personnel o n t h e march . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 44. BV trai l a long the edge of the forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 45 . BV tra i l in a gu l ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48


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I N T R O D U C T I O NField preparat ions in cold wea ther condit ions are basically th e same as intemperate climates, but with certain var ia t ions . The cold w ea t h e r condit ionsmake i t necessary to improvise. T he mos t important factors to consider are:- frozen ground- s n o w-cold darkness .The above factors lead to the fol lowing:- reduced work capacity- the need fo rhea t ing a t the field positions- d igg ing m a d e diff icul t becauseo f frozen g r o un d- increased need fo rexplosives in bui ld ing posi t ions- reduced mobi l i ty- thenecessityofsnow clear ing- lakes an d rivers n o longer h inder th eenemy"s advance- trails a redifficul t toconceal- it is mored iff icult to make use of n a tu r a l camouflage .Th e purposeof this bookle t is togive somegu i d anc e in how best tom anage incold wea ther cond i t ions wi th the means available.


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FIELD FORTIFICATIONSGeneral2.W h e n field fortifications are to becon structed it isdiff icult to decidewhe the ritis best to diginto the f rozen groun d, or build aboveg roun d .T he decisivefac-to r will normal ly be thea m o u n t ofexplosives t ha thavebeen allocated fo rdig-g ing an d ususally a compromise between the two opt ions will have to bereached.. Weapon s i t ing, in par t icular the elevat ion and depression requirements of thevarious weapons,wil lbean o th e r impor tan tfactor toconsiderw h e ndecidingtowhe the r dig in or build up.Fir ing posit ionsshould not bebui l t insuch a m a n n e r t h a t riflemen have to bein th e proneposi t ion ,becauseth e risk of frostbite isreduced w h e nkneel ingo rs tand ing . In the proneposi ton there islittlepossibility of movingt h e body,an da large par t of the body touches th ecold surface benea t h .T h e f i r ing posit ionshou ld be bu i l t in such a m a n n e r th a t th e soldiercan s tand up, and preferablymove abo u tw i th i ni t , or in comm unicat ion trenches .Snowreducesth e penetra-tion of small-arms fire and shell f ragment s (Figure 1).

Material M i n i m u m th i cknessNewly fallen n owPacked snowFrozen snow/water m i x t u r e fsnow-crete jIce-crete

400cm200 cm150 cm50 cm

Figure ISul letp enetration fable3. M G fire from 300 m r a n g e has the s ameeffect as r i f l e fire. W h e n t h e range isshor ter , th e penetra t ion o f mac h i ne g u ns i sincreased bya b o u t 50 per cen t . I f a

f i r ingpos i t ion is to bespHn te rproof , o r reinforced sp l in t e rpoof , h e a v i e rm ate r ia lis required fo r revett ing th e f i r ing posi t ion and shelter.4.leecretecan be used for secon dary fortif ication of a pos i t ion. Sand and waterare mixedan d pressed w i t h i n forms or containers ( a m m un i t i o ncrates,etc), pre-ferably reinforced wi th twigs,wireand s imi l a r thing s . Water can bepouredoverth e frontal cover to make i t stranger.


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7 , I f revett ing materialis in shor tsupply,it isbestto builda n improvised f ir ing po-s i t ion,and le t theshel ter wai t .Priori ty must begiven to bui ld ingas trong fron-ta l cover.

packed snow :

Figure3Frontal cover; timber and pa cked snow8.W h e n th e position is to be complete ly dug in , the usua lcon s t ruc tion practiceis followed. Insuchcases, and incases w he n th e frozen g r o u n d h as been burs tthrough, i t i s easy to improvise a good posi t ion;- the sideso f the trench become excellent walls- if a larger posit ion is wan ted ,a shei ter can be bu i l t below th elayer o f frozeng ro u nd- vertical suppor tsareerected ben eath tos t reng then th eoverhead cover the overhead cover is reinforced byp lacing t imberon i t , and byheaping th edug-out ear th on top- it is im p o r t an t to camouf lage a lld u g -o u t ea r th w i t h snowMarsh areasare unsuitablefor dug in positions,because th eseepageof wateris to o great, and the layer o f frozen g ro u nd to o t h i n .


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1 1

STONESMOSSETC\

FROZENGROUND

FRONT

Figure 4Firing position withshelter beneath thefrozen groundSheHers9. Large shelters are bu i l t in thesamem a n n e ras i n summ ert ime . The frozen g rou n d isd y nami t e d ,o r b roken th rough w i t h pioneer platoon dri l l ingequ ip m en t .

