UAS, UAV, drone Unmanned Aerial Systems for Ozarks...

Marshfield Lions Club Meeting ‐Marshfield, MO 4/2/2015

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Unmanned Aerial Systemsfor Ozarks Agriculture

byBob SchultheisNatural Resource Engineering Specialist

forMarshfield Lions ClubMarshfield, MOMarch 5, 2015 1

UAS, UAV, droneNext High‐Tech Tool for Agriculture and Beyond

Photo credit: http://modernfarmer.com/2014/01/precision‐hawk/

Photo credit: http://hoosieragribusiness.wordpress.com/2014/09/22/are‐drones‐the‐next‐big‐thing‐in‐ag/

Photo credit: http://nimbus.unl.edu/projects/crop‐surveying‐using‐aerial‐robots /

Issues

• Who can and cannot fly UAS?

• Will the regulations hinder growth of UAS use?

• Privacy concerns

• What can I do with UAS?

Photo credit: www.amazon.com

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The National Airspace ‐ Classes

Class G (uncontrolled) airspace is mostly used for a small layer of airspace near the ground, but there are larger areas of Class G airspace in remote regions.

MSL = Mean Sea LevelAGL = Above Ground Level

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Can I Fly an UAV? – Yes, No, Maybe

<500 Feet = Non‐Navigable Airspace

>500 Feet = Navigable Airspace

PropertyRights?

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Can I Fly an UAV? – Yes, No, MaybeFAA ADVISORY CIRCULAR - AC 91-57

DATE: June 9, 1981

• Personal Use (Hobbyist or Recreational Use)

• Do not fly model aircraft higher than 400 feet above the surface.

• When flying aircraft within 3 miles of an airport, notify the airport operator, or when an air traffic facility is located at the airport, notify the control tower or flight service station.

• Maintain visual contact with UAV at all times. (specifically not in AC 91‐57)

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Can I Fly an UAV? – Yes, No, MaybeSEC. 336. SPECIAL RULE FOR MODEL AIRCRAFT

FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012

• The aircraft is flown strictly for hobby or recreational use;

• The aircraft is operated in accordance with a community‐based set of safety guidelines and within the programming of a nationwide community‐based organization;

• The aircraft is limited to not more than 55 pounds unless otherwise certified through a design, construction, inspection, flight test, and operational safety program administered by a community‐based organization;

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Can I Fly an UAV? – Yes, No, MaybeSEC. 336. SPECIAL RULE FOR MODEL AIRCRAFT

FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012

• The aircraft is operated in a manner that does not interfere with and gives way to any manned aircraft; and

• When flown within 5 miles of an airport, the operator of the aircraft provides the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower [when an air traffic facility is located at the airport] with prior notice of the operation

– Model aircraft operators flying from a permanent location within 5 miles of an airport should establish a mutually‐agreed upon operating procedure with the airport operator and the airport air traffic control tower [when an air traffic facility is located at the airport]. 8

Further Interpretations – June 25, 2014

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Allowed Not Allowed

FAA Draft Regulations 1Issued Feb. 15, 2015

• “Operator” must be 17 years of age or older;pilot’s license not required

• Pass an FAA‐approved aeronautical knowledge test and retest every 2 years

• Obtain an unmanned aircraft operator certificate with a small UAS rating

• Obtain an FAA Class II airman medical certificate(need 20/20 vision)

• Be vetted by the Transportation Security Agency (TSA)

• Daytime use only

• Maintain visual line of sight without aids(except corrective lenses)

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FAA Draft Regulations 2Issued Feb. 15, 2015

• Not operate over any person who is not part of the mission

• Maximum UAS weight of 55 pounds

• Maximum airspeed of 100 MPH

• Maximum altitude of 500 feet above ground level

• Minimum weather visibility of 3 miles

• Yield right‐of‐way to other manned and unmanned aircraft

• Contact air traffic control or airport operator when flying within 5 miles of an airport

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FAA Regulations on UAS

• Began process about 10 years ago

• Rules due by 9/30/2015

• Posted to Federal Register on 2/23/2015http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FAA‐2015‐0150‐0017

• Public comments due by 4/24/2015 11:59 p.m. ET

• Final rule expected 90‐120 days after public comment period

– Reality = expect it 1‐2 years from now

Photo credit: CBS News

Last updated 2015‐03‐31


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FAA Exemptions for UAS = 53 from 45 companies

as of March 24, 2015• Examples:

