U08 External Dynamics

ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 8

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External dynamics of the Earth

CONTENTS

RESOURCES



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CONTENTS

EXTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH Weathering

Weathering agentsTypes of weatheringFactors

Shaping the landscapeAgents

WindGlaciersRiversRainwaterGroundwaterOceans

Sedimentary rocks

FormationExamples

Processes

ErosionTransportationSedimentation



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RESOURCES

Weathering agents

Types of weathering

Factors which affect weathering

Erosion

Deposition

Transportation

Wind shapes the landscape

Glaciers shape the landscape

Rainwater shapes the landscape

Rivers shape the landscape

Groundwater shapes the landscape

Oceans shape the landscaope

Formation of sedimentary rocks

Examples of sedimentary rocks

Links

The rock cycle



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Weathering agents

Accumulation of rock fragments produced by weathering

Agents: water, wind, ice and ocean movements



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Types of weathering

Mechanical weathering

CLICK TO SEE PROCESS: FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING

Chemical weathering

Biological weathering

plant roots

clay minerals



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Water flows into cracks.The freeze-thaw cycle is repeated, and eventually the rock cracks.

When the water freezes, it expands. The ice acts like a wedge.

Types of weathering

FREEZE-THAW WEATHERING


Chemical weathering


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clay minerals

plant roots



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Factors which affect the processes of weathering


Chemical weathering


action of living things

physical forces

Climatic factors: • temperature • humidity

chemical reactions



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energy of the agent water

Erosion

Waterfall

resistance of the rock

Erosion shapes the landscape.

Erosion moves weathered pieces of rocks to a different place.



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Transportation

Rounded fragments have been transported long distances.

Small particles can be transported in suspension.

Transportation moves eroded rock material along surfaces or in suspension.



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Deposition

The wind deposits rock materials (sand).

Glaciers deposit rock material.

Deposition deposits moving rock materials.

Large fragments are deposited before small ones.



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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg

mushroom shaped rocks



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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg



SAND COLUMNA

[close]



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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg



dunes

ERGB

[close]

barchan



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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg



REGC

[close]



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A B

D

C

sand columns

erg

barchan

reg



MUSHROOM SHAPED ROCKSD

[close]



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A B

D

C

steep relief U-shaped

valley

glacial tongue

cirque



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A B

D

C


valley

glacial tongue

cirque


STEEP RELIEFA

[close]



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A B

D

C


valley

glacial tongue

cirque


CIRQUEB

[close]



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A B

D

C


valley

glacial tongue

cirque


GLACIAL TONGUEC

[close]



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A B

D

C


valley

glacial tongue

cirque


U-SHAPED VALLEYD

[close]



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A

B

D

C

middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course



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A

B

D

C


middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course


UPPER COURSEA

[close]



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A

B

D

C


middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course



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MIDDLE COURSEB

[close]



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A

B

D

C


middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course


MEANDERSC

[close]



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A

B

D

C


middle course

upper course

meanders

lower course


LOWER COURSED

[close]



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A

B

C

alluvial fan

drainage canal

alluvial cone gullies

fairy chimneys



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alluvial fan

drainage canal


fairy chimneys


A

B

C

ALLUVIAL CONE WITH GULLIESA

[close]



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alluvial fan

drainage canal


fairy chimneys


A

B

C

FAIRY CHIMNEYSB

[close]



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alluvial fan

drainage canal


fairy chimneys


A

B

C

ALLUVIAL FANC

[close]



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A

B

sinkhole (doline)

caves



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A

B

sinkhole (doline)

caves


SINKHOLE (DOLINE)A

[close]



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A

B

sinkhole (doline)

caves


CAVE

STALACTITES AND STALAGMITESB

[close][close]



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Oceans shape the landscape

abrasion platform

cliff

beach

sand bar

spit

arch



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compaction and

cementation (lithification)

Formation of sedimentary rocks

temperaturecirculating

water

pressure

sedimentary rock

sedimentary basin



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Examples of sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks limestone clay minerals

sandstone conglomerate gypsum



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Links

Observe an animation of cave formation.http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1405/es1405page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

How rocks changehttp://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/change3.html

Landforms of glaciationhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10af.html

Weathering and climatehttp://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/howell/goodies/elearning/module07swf.swf

The rock cyclehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/rock_cycle_intro.shtml

Rivershttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/riverswater/

Breaking rocks apart, sediments, etc.http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/sed_weathering.html&edu=mid

Examine a landscape formed by erosionhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1205/es1205page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

U08 External Dynamics

Education

Transcript of U08 External Dynamics