10 .Smal l improvised she l ters an d covers can be b u i l t by modifying the 4-manshelter , w h i c h is bu i l t as a f i r ing posit ion but w i th aver over th e ent i reposi t ion. Th e h e i g h t can va ry according to the cond i tions .{Figure 5).


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1 2

Figure 54-man shelterSmall improvised shelters can also be bui l t by ut i l i z ing the ter ra in in such am a n n e r t h a t acom ple te bu i l t -upshe l t e rbecomes unnecessary .A sp l in te rproofcover will in certain cases give f u l l pro tection aga ins tindirect fire (Fig 6 } .

ArtHIeryfire

Figure 6Improvised she l te rs wi th protec t ion aga ins tindirectfireIn extremecases asha l low shel tercan be m ade for a soldier ly ingdow n or s i t -t ing , w ith spl in terproof overheadcover.


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13

Figure 7Position for p roneri f lema n, with spiinter-pmof overhead cover1 1 .Th e improvised posit ion is to meet the s tandard requi rements as regards con-s t ruc t ion and protect ion. T h e need fo r t h o r o ug h control and inspect ion beco-mes greater w h e n improvis ing posi t ions .

Communication trenches12.C o m m u n i c a ti o n t r en ch e s insnowa re b u i l tafter th es ame pr inc ip lesas ine a r t h .Dug-out snow is used to s t r en g th en th e side facing the enemy. C o nnec t i ngt renches in snow are pr imar i ly used to provide c on c ea lmen t ; it takes a lot ofsnow to provide pro tect ion a g a i n s t e n e m y fire. T h e bo t tom of the C o m m u n i -cat ion t r ench o u g h t to b e covered wi th snow to make observat ion from the a i rdif f icu l t . T h e sn o w d u g o u t n ea r th ef i r ing pos i t ion ough t to beused to increaseth e thickness of the f r o n t a l cover.


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15

Placing of charges in frozen ground20 .T h e hoie ismadewi th pneumat ic drilloro ther dri l l ing equ ipmen t . The dep thof the dril lholeshouldbe 9/10thsof the depth of the frozen g r oun d .T he inter-val between th e hoies and between rowsof hoies should not exceed the depthof th efrozen g r oun d .T he chargesshould f i l l up 2/3rds of thedep thof thehoies.

50 cm50 cm

TampingFrozenground

charge

Figure 8Drill ing plan for unittrench in frozen groundW h e n improvis ingapositionasmal ler trench issu ff icien t ; the shel ter can thenbe b u i l t u n d e r n e a t h t h e iayer of frozen g r o u n d .Biastingofhoies in frozenground21. Hoies are blasted in the frozen g r o u n d w i t h th e fo l lowing mea n s :- shaped charges ( M 7 2 o r Energa warheads , beehive charges o r improvisedshaped charges).- pressure charges (has to berepeated several times)T h e c u t t i n g cha rge and the pressure charge {Figure 9 ) can be used w h e n t h eIayer of frozen g r o u n d is s h a l l o w ; i t is not descr ibed here.


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16

1sttimeSandbag Charge

Earth

Earth Charge

Frozenground JEarth

2nd time

Figure 9U se of p ressure ch arg eTests show t h a t s h a p ed charges a re qu i te effective. D e p e n d in g o n t h e g r o u n dcondi t ions , the M72 warhead mkes a hoieo f a b ou t 80 cm in depth infrozeng r o u n d . A shapedchargeof th i ssize w i l l norma l ly makea hoieb i g e no u g h t obe charged wi th d r i l l i ng she l ls o r d y n a m i t e . After th e hoie for the charge h asbeen made,th e frozen gro un d can be blas ted away in theo r d i n a r ym a n n e rw i tha serieso f charges (as insection 22), orcraters can beblasted (as in sec t ion 23).

22. Ordin ari ly the blas t ing of frozen g ro u nd w i l l d e m a n d a nu mbe r o f charges,with an interval between them equal to the depth of the frozen g r o u n d . I f th efrozen g r o u n d is 50 cm deep, four teen hoiesare requ i red , in two rows, w i t h 50cm intervalsbetween th ehoiesand 50 cmbetween th e rows. if thefrozen layeris th ick ,itm i g h tb enecessaryro repeat th eb las t ing.T he shapedcha rge w i l l o f -te n pierce the layer of frozen g ro u nd . In t h a tcase, to achieve the f u l l effect ofth eblas t , th e hoie has to be prepared as in Figure 10before th esecond charge.