– TV and movie making (7)

– Construction site monitoring (1)

– Precision aerial surveys (3)

– Flare stack inspections on 14 Shell Oil Gulf of Mexico production platforms (1)

– Aerial video to augment real‐estate listings (1)

– Photogrammetry and crop surveying for precision agriculture (1)

• 600 applications still pending– 10 FAA people to review them

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Can I Fly an UAV? – Yes, No, Maybe

• Nationwide Community‐Based Organization

http://www.modelaircraft.org/files/105.pdf

Academy of Model Aeronautics National Model Aircraft Safety Code

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knowbeforeyoufly.org

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Agricultural Challenges

• FAO predicts need to feed 9.6 billion people onplanet by 2050

• Food production must increase by 70% by 2050, in spite of:

– Limited availability of arable lands

– Increasing need for fresh water• Agriculture consumes 70% of the world’s fresh water supply

– Impact of climate change affecting seasonal events in the life cycle of plant and animals.

• Future of agriculture = smart farming

Economic Impact of UAS

• Precision agriculture and public safety are the most promising commercial and civil markets= 90% of the known potential markets for UAS

• Agriculture in U.S. anticipated to provide:– $65 billion of $82 billion UAS business from 2015‐2025

– 103,700+ new jobs (at least 34,000 jobs over $40K/year)

– $13.6 billion in first 3 years

– $1.56 billion in Missouri with 1,970+ jobs over 10 years

• Every year that integration is delayed, the U.S. loses over $10 billion in potential economic benefit= $27 million loss per day

Source: Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI)

Privacy Concerns• Laws already control taking picture and videos of people, especially in areas where they have reasonable expectation of privacy

• People and what they are doing are clearly visible

• “Sight” crosses your property boundaries

• New laws are likely


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The view from UAS How Does a UAS Work?• More than a flying device

• UAS gives you a unique perspective that is “easy”, fast, and not hindered by roads, fences, crops, and other barriers to movement

– Navigate by GPS, auto‐return to home hover

• Sensor: normal digital videos and photos

– Controllable with joysticks,vision goggles or smartphone

UAS best suited for the Four D’s

• Dirty

• Dangerous

• Difficult

• Dull


Aerial Precision Ag, also known as APA, is a division of Cirrus Rotors ‐ http://aparotors.com/about‐us/

Possible Jobs for UAS

• Agricultural monitoring (crops & animals)

• Weather monitoring

• Disaster assessment & management (tornadoes, floods, wildfires, earthquakes)

• Tower, bridge, rail and power line surveys

• Hazardous site evaluation (chemical, nuclear, etc.)

• Law enforcement (locate threats, document site for evidence)

• Environmental monitoring & research

• Aerial imaging/mapping (real estate)

• Oil and gas exploration

• Telecommunications (news coverage, sporting events, moviemaking)

• Freight transport/package delivery

• Agri‐tourism

• Entertainment (unique photography, remote dog walking )


Most Common Uses by Farmers

• “Directed scouting” of animals and crops, which involves “ground‐truthing” what you observe from air

– Crop condition (growth, insects, diseases)

– Cattle counts, rustler monitoring


Assess stand establishment of crop

Crop Scouting


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Crop Scouting

SPARC Plots at South Farmon August 2, 201325

Crop Scouting

SPARC Plots at South Farmon August 28, 201426

Crop Scouting – Nitrogen Stress

Nitrogen Rate Study at Graves‐Chapple Farmon August 27, 2013 27

Corn ‐ Cover Crop Plots ‐ Image Captured on June 23, 2014

North Plots

South View

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Corn ‐ Cover Crop Plots ‐ Image Captured on July 1, 2014

North Plots

North View

29 Corn ‐ Cover Crop Plots ‐ Image Captured on July 1, 2014

North Plots

South View

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North View

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Moving Ground‐Based Sensor to UAVs

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Crop Scouting – Corn Hybrid Differences

at Hundley‐Whaley Farmon August 28, 2013 34

170 acres. 15cm ground resolution. About 20 minutes flying – Fixed Wing

https://www.facebook.com/VoltAerialRobotics35

Photo from a DJI Phantom 1 with Go Pro 3 camera. Corn field on July 15, 2014 in Cooper County

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Possibilities with Other Sensors

• Thermal (infrared)– Livestock detection, sick animals

– Water temperature, source identification

• Hyperspectral– Crop growth, plant identification

• LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)– Measuring plant height,3‐D terrain mapping

Photo credit: www.lidarbasemaps.org/

Old N&S Dead-Furrows

Spray-Swath Overlaps?

