Increase America’s role in the world while Increase America’s role in the world while simultaneously keeping the nation free of simultaneously keeping the nation free of burdensome commitments that might limit itsburdensome commitments that might limit its own freedom of actionown freedom of actionFDR: Keep the U. S. the master of her own FDR: Keep the U. S. the master of her own fate; avoid important global commitments that fate; avoid important global commitments that might reduce our ability to pursue our needsmight reduce our ability to pursue our needs

Americans pursued a somewhatAmericans pursued a somewhat isolationist foreign policy isolationist foreign policy

while trying to be an while trying to be an international voice to reduce international voice to reduce money spent on arms money spent on arms

Charles Evans Hughes Charles Evans Hughes U. S. membership in the U. S. membership in the League of Nations no League of Nations no longer possiblelonger possibleLegislation in 1921 Legislation in 1921 declaring the war with declaring the war with Germany overGermany overNegotiated separate Negotiated separate peace treaty with each ofpeace treaty with each of the former Central Powersthe former Central PowersThought the U.S. would receive all of the Thought the U.S. would receive all of the advantages of the Versailles Treaty without advantages of the Versailles Treaty without the burdensome responsibilitiesthe burdensome responsibilities

Pursuit of Peace Pursuit of Peace Washington Naval Conference--1921Washington Naval Conference--1921U. S., Great Britain, France, Japan,U. S., Great Britain, France, Japan, ItalyItaly Russia not included because Russia not included because of Communist government of Communist government

Scrap large portion of existing Scrap large portion of existing naval fleets.naval fleets.Build no new ships for 10 years Build no new ships for 10 years World’s first disarmament pact World’s first disarmament pact

Kellogg-Briand Pact—1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact—1928 64 nations renounced war as an 64 nations renounced war as an instrument of national policy.instrument of national policy.American Secretary of State, American Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg and Frank B. Kellogg and French Foreign Minister French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand. Aristide Briand. Not enforceable—no Not enforceable—no provision for military or provision for military or economic force against economic force against violators. violators.

U. S. Financial Policy Causes U. S. Financial Policy Causes Financial Problems in Europe Financial Problems in Europe $10 billion loaned by U. S. $10 billion loaned by U. S. to Britain and France during WW Ito Britain and France during WW I1920s—trouble repaying loans 1920s—trouble repaying loans Two ways to collect money: Two ways to collect money: export more to the U.S. or export more to the U.S. or collect reparations payments collect reparations payments from Germany from Germany

U. S. Financial Policy Causes U. S. Financial Policy Causes Financial Problems in Europe Financial Problems in Europe U. S. Fordney-McCumber Tariff—U. S. Fordney-McCumber Tariff— raised tariffs on imports to 60% raised tariffs on imports to 60% What was the result? What was the result? Americans did not buy British & Americans did not buy British & French products—therefore they French products—therefore they could not use export income to could not use export income to repay U. S. debt.repay U. S. debt.

U. S. Financial Policy Causes U. S. Financial Policy Causes Financial Problems in Europe Financial Problems in Europe Britain and France therefore Britain and France therefore demanded reparations payments demanded reparations payments from Germany. from Germany. Germany defaulted on payments Germany defaulted on payments 1922—French troops march into 1922—French troops march into Ruhr region of Germany Ruhr region of Germany

U. S. Financial Policy Causes U. S. Financial Policy Causes Financial Problems in Europe Financial Problems in Europe American Charles G. Dawes American Charles G. Dawes traveled to Germany to traveled to Germany to negotiate American negotiate American loans to Germany. loans to Germany. The Dawes Plan—U. S.The Dawes Plan—U. S.banks loan $2.5 banks loan $2.5 billion to Germany. billion to Germany.

U. S. Financial Policy Causes U. S. Financial Policy Causes Financial Problems in Europe Financial Problems in Europe

Bad feelings all around Bad feelings all around

Henry Stimson Henry Stimson Secretary of State under Hoover Secretary of State under Hoover 1931: Japanese invaded Manchuria 1931: Japanese invaded Manchuria

Henry Stimson Henry Stimson Hoped that moderates would regain Hoped that moderates would regain control in Japancontrol in JapanWhen conquest of Manchuria When conquest of Manchuria complete: toothless warnings to complete: toothless warnings to Japan (moral suasion)Japan (moral suasion)Hoover forbade him to cooperate Hoover forbade him to cooperate with the League of Nations in with the League of Nations in imposing economic sanctionsimposing economic sanctions