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IC E D E M O L I T I O NGeneral24. The purposeo f blast ing away ice ismostoften to open up aclear watergap toblock th e enemy. Detailed reconnaissance isn ecessary to get the gapopenedwhere th ecur ren t isst reng est .An icedrill isneeded,anaxe,a tapemeasure,asound ing l ine (a piece of cord with a s tone attached), and the blasting equip-ment .T he th icknessof the ice and thedepthof thewateraremeasuredbydril-l inga serieso f sound ing hoies(at intervals of 50-100 m).W h e n th e location ofthe gap has been decided, th e center l ine should be marked wi th a ski trai l ,twigs, or in some o ther m anner .

25 . W h en a charge isdetonated un de rn e a th th eice, a circular m o u n d of water ist h rown up,b reak ing th roug h the ice and part ly removing i t . Ifs lu sh remainsinth egap it w i l l freeze over again quickly.Estimation and plac ing of charge26. A gap i s blasted in the ice by p lac ing series of cha rges u n d e r n e a t h it .(Figure 12)

Figure 12Blasting a gap in the ice27. If the depth of the water isgreater t h a n 2.5 m, the cha rge o u gh t to be placedabou t 1.25m beneath th eice.If the depth of the water is less than 2 .5 m thecharge ought to be placed at ha lf t he d ep th .The s ize of the c h a rg e oug h t to be as in the fo l lowing table:


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20

Suspensjon cord electricfus

charge (waterproofed)weight

Figure 1 5Example ofsuspended chargefor demolishing lee29 . Tom a k e a ho ie in the ice for the ma in charge , th e fo l lo wing can be used;

- motor-powered icedr i l l ( d r i l l i n g e qu i p me n t ice/frozen ear th)- icedri l l- explosives- a x e , pick, c rowbar ( i f the ice i st h i n ) .I f explosives are to be used,a hol lowo u g h t f i r s t to be ma de in the i c e , and thecharge should be 100g rams per 10 cm of i ce .Blasting of gap in ice30. I t takes a demoli t ion group of 6-8 m e n , d iv ided i n t o 3 teams;1 . 2-3 men dr i l l hoies in the ice for the charges2. 1-2 men roll out the de tonat ingcord3. 3 men place an dco nnec t up the m a i n charges .A l l t he e qu i p me n t s ho u l d be ma de ready beforehand, to m i n i m i z e th e t imespent on the i ce .Tacticai use31. Th e purposeof o p e n i ng up clear water gaps is to protect u n i t s aga ins t frontalor f l ank at tacks.No r m a l l ya gap isblastedclose too w n posi t ions. Butgapscanalso beblasted indepth in f ront of own un i t s to cut off parts of the a t tackingforce.The gap isblastedo n l yw h e napa r tof the a t tackingforce h aspassedoverth e charges planted in depth . I f th e demol i t ion h as been p l a n n ed in the best


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possibleway,i t can he lp substant ia l ly in the defence a un i t can put up wi th inits bound ar ie s .The execut ion requires great precis ion, and thework donem u s tbeunder cons tan tcon trol .Fire from ow nweaponscan easily destroy thedeto-nat ion system,Thisi s an impor tan tfactorto be cons idered w hen sit ingthegap .32. If it ispossible to place an insula t ing layer (a mat or o ther bea r ing layer withsnow on i t) over the gap, i t can be kept as an impassible an t i t ank ditch for along time, eveni ncoldweather .The gap oug h t to besitedwherethere i s na tura lcu r r en tin thewater.W h e n th is isimpossible,freezing can behinderedbymove-me n t in the water ;a perforated air hoseo n t heb o t t om,or ap u m p t h a t mkesa surfacecurren t .Dieselo iletc.can bepouredin tothe gap todelay th efreezingprocess.


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AKTIFICIAL OBSTACLESGeneral33.O n t hewhole ,th eobstaclesa rebui l tas insum mertime ,butwithcertainmod ifi-ca t ions made necessary by the snow an d frozen g ro u nd .Infantry obstacles on frozen ground34 .W h en t imberc an n o tbedrivenintothe g roundbecauseof frost,s teel pickets ort imber lashed together as s ho wn can be used (also on rocky ground).

