U8 A1 powerpoint

UNIT 8: UNDERSTANDING THE TV AND FILM INDUSTRYA SS I G N M E N T 1 : O W N E R S H I P, F U N D I N G

A N D T E C H N O LO G Y

GRADING CRITERIA PART A & B:• P1 - describe ownership and funding in the television and film industries with some

appropriate use of subject terminology– You need to define all of the following terms to do with ownership and funding

• M1 - explain ownership and funding in the television and film industries with reference to detailed illustrative examples and with generally correct use of subject terminology

– You need to thorough explain the definitions using detailed examples from the UK TV and global Film industries

• D1 - comprehensively explain ownership and funding in the television and film industries with reference to elucidated examples and consistently using subject terminology correctly

– You need to use secondary sources (quotes from books, magazines, newspapers, websites) to support what you are defining and explaining.

A) OWNERSHIP OF THE UK TV AND THE GLOBAL FILM INDUSTRY

i) Public Service Companies (Public Service Broadcasters) Any radio or television station that is set up by the state rather than as a

straightforward business. Usually, a public service broadcaster will be expected to do more than simply

provide entertainment. The responsibilities of such an institution often include educational broadcasting,

provision of news, exposing the audience to the arts and classical music. Can you name any UK Public Service Companies? Can you name any UK Public Service Broadcasters?


ii) Private Commercial Companies– Private Commercial Companies are not constrained by the same guidelines as

Public Service companies– Do not have a ‘Public Service’ role and function.– Are profit making organisations – their responsibility is to their shareholders and

not the public.– They are still regulated and may have a public service responsibility built into

their licenses • Can you name any Private Commercial Companies?• Can you name any Private Commercial Companies?


iii) Multinational Conglomerates Multinational - An organisation that which is not contained within a single

country, but operates globally and has headquarters around the world.Can you think of any companies that are multinational?


Conglomerate – A large business organisation that comprises a number of different companies, often linked by areas of interests or commodities, which when brought together have considerable strength and power.

There are six corporations that own 90% of the key US/International companies. They are:

Viacom Disney Time Warner General Electric Bertelsmann News Corporation

You now have about 5 minutes to find 3 - 5 major media companies that they own

A) OWNERSHIP OF THE UK TV AND THE GLOBAL FILM INDUSTRY Viacom –

Paramount, CBS, MTV Networks, Dreamworks, Channel 5, Nickelodeon Disney –

ABC, Miramax, Pixar, Touchstone, Walt Disney Studios, Marvel Entertainment, Lucasfilm, ESPN Time Warner –

Parent company of Warner Bros, HBO, CNN, AOL, DC Comics, Cartoon Network, New Line Cinema General Electric –

NBC Universal, The Weather Channel, SyFy, Universal Studios, Working Title Films (UK Film Production company) Bertelsmann –

Sony, BMG Music Publishing, RTL (European Media company), Random House Publishers News Corporation –

20th Century Fox, Fox Broadcasting, MyNetworkTV, FX Networks, MySpace, The Sun newspaper, The Times newspaper, BskyB (39.1%)


iv) Oligopolieso This is the dominance over a market exercised by a few large organisations. o During the Hollywood Studio system era (which started in the early 1930’s and continued

into the 1950’s), the film industry was dominated by the oligopoly of the Big Five and the Little Threeo Big Five:

o MGM, Paramount, 20th Century Fox, RKO and Warner Bros.o The Big Five had an oligopoly of the US film industry due to producing and distributing

their own films. o They had their own cinemas to exhibit their films so had complete control over the

process and profits


o Little Three:o Universal, Columbia Studios and United Artists

• So called because they were not vertically integrated as businesses in the same way as the Big Five.

• Universal and Columbia produced and distributed their films but did not own cinemas to exhibit them in.

• United Artists only distributed films made by independent producers


v) Vertical Integration– The merger or takeover of companies operating at different stages of the production/distribution

process.– Total vertical integration gives a company control of a product from raw materials to distribution.

• E.g. In media Industries, the takeover by newspaper owner of the distribution service and retail outlets such as newsagents would be vertical integration.

– Can you think of any media companies that are Vertically Integrated?


vi) Horizontal Integration– Where a media company owns several businesses in the same sector of the industry.

• E.g. Trinity Mirror newspapers own both the Sunday Mirror and The People

What are the benefits of this system for a company?


vii) Synergy– This is the relationship between media products that cross-promote each other.

• For example – the synergy between the James Bond film franchise and the video games

• This relationship works because the audience is attracted to elements they recognise from the films, while the games act as a kind of advertisement for the films

• If a company is Horizontally Integrated this process is easier – why?

Can you name any other media products where there is synergy?


viii) Cross Media Ownership– The ownership of several companies tat produce different media

Can you think of any companies that have Cross Media Ownership? What are the positives and negatives of this system?


ACTIVITY:You are now going to complete the worksheet. You need to research some of the UK’s most prominent Public Service Broadcasters and Private Broadcasters and outline their role and function.This activity should take between 10-15 mins

B) FUNDING

• BBC IncomeWhat is the main way the BBC make money?

– The TV License feeHow much is the TV License fee?

– £145.50 per year, per household– The BBC makes £3.735 billion per year

How else does the BBC make money?– Merchandising

– Selling books, DVDs, CDs and magazines

– Selling programmes to other companies/networks.

B) FUNDING

• ITV Income– Private broadcasters, such as ITV, must make healthy profits in order to continue

broadcasting as they do not receive revenue from the tax payer like the BBC does.

What is the main way ITV makes money?– Advertising revenue– Sponsorship– Reality TV – e.g. viewer calls– Sale of programmes/productions– Merchandising

B) FUNDING

• Channel 4 Income– Channel 4 is a Public Service Broadcaster, although, unlike the BBC, Channel 4

receives no public funding. It is funded entirely by its own commercial activities.So, how does Channel 4 make money?

– Advertising revenue– Sponsorship– Reality TV – e.g. viewer calls– Sale of programmes/productions– Merchandising

B) FUNDING

• BskyB FundingWhat is the main income for BskyB?

– Monthly Subscription fees– £1.33bn last year from 10.24 million pay TV subscribers

How else do BskyB make money?– Broadband subscriptions – 4.9 million households– On-demand downloads – Sky Store– Advertisements– Sponsorships– Merchandising– Sale of programmes/productions

BskyB made a total of £7.235bn last year

C) TECHNOLOGY

• For this assignment you need to research the following technological advancements in Film and TV:

– The first silent black and white films made in 1895 – ‘Arrival of a Train’– The first ‘talkies’ in 1926– The first colour films in 1935– The introduction of Widescreen technology in the 1950’s– The introduction of CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) in the 1970’s– The use of CGI in the 1990’s– The introduction of 3D in the 1950’s and in the 2000’s

C) TECHNOLOGY

• For this assignment you need to research the following technological advancements in Film and TV:

– The first television broadcast in Britain in 1928– TV Broadcasts were live until the 1960’s– Colour TV broadcasts in Britain in 1967– Electronic chromakey technology in the 1970’s– Satellite and cable TV development during the 1990’s– The beginning of streaming TV – Netflix and Amazon Instant Video

C) TECHNOLOGY

• For this section in the assignment don’t forget you need to do the following:– Pass = a definition of the technological advancement in

film and TV– Merit = a relevant example of the technological

advancement in film and TV– Distinction = a secondary source of information to support

the point you are making. You may also want to talk about the positives and negatives of the particular positives and negatives.

U8 A1 powerpoint

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