U3C9L1 - Economic Transformation

8/12/2019 U3C9L1 - Economic Transformation

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Economic Transformation

1820-1860Chapter 9Unit III, Lesson 1


2/18

Two Great Changes

Growth and

mechanization of industry- Industrial Revolution

Expansion and

integration of markets -Market Revolution.


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The American IndustrialRevolution


4/18

Growth of Transportation

The growth of turnpikes,

canals, and railroads by

state government and

private entrepreneurs

allowed manufacturers to

sell items throughout the

land.

What would this mean for

items that were once

considered luxury items?


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Division of Labor and

FactoriesEfficiency was increased

throughout outwork and the division

of labor.

Division of labor led to workers

being assigned specific tasks in

the process of making an item.

The system increased output and

cut prices.

Modern factories were created to

concentrate production under one

roof. Example: Cincinnati system

of hog processing


6/18

Production Advances

Oliver Evans - automated

flour mill driven by

waterpower.

Steam engines used to power

mills.

The assembly line

Samuel Colt and the six-

shooter


7/18

The Textile Industry

The British had dominated the textile industry

and became worried when the U.S. began to

industrially advance.

Britain prohibited the export of textile

machinery and the emigration of mechanics

that could build the machines.

British mechanics disguised themselves as

ordinary laborers and went to the U.S. Whatwould drive them to the U.S.?

Samuel Slater introduces Richard

Arkwrights cotton spinning innovations to a

cotton mill in RI, starting the American

Industrial Revolution in 1790.


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Advantages: U.S. vs. Britain

United States

Abundance of natural

resources(cotton/wool, rivers

1816 - U.S.

government begins

using tariffs forprotectionist purposes.

Britain

Cheap transatlantic

shipping/low interestrates led to undersell

competitors.

Cheap labor (largepopulation compared

to America)


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Improved Technology

Americans used two strategies to compete

with the British:

Improved on British technology.

Francis Cabot Lowell toured British

textile mills, asked questions, made

detailed drawings and then had the

machines copied by Paul Moody.

Found new, cheaper sources of labor.

Waltham plan - recruitment of young

women from farms to work in factories.

Women stayed in boarding houses

and followed strict rules.


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Female Factory Workers

By the 1830s, 40,000 women were working in

textile mills in New England.

The wages were better than those of a

houseworker and the living conditions were betterthan a farmhouse.

Women used their wages to pay off fathers

mortgages, send brothers to school, or to

accumulate dowry.

Many women enjoyed the freedom that came withthe mill work, but others despised the monotony.

Factory owners liked being able to undercut the

prices of the British.


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Technological Innovation

Franklin Institute

Samuel Sellers Jr. - machine to twist woolen yarn.

John Sellers - devised efficient ways of usingwaterpower.

Eli Whitney

Machine tools-machines that made parts for other

machines.

Cotton gin

Later manufactured military weapons (muskets) with

interchangeable parts.


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Entrepreneurial Spirit

Technological innovation spread to the rest of American

manufacturing.

Lathes, planers, and boring machines turned out parts forspinning jennies and weaving looms (that were more efficient

that the British machines).

Samuel W. Collins built a die-forging machine to press and

hammer hot metal into cutting forms (to make ax heads).

Remington Rifles, Singer sewing machines, and Yale locks all

became household products during this era.


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A Changing Society

By the early 19th century, many Americans had

developed an artisan republican ethic based on the

principles of liberty and equality.

They saw themselves as equal to one another and free

to work for themselves.

Some men were unhappy with their status of as a

wageworker.

Master and servant versus boss and hired hands.


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Unions

Some wageworkers grew a strong sense of identity and

specialized skills, which led to the formation of unions.

What was the purpose of a union?

12 hour workday vs. 10 hour workday

Artisan jobs were threatened due to industrialization.Artisans began moving to small towns and opening up

speciality shops. - p.279


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Strikes


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Market Revolution


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Reading

Read: A Mill Worker Describes Her Work and Life (1844)

Americas History Reader VI on pp.233-235 and will answer

questions questions #1-3


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Tree Map

Create a tree map of the social structure in the period of 1820-60.

The following should be the branches of the tree:

Business Elite

Middle Class

Urban workers/poor

Immigrants

Revivalists

pp. 288-295

U3C9L1 - Economic Transformation

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