Figure 1 6Timberobs tade

35. W h e n b u i l d i n gt imberobstacles on ice, the logsare puti n to hoies t ha tare d r i l -led only par t ia l ly in to th e ice, a n d t h e n fil led wi t h sn o w a n d wate r to c e m e n tt hem in place.Infantry obstacles on snow

36.Timber obstacles often sink in to th e snow. This can be prevehted w i t h a hor i -zon ta l beam (Figure 17) .T h e rear legsare lifted up so t h a t t h e h o r i z o n t a l beamfunc t ions as a snowshoe, rest ing on the snow surface.37 .T h i s k ind of obstacle has to be f i r m l y anchored at both end s . It can be mademore effective by plac ing barbed wire on the ins ide of the legs.


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Enemy

Figure 1 7Infantry obstacle on snow38.Con cer tina wire can be p u t in place w i t ho u t timber. However, some t imbershould be placed at thebottom of thecoils, to keep t hem inplace,an dl if t ingth e coils up after a heavy snowfal l , See Figure 1 8 )

Figure 1 8Concertina wire on snow39 .A g a i n s t skiers, even s impleobstaclescan be used to great effect, especially ond o w n h i l lslopes.Sticks w i t h trip wires are dugdown on the slopes seeFigure1 9 ) . Th e stick is buried in such a manner tha t the wirecatches the tip of theskis. This device can be used to advantage by patrols.


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Figure 20Timber b arricade

\ nemy^ 1i xrrr//&;CUntouchedsnow/ . ..;...v . ?

1 '*' '

\ *M*- H:..;. T -,-. .- ' X

'.; ca2-3ra . '.-':-\.Packed/ :'.' '\snow :':;'.:,\'r.Vj1;-:. /;> "- / - 1/ / ?. / / , > ; / .v- - . Ws^W

Figure 21Snow barr icade (thedim ension can bereduced on slopes)


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Figure 22Barricade offelled trees


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MINES A N D M IN E FIE LDSGeneral

44.Mines are present ly th e mos t impor tan t passive m e a n s available fo r comba toperat ions.T he preparing ,placing andconcealingof minesmust recievepart i-cular at tent ion in win ter time. The fuses, and themechanica lpartsof the mi n em u s t be free of wax and storage grease, fo r these ingredients keep the minefrom func t ion ing invery coldw eather. I f th ew ea the r and thesnow cause icingon mines , th emi n eu n i t o u g h t toconsiderplacingeach mi n e in aw hi te plast icbag. Adark m i n eplaced jus t benea th thesurface of the snow absorbs heat insun sh i n e and mel t s the su r round ingsnow, makin gt he m inevisible.M ines andfuses t h a t are to be placed directly u n d e r the snow surface shou ld be pa intedwhi te . M i n e fuses at tached on the outs ide have to be tested af ter th e p a i n t h asdr ied.Anit-personnel mines45. It is easy to concealan t i -pe rsonn e l mines insnow,Tripwireso u g h t to beattac-h ed to the mines. On skitrai ls ,roads,pa ths ,or inshallowsnow,pressure m inescan be u s ed .Th e snow reduces the effect of mines ; j umping mines are therefore useful insnow.I n f a n t r y obstacles, tree obstacles, etc., o u g h t to have an t i -per sonne l mines a t -tached; improvised charges w i t h tr ip-wires are useful. It is i mpor t a n t to makea solid f o u n d a t i o n for mi ne s placed insnow.Improvised anti-personnel mine M 1951C on ski trail46. The m i n e isplacedon a board, 10 cmwide,30 cm long. On top of the lid,overthe moveable part , a wooden peg isa t tache d , 3 cm h i g h and l cm wide. Th ispeg w i l l force the lidd o w n and set off themi new h e naskiermovesoveri t . Th eplac ing of the m i n e is sh ow n in Figure 23.

ytFigure 23Improvised anti-personnel m ine M 1951C in ski trail


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Anti-tank mines50 . It isdifficult to camouflage an ant i - tank minefield in winter t ime.M oreover, itis difficult to get the mines placed in a sn ug posi t ion , so tha t they detonatewhenever a vehicle passes. Therefore a mine-field o u g h t to be sited in well-tracked terrain. The vehic le tracks ought to cover a considerably larger areathan t ha t to be covered by the minefield.Positioning th e anti-tank mines M 6 A 2 and M1551. I f th edepthof thesnow islesst h a n50 cm, the mines can be placed directly onth e g r oun d w i t h ou t reducing th e effect (Figure 25) ,If thedep th of the snow isbetween 50 and 80 cm the minescan still beplaced on the g ro u nd . However,w h en th e M 6 A 2 isused,ittakestw omines,one on top of the other , to g et thedesiredeffect (Figure26). W h e n th e M 5 1 A isused,extraexplosiveshave to beused.

