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Use this as a guide to the major concepts in this unit of the course. Answer these questions IN YOUR OWN WORDS. DO NOT JUST COPY OFF OF THE PPTs OR LECTURE NOTES. Go through this guide as you study. It will really help the info stick in your brain. Good Luck!

Autonomic Nervous System

1.) Compare and contrast the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. What specifically do they do in the body (you’ll definitely want to know this).

2.) What are the locations of the origins of the sym. and parasym. nervous systems (be specific)? What is the location of autonomic ganglia for each nervous system? Are there any exceptions?

3.) Describe pheochromocytoma.

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4.) Describe the adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Where is each type of receptor located? What is the mechanism of action (be specific)?

5.) Describe nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

6.) What are the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

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7.) What are the functions of the different autonomic centers of the brain?

8.) What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the different organ systems of the body (Hint: understand the concepts of both nervous systems and memorizing will be much easier)?

Sensory Physiology

9.) Describe the steps of sensory transduction.

10.) Compare and contrast tonic and phasic receptors. Examples?

11.) Briefly describe the different sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex.

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12.) Briefly describe the dorsal and anterolateral systems.

13.) Briefly describe the different aspects of pain. What happens when thalamic nuclei are destroyed?

14.) Name the two types of senses involved in chemoreception. What are the nerves that innervate the tongue? Where do they innervate the tongue?

15.) Define the mechanism behind each type of taste.

16.) Describe some types of tongue disorders.

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17.) Briefly describe the mechanism of olfaction. What are the steps of transduction (relate to Gs receptors)? What are some olfactory disorders?

18.) Describe the different layers of the eye. Compare rods and cones. What is the fovea centralis?

19.) What part of the thalamus is involved in he optic pathway? Do visual stimuli from the temporal field ascend ipsilaterally or contralaterally? How about from the nasal field?

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20.) Describe some visual disorders.

21.) The three bones in the middle ear (from outer to inner) are the malleus, incus, and stapes. The stapes connects to the oval window (remember the acronym MISO). What is the purpose of having these bones and membranes?

22.) Where are perilymph and endolymph located? Which ion is predominant in each? Describe the Organ of Corti.

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23.) Descibe the steps of auditory transduction. What causes depolarization and hyperpolarization?

24.) Describe the auditory pathway (make a flow chart!). What part of the basilar membrane responds to high frequency? Low frequency?

25.) Describe otitis media. What is the etiology?

26.) Briefly describe the vestibular system and steps in vestibular transduction. Know the pathway. (Draw flow charts of the different pathways she goes over in class).

27.) What is nystagmus? What is vertigo?

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28.) Name and describe the function of the supporting (neuroglial cells)

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29.) Which cells produce myelin in the CNS? How about in the PNS?

30.) Briefly describe gliosis, glioma, and multiple sclerosis.

31.) What are neurotrophins?

32.) Would regeneration of a damaged axon be more limited or less limited in the PNS as compared to the CNS? Why?

33.) What is the blood-brain barrier? What is its function? What substances can pass through this barrier?

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34.) Describe the differences in solute concentration between the blood and the CSF.

35.) What are the two types of synapses? How are they different?

36.) Describe the location and function of some of the neurotransmitters covered in this course.

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Motor System

37.) What are some characteristics of skeletal tissue?

38.) What is a sarcomere? Describe the bands.

39.) What is the mechanism of contraction/sliding filament hypothesis? (OOOHH BABY ITS FLOW CHART TIME!!!)

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40.) Name and describe the different muscle sensors.

41.) Compare and contrast the two different types of muscle fibers.

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42.) Describe the muscle spindle.

43.) Describe Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Myotonic Dystrophy.

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