Stimson refused to grant diplomatic recognition Stimson refused to grant diplomatic recognition to Japanese held territoriesto Japanese held territoriesJapan unconcerned; 1932, invaded ChinaJapan unconcerned; 1932, invaded China

Henry Stimson Henry Stimson Foreign policy based almost entirely Foreign policy based almost entirely on the nation’s immediate economic on the nation’s immediate economic needsneedsHoover: only by resolving the Hoover: only by resolving the question of war debts and reinforcingquestion of war debts and reinforcing the gold standard could the U. S. the gold standard could the U. S. economy hope to recovereconomy hope to recover

Cordell Hull Cordell Hull Abandoned the commitments of theAbandoned the commitments of theHoover Administration to settle the Hoover Administration to settle the issue of war debts through inter-issue of war debts through inter-national agreementnational agreementSimply let the issue dieSimply let the issue dieApril 1934: law forbidding U. S. banksApril 1934: law forbidding U. S. banksfrom making loans to any nation in from making loans to any nation in default on its debts default on its debts

Stopped the old circular system by which debt Stopped the old circular system by which debt payments continued only by virtue of payments continued only by virtue of increasing U. S. loansincreasing U. S. loansWar-debt payments from every nation except War-debt payments from every nation except Finland stopped for goodFinland stopped for good

Cordell Hull Cordell Hull Reciprocal Trade Act of 1934Reciprocal Trade Act of 1934Authorized the administration to Authorized the administration to negotiate treaties lowering tariffs negotiate treaties lowering tariffs by as much as 50% in return for by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal reductions by other reciprocal reductions by other nationsnationsBy 1939, Hull: new treaties with 21 By 1939, Hull: new treaties with 21 countries, increasing U. S. exports countries, increasing U. S. exports by 40%by 40%

Cordell Hull Cordell Hull Good Neighbor PolicyGood Neighbor Policy1930s: U. S. increased 1930s: U. S. increased imports from other imports from other nations of Western nations of Western Hemisphere by 100%+Hemisphere by 100%+New U. S. attitude New U. S. attitude toward intervention in toward intervention in South AmericaSouth America

““No state has the right to intervene in the internalNo state has the right to intervene in the internalor external affairs of another.”or external affairs of another.”Economic force rather than military force Economic force rather than military force

Treaty of Versailles a Treaty of Versailles a total failure.total failure.

Germans angered and Germans angered and humiliated.humiliated.

Soviets resented loss of land Soviets resented loss of land

Lost land that became Poland, Finland, Lost land that became Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (the Baltic Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (the Baltic statesstates))

Democratic states had Democratic states had emerged in emerged in

Germany Germany Austria Austria Italy Italy CzechoslovakiCzechoslovaki

aa

Democratic states had Democratic states had emerged in emerged in

Romania Romania BulgariaBulgariaGreeceGreece

The new states lackedThe new states lackeddemocratic traditionsdemocratic traditionsMost hadMost had huge war debts, wide- huge war debts, wide-spread hunger, homelessness, spread hunger, homelessness, and unemployment.and unemployment.Several of the democracies Several of the democracies could not handle all the problems,could not handle all the problems,and dictators took over.and dictators took over.

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet UnionV. I. Lenin V. I. Lenin became first became first leader of Sovietleader of SovietUnion 1922Union 1922; ; died 1924.died 1924.Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin took took powerpower

The “Man of Steel”The “Man of Steel”Sought to create the model Sought to create the model Communist state.Communist state.

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union1927—stamped out1927—stamped out private enterprise, private enterprise, especially private farmsespecially private farmsCollectivized farms, owned byCollectivized farms, owned by the state the state Five-year-plans to makeFive-year-plans to make a back- a back- ward, agricultural countryward, agricultural country into into an industrial power an industrial power

1928, 1933, 19371928, 1933, 1937

By 1939—USSR the By 1939—USSR the world’s third largest world’s third largest industrial power industrial power behindbehindthe U. S. and Germanythe U. S. and Germany Stalin: ruthless and brutal—usedStalin: ruthless and brutal—usedKGB secret police to terrorize theKGB secret police to terrorize thecountry in the Great Purges. country in the Great Purges.

Had own brother killed Had own brother killed Had closest allies killedHad closest allies killedThousands—millions sent to Thousands—millions sent to the Gulag in Siberia the Gulag in Siberia

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet UnionTotalitarian government Totalitarian government Executed Communist Executed Communist Party officials, bureaucrats, and Party officials, bureaucrats, and army officers army officers as “enemies of the as “enemies of the people.”people.”8-13 million killed directly; 8-13 million killed directly; millions more died because of millions more died because of famine famine caused by Stalin’s caused by Stalin’s agricultural policiesagricultural policies. Up to . Up to 35 million died 1927-1939.35 million died 1927-1939.