;':.v :;':./.;"" . . ''. ' , '. ' ' . ' , ' . * * ^nMa

C . ' -".'

*

.'

. _. _

. . .*

* ** " ** t

',- . . . . * . ' ,

"". ' " - . . * * * " * * " . ' J .

' * * * * * ^',

k '

* " "

:-v.' , * * * ** * *,; V Lessthan50 cm

Figure 25Placing of m ine in less tha n50 cm of snow


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ii epthof snow'i- : 50-80cm ... .. - v . - " . . . . . . . , - , , , - . ;.,, lM .l...

'-'V.'',-V'v:" '

2minestacked,the bottommineis;turned upsidedown

Figure 26Placing th e M 6 A2 in 50-80 cm ofsnow52. If th e depth of the snow isover 80 cm, the m i n em u s t beplaced on a woodencross, on a founda t ion of hard-packed snow. Th e boards t h a t make th e crosso u g h t to be l mlong , 20 cm wide (or two 40 cm beams can be placed parallelto eachoth er) . The m i n e isfastened to the wooden fo u nd a t i o n . Sandbags f i l l e dwith snow canalsob eusedas afounda t ion for the a n t i t a n k mine .T h e b u i l t upfounda t ion should be placed about 40 cmbelow th e surface of the snow.T h i sm etho d o f ly ingm in e sd e m a n d sa lot of worka n d eq u i p m en t , a n d i so n l yfeasi-ble w h e n a smal l n umb er o f mi ne s are to be laidout.Th e laying o f mi ne s indeep s n o w o u g h t to be d o n e in areas w h e r e t he re a l r eady are p l e n t y o f BVtracks.


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The mineis secured withwire to awooden cross

^ ##4^

Figure 27Placing ofm ine in morethan 80 cm o fsnow


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RO AD CONSTRU CTIONGen e r a l53. A task of pr imary impor tance dur ing winter t ime is the const ruct ion of routesfor cross-countrym o vem en touts ide th ep e r m a n e n t roads.T he const ruct ion ofroutes generally fallsin to three categories:clearingo fapproach roads;breakingof trails for B V s (oversnow vehicles); re inforcement of ice or m ar s h . Go o dreconna i s sanceis ofdecisive impo rtanceforth iswork .M oreover the pe rsonn e lhave to befamil iar withsnow andavalanches ,an d knoww h e nfrozen marshes ,rivers and lakescan be used formovem ent. Plann ed approachroadsover mars-h es have to becleared of snow an d reinforced with s tee l matt ing , to make th emarsh bear th e we ight ofheavy wheeled vehicles. I f th e snow has been remo-ved in good t ime, th e frost wil l deepen and in itself reinforce th e marsh appro-ach road.Snow-cfear ing e q u i p m e n t54.T h e Norwegian i n fan t ry battal ion h as available th e fol lowing snow-clearingeq u i pmen t :- 2com bat t ractors w i th shovelandp lo u g h digger tractors- 4 trucks M621 wi th snowplough .T h e c o m b a ttractorsa re especially wellsui tedfor theclear ingo f roadsan d p a r -king loops.Depend ing on the depthofsnow, th e combat tractors can a l ternatein the use ofp loughand shovel . The digger tractorsarebestsui tedfor theclea-r ing of parkingslotsan d o th e rsmal lareasand forkeepingthe in tersect ions c l e -ared.Th e p lough-truck ( t ruck wi th s no w p l o u gh mo u n t e d inf ront ) isbestsui tedfo r ma i n t e nanc e c l e a r i ng .O rgan i z a t i o n55.O n edigger tractora n d o n e c o mba t t rac tor are n o r m a l l y used toge the ras a c l e -a r ing group.Thi sopensfor the possibilityo f work ing tw oplacesat once,w h i l eat the s ame t ime the smal l size of thec l earing g roup m kes i t easy tomanage.T h e plow t rucks are n o r m a l l y tasked i nd iv idua i ly , eg, to keep open a givenstretch of road.Reconnaissance56. Before the snow clear ing is b eg un , careful reconnaissance o u g h t to be carriedo u t . In format ion should begathereda b ou tforest roads,from the map andfromth elocal people,so tha t thesem i g h tbe put to u s e . M ar s hareasare alsosh ow non the m a p . Theseo u g h t to beavoided, unless it isk n o w n w i t h ce r t a in ty t h a tth e marsh isfrozen to suen dep th t h a t it issuf f ic ient to bear the weigh t of theequipment . In anycase,testso u g h t to bemadebefore snow clear ing isbegun .W hen su rveying th eterrain you should t ry tof ind out abo u t th elocationo f s t o -n e s a n d s t u m p s o n t h e g r o un d . Ifnecessary a s o u n d i n g rod or a sk ipole w i t h -out the disc should be used to locate ditches.