Use ofMultispectralCameras

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Monitoring of Beef Cattleand Pastures

Work being conducted through Kansas State University

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Lightning strikes

Unmanned Sprayer

The Yamaha RMAX crop sprayer (246cc gasoline twin) with an AUW of 207 lb. has an endurance of 60‐90 minutes with a payload capacity of 66 lb (equivalent to about 10 gallons of gasoline, which could be used for extending endurance)

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G15 AutoCopter ‐ $50,000 to $75,000

23 cc two‐cycle engine from a Yamaha weed whacker. A tank of mixed gas keeps the chopper flying for an hour.

The G15 weighs 15 pounds and is capable of carrying 15 lb. The carbon fiber rotors have a 71 inch span. 42


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SenseFly – eBee ‐ $12,000

The eBee has a flight time of up to 45 minutes allowing to cover areas of up to 2400 acres in a single flight. With its 16MP camera it can shoot aerial imagery at down to 3cm/pixel resolution.

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Trimble® UX5 Aerial Imaging Solution

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LA100 ‐ Lehmann Aviation ‐ $990

3 feet ‐ wingspan1.9 pounds ‐ weight

http://www.lehmannaviation.com/

Flight time only 5 minutes

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Cost: $50,000

6.6 feet ‐ wingspan14 pounds – weight

payload of 4.4 lbs – 30 min of flight timepayload of 0.9 lbs – 120 min of flight time

Volt Aerial Robotics

http://www.voltaerialrobotics.com/Chesterfield, MO 46

Cost: $10,770

Volt Aerial Robotics

http://www.voltaerialrobotics.com/Chesterfield, MO

6.6 feet ‐ footprint4.4 pounds – max takeoff weight

payload of 1.1 lbs – 18 min of flight timepayload of 0.22 lbs – 25 min of flight time

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Cost for Kit: $7,500

http://www.precisiondrone.com/

Noblesville, Indiana

Scout

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Cost for Kit: $17,500

http://www.precisiondrone.com/

Noblesville, Indiana

Pacesetter

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Cost: $3,698 withoutcamera

AG Pro Scout KitbyAerial Media Pros

http://aerialmediapros.com/

Costa Mesa, CA

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Cost for Kit: $900

http://www.bladehelis.com/350QX2AP/

UAV 350 QX AP BLH7900

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Cost (Begin at): $479

Total Kit (Begin at): $1,200

Dji Phantom

http://www.dji.com/product/phantom/

14 inch ‐ footprint2.2 pounds – max takeoff weight

10 min of flight time with just a GoPro Hero 3 camera

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With ZenmuseH3‐3D gimbal: $959

Dji Phantom 2

http://www.dji.com/product/phantom‐2/53


Total Kit (Begin at): $2,100 + camera

Dji Phantom 2

http://www.dji.com/product/phantom‐2/54


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Modified Go‐Pro Camera with

Kit with 3 lenses ‐ $889

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Final Thoughts

• There is information in yourpastures and fields that remote sensing can help you extract and use

• Other forms of remote sensing (airplane, satellite) are expensive and frustrating

• UAS puts the control in your hands either directly or through your adviser

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Robert A. (Bob) SchultheisNatural Resource Engineering SpecialistWebster County Extension Center800 S. Marshall St.Marshfield, MO 65706Voice: 417‐859‐2044Fax: 417‐468‐2086

E‐mail: [email protected]: extension.missouri.edu/webster

Program Complaint InformationTo file a program complaint you may contactany of the following:

University of Missouri MU Extension AA/EEO Office

109 F. Whitten Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 MU Human Resources Office

130 Heinkel Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211

USDA Office of Civil Rights, Director

Room 326‐W, Whitten Building14th and Independence Ave., SWWashington, DC 20250‐9410

University of Missouri Extension provides equal opportunity to all participants in extension programs and activities, and for all employees and applicants for employment on the basis of their demonstrated ability and competence without discrimination on the basis of their race, color,

religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability or status as a protected veteran.

Questions??

UAS, UAV, drone Unmanned Aerial Systems for Ozarks...

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