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After ma r k i n g th e route, th e clearing m ays tar t . After th e first c lear ing by thecornbat tractorwithp lough ,th e road willbepassablefo rl ightvehicles and we-apon carriers .If th e roadis to be used byvehiclesw i t ho u tfour-wh eel-drive, th eclearing operation m u s t be repeated 4 times to make th e road passable. If ob-stacles are encountered w h e n clearing a route, the plough shou ld not beusedas bulldozer. It isbetter to dr ive around the obstacle.Command responsibilities57 . Snowclear ingsuppor t isassignedfor a given task or for agiven l eng th of time.Th e u n i tsuppo rted isrespon sible fordetachingan officer or NCO tosuperviseth e work connected w i t h th e c lear ing , such as :- reconnaissance an dma r k i n go f parking loops an dvehicle slots- giv in gorders to the eq u i pmen t operators- overseeing an d supervis ing w h i l e th esnow clearing isbe ing carriedout.Snow-clearing during advance58. D u r i ng advance, th e clear inge q u i p m e n t is deployed as follows:- o n e clear ing g roup follows beh ind th e bat ta l ion blocking force. This groupclearsth e m a i naxis;a tevery h a l t itclearsvehicleslotswherever possible. Th egroup may be reinforced by a t ruck an d plough- a n o t h e r g ro u pfollows th e second- in-command an d th erecce team of thefor-ward mor ta r p la toon .T h e p lough- t rucksa re kept inco lumn to increase thew i d th of the road, and toclear away fresh s no w. W he n ad van c i ngo tus ideroads,th ec lea ring g roupclearsth e necessary re loading places. Thereafter the c lear ingg ro u p w i l l be deployedto clear roads t h r o u g h th e te r ra i n , i f th is i spossible.Snow-clearing during offensive combat59 . D u r i n g an a t t ack th e c lear ing e q u i p m e n t isut i l t zed as fol lows:- c l e a r i n g o f f o r m i n g - u p places- c l ea r i ngof m o r t a r pos i t i ons- fol iow-up c l ea r i ng o f su p p ly roads an d mor ta r pos i t i ons d u r i ng th e at tack.Trucks are used fo rm a i n t e n a n c e work o n t h e roads from th e tra in area an d

fo rward .Snow-clearing during defensive operations60. In de tense I t is i m p o r t a n t toopen up supp ly roads to a l l un i t s . On accoun t ofth ed a n g e rposedbye n e m y aircraft , th eveh icleso u g h t to bedispersedasm u c has possible. The c lear ing e q u i p m e n t o u g h t therefore to be tasked in the follo-w i n g m a n n e n- o ne clear ingg r oup isass igned to thet r a inarea,a nd t o t heuni ts between th et ra inareaand the ba t t a lion HQ.Th ereafter i tsupportso th e ru n i t s and carrieso ut m a i n t e n a n c e as necessary.- on e c l ear ing group reinforced byp lough - t rucks isassigned to the un i t s for-ward of t he ba t t a l ion HQ


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Improving the BV trail63. It takes first rate reconnaissance to select a good BV(oversnow vehicle) trail.Th e following must be kept in mind:- m o vem en t is to takeplace u nd e r cover and concea lment a s fa r a spossible- unnecessary worko n th e trai l ough t to beavoided bygoinga round the ob-stacles- the chang ing o f a l t i tude ough t to beavoided, by go ing a round he igh t s an ddepressions- the trail should beable to s tand usage- steeprisesa n dsnow drifts are to benego tiatedheado n .For then ecessarypre-parations of the trai l see Figure 30- w h e nmovingacross th efaceo f aslope,th etrailmus tb eprepared(SeeFigure31)Small trees are placed on the trail, tucked in to th e sides.

Smalltreesare placed o n thetrall, tuckedinto thesides

Figure 30BV trailover a rise withsnowdrift


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HCOlTtk|

Built-up

Smalltrees usedforreinforcement

lFigure31EV trall across a slope

Road over ice and frozen marsh64. Before bui ld ingan ice roadon lakeor river,a thorough check mus tbemade ofth e ice.Dril l hoiesa b ou t 10 ma pa r t , about 5 m out on both sides of the plan-ned road, and measure the th ickness. This ought to be done twice weekly,an dalwaysafter acon siderable cha nge in termperature. If thicker ice isneeded,th eroad ou gh t to bekeptclearof snow.Also, th e thicknessof the ice can be increa-sed by p u m p i n gwater on i t and l e t t i ng it freeze. The w i d t h of the road oughtto b e a b o u t 7 m .

65. If the iceroad is to beused inlatewin ter , the ice has to bereinforced and insula-ted.P u m pwateron toth eice, putdown twigs,coniferousb ranchesetc. in to th ewater so t h a t it freezes into amat. W h e n th e road bed isfrozen t h r o u g h , it iscovered w i t habo ut 10 cm ofsawdus tor woods hav i ngsand snow. The road hasto be cSeared gent ly beforeuse.A well-built ice road can be used after the iceon thesides h as become unsafe. Normal ly th e approaches have to be reinfor-ced. W h e n the sunbeginstomel t th eice, the iceroad o u g h tto becovered w itha t h i n layer o f snow.


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C A M O U F L A G EGeneral

69. The terra winter in th i scon text means te r ra in which i s whol ly or partiallycovered w i t hsnow.Trails,shadows,shapesan dcolourss tandout far moreclear-ly than otherwise, reveal ingon e's presence.Firing positions and com munication trenches7 0 . Open fir ing positions m u s t continual ly be covered wi th clean wh i t e snow, ift h e y c an n o t be covered w i t h o ther whi te comouflage against discovery fromth e air.The comm unicationt renchesaretreatedin thesamem a n n e rw h e nth esnow becomes dirty, or vegetation appears at the bot tom. Th e form of thetrench isconcealed by placingbushes in i t a t varying intervals,

71. M u z z l eflashes from th e weaponsb lacken the snow inf ron t and theback blastfrom recoilless weapons does th e same t h i ng b eh i n d th e f i r ing pos i t ion.Therefore, scatter on some clean snow after f i r ing. The muzzle blas t and theback blast wi l l - especially w h e n th esnow isloose a n d d r y - blow u p a cloudof snow, which can eas ilygive away th e pos i t ion.Th i s effect can be reducedbypacking the snow n ea r t he w e ap o n .Decoy positions7 2. Decoy positionsareeasy tomake,an do u g h t to be used todrawth e enemy'sat-t en t ion away from ow n positions. These pos i t ions must be made so shal lowt h a t they c a n n o t be used by theenemy.P ine twigs are put in to the bottom ofth e decoy posi t ions to make them look deep. D u m m y a m m u n i t i o n is put in toplace together w i t h va r iouscrates to give the impress ion of wel lfort if ied positi-ons . A t n i g h t these posi t ion can be given away by careless use of l ight .However, t h i s mu s t not beexagg erated.Trail discipline73 . Sk itrai lsan dsn ow sh oe trai lsa reeasi lyseen - especially from th eair.Thereforeth e trails oug h t t o pass t h r o u g h forest o r shaded a reas . Through open terrainth e vis ib i l i ty of the t rai l can bereduced if the last m an pu l l sbe h i nd h im a cut-off tree-top.

74. A t rained observerc an easi ly interepret the trackso f vehiclesin thesnow (froman aer ia lpho tograph) . I t is imposs ible toconcealvehicletracks,but they can bemasked tod i s to r t t h e i r form and s hado w . T he tracks o u gh t no t t o stop n ea r au n i t location o r bivouac, but cont inue pas t in one or more loops.These canc on n e c t upw i t ho th e r tracksan d roads in thearea. If there i s no great dangerof mines ,c iv i l ian roadsan d trai lso u g h tto beuseda s mush a spossible.Ent ran-ce roads to own areas oug ht to be laid t h ro u gh forestor brush wh ich make thecamouf lag ing easier.


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Noise discipl ine7 5.Snow fall and badw ea th e r muff le soundscon siderably.Shots t h a t are fired areheard asweak muffled cracklirig.Incold winter air,however, th e soundcarriesvery far.S kipoleson crustedsnow can easily be heard by an alert sentry.Th esha rp s o u nd from the poles can be avoided by l i ft ing th e poles up from th esnow w h en mov i n g upclose to an enemy posi t ion.M e a n s of camuf lage76.The basic rule i st ha tpersonnel an d materielas far as possible arecamuflagedto b lend inwi thth ecoloursfound in thes u r ro u nd i ngs , lb do th i s the followingcan be used:- camouflage c lo th ing ,andcoverforpacks- whi te tape (weapons, he lmet)- whi t e cloth (helmet, var ious equ ipment )- whi te p a i n t- camouflage ne t fo r vehicles, and i f possible also fo r tents , mater ie l , fieldworks etc- na tu ra l coverandconcea lmen t (vegetat ion)- snow.Natural cover7 7 . N a t u ra l cover wil l often have to be used as camouflage in w i n t e r ti m e ; densevegetation dis tor ts shapes an d colours. R em em b er t h a t c on c ea l men t aga i n s tobservation from th e g r oun d does n o t necessari ly mean concea lmen t fromaerial observat ion.


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Figure 34B V camoujlaged with net a ndpineb ranches - use th e terrain,and take advantage o f mounds a nd depressions

Figure 35Section tent in fores t. not camouj laged: th e r ight background colourg ivesgood concea lment


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Figure 36inforest, notca mouf laged; consider the ba ckground b e f a r e using the whiten etPersonal camouf lage78 . A so ld ie r i n w h i t e c lo the s is well c a m o u f l a g e d in e n t i r e l y w h i t e s u r r o u n d i n g s ,w h a t e v e r th e l i g h t c o n d i t i o n s m i g h t be . M o s t of ten the r e w i l l be o t h e r co lour sin th es u r ro u n d i n g s , w h i c h m u s t be g iven due cons ide ra t ion , so tha t theuseo fw h i t ec a m o u f l a g e i s n o t overdone.T h e bas ice q u i p m e n t a n d t h ew e a p o n o u g h tas a r u l e to be camouf laged fo r w i n t e r .

7 9 . Form an d co lour f o r p e rs o n a l c a m o u f l a g ecan beadap ted t o th e s u r r o u n d i n g s :- w h i t e c a m o u f l a g e c l o t h e s - i ne n t i r e ly w h i t e s u r r o u n d i n g s- co m b a t e q u i p m e n t over t h ec a m o u f l a g e c l o t h i n g - i n m o u n t a i n o u s t e r r a inw i t h l i t t l e vegeta t ion- camouf lage smock a n d f i e l d t rouse r s - be lween Io w b u s h e s a n d b r u s h- c a m o u f l a g e t rouse r s a n d f i e l d jacke t - i nforested areas- field u n i f o r m - i nforest a n d unde r fo re s t w i t h b r u s h


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Tents and matriel80. Few m e a n s of camouf l age a re ava i lab le fo r t e n t s and m a t r i e l .There fore n a t u -r a lcoverhas to be ut i l izedas far aspos sible.Usuaily,a t en t can bepa r t i a l l ydugi n an d covered w i t h snow. Pieces of c a m o u f l a g e c l o t h i n g can be placed on t hecanvas todis tor t th e f o r m an d colour of the tent , especial ly towards theside todis tor t the character is t ic c i r c u l a r shape .Twigsand branchescan be suspended overth e tent on barbedwirefo rconceal-m e n t aga ins t aer ia l obse rva t ion .

Flgure 39Tent with cam ouflage clothing8 J . Matr ie lo u g h t to be dugdown an d covered w i t h snow w h e n it ispossible. Thisw i l laslogiveg ood pro tec t ion aga in s t e n e m y fires. D u m p s o f ma t r i e l can alsobe c a m o u f l a g e d w i t h ne ts , e i t h e r in c o n n e c l i o n w i l h vehicles , o r w i t h s pec i a lpurpose ne t s w h e n these are ava i lable .


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Materie dump wi th nets - seenfrom a i r a nd groundVehicles82. Al lvehic les a r e e q u ip p e d w i t h w h i t e camouf lage ne t s . The ne t ha s to be usedi n th e r i g h t w a y , w i t h th e ve h ic le pa r t i a l l y d u g i n t o th e snow, or in n a t u r a lcover, e tc . Not only is the net to cover th e vehic le , it is to d i s to r t itscharacter i -s t icshape .T h i s isd o n eby l i f t i n g the ne tfrom th e vehiclesa n d d o w n to the g ro -u n d , to avoid tell-tale s h a d o ws .


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Figure 4 fB V covered withne t inforest, seenfrom the a ir and theground. /((akes a lot ofconiferous twigsa nd dark spots tom a k eth e whitenet concealmoretha ni treveals


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UD 6-81-8 (E) a Guide to Cold Weather Operations, Booklet 8, Fieldworks and Camuflage (1987)

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Transcript of UD 6-81-8 (E) a Guide to Cold Weather Operations, Booklet 8, Fieldworks and Camuflage (1987)