Italy Italy 1919—Benito Mussolini1919—Benito Mussolinibegan his rise to began his rise to power in Italy.power in Italy.Fascism—new Fascism—new political movementpolitical movementwith a strong,with a strong,central governmentcentral governmentheaded by a headed by a powerful dictator. powerful dictator. Goal: second Roman empire Goal: second Roman empire

Italy Italy People feared a take-People feared a take-over by Communists andover by Communists andsupported Mussolini supported Mussolini 1921, Fascist Party won 35 1921, Fascist Party won 35 seats in Italian parliament seats in Italian parliament 1922, thousands of Fascists 1922, thousands of Fascists marched on Rome.marched on Rome.King Victor Emanuel let MussoliniKing Victor Emanuel let Mussoliniform a new governmentform a new government

Il DuceIl Duce made “trains run on time” made “trains run on time”

Germany Germany 1919 Adolph Hitler1919 Adolph Hitler joined the Nationalist Socialist joined the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party German Workers’ (Nazi) Party

Nothing socialist about theNothing socialist about the partypartyBasics of Nazism in book Basics of Nazism in book Mein KampfMein Kampf ((My StruggleMy Struggle))

Goal: unite all Aryans, forming Goal: unite all Aryans, forming a master racea master race

Germany Germany Inferior races (Jews,Inferior races (Jews,Slavs, nonwhites) only fit to serveSlavs, nonwhites) only fit to serveAryans.Aryans.For Germany to thrive, needed For Germany to thrive, needed lebensraum (living space)lebensraum (living space)Nazis used Depression to makeNazis used Depression to makea case for powera case for power

March 1932—Nazis more seats March 1932—Nazis more seats in the legislature than any other in the legislature than any other party.party.

Germany Germany 1933, 1933, President Paul President Paul von Hindenberg of the Weimar von Hindenberg of the Weimar RepublicRepublic, appointed Hitler , appointed Hitler Chancellor of GermanyChancellor of GermanyHitler dismantled the Weimar Hitler dismantled the Weimar Republic & established the Third Republic & established the Third ReichReich(First Reich, Holy Roman Empire(First Reich, Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne; Second Reich,of Charlemagne; Second Reich, short one of Bismarck in 19short one of Bismarck in 19thth century)century)

JapanJapanNationalistic leaders Nationalistic leaders took control of governmenttook control of governmentLed by Hideki Tojo Led by Hideki Tojo shared Hitler’s shared Hitler’s desire for more desire for more ““living space” for living space” for its growing its growing populationpopulationAlso were militarists Also were militarists

JapanJapanMilitarists still expressedMilitarists still expressedloyalty to godlike loyalty to godlike Emperor Emperor HirohitoHirohito 1931,Japanese invaded1931,Japanese invadedManchuria Manchuria

League of Nations triedLeague of Nations triedbut could do nothing tobut could do nothing tostop Japan. stop Japan. Impotent!Impotent!1933, Hitler pulls Germany out 1933, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nationsof the League of NationsCorrectly sensing that the World Correctly sensing that the World War I victors were too weak to War I victors were too weak to stop himstop him, Hitler begins blatantly , Hitler begins blatantly violating the Versailles Treaty violating the Versailles Treaty in 1935.in 1935.

1935—Germany begins a1935—Germany begins amilitary build-up.military build-up.1936—Germany sends troops to 1936—Germany sends troops to occupy the Rhineland occupy the Rhineland (demilitar-(demilitar-

ized by the ized by the Versailles Treaty)Versailles Treaty)

1936—Rome-1936—Rome-Berlin Axis Pact Berlin Axis Pact

1935: Mussolini’s army 1935: Mussolini’s army invades Ethiopia invades Ethiopia League of Nations League of Nations attempted an attempted an economic boycott. economic boycott. No effect No effect

Ousted emperor, Ousted emperor, Haile Selassie: Haile Selassie: “It is“It isus today, it will be you us today, it will be you tomorrow.”tomorrow.”

The United The United States States Policy of Policy of neutrality neutrality Trusted in Kellogg-Briand Trusted in Kellogg-Briand Pact Pact Strong anti-war Strong anti-war sentiment sentiment 1935: Congress passed first 1935: Congress passed first

in a in a series of Neutrality Acts—to series of Neutrality Acts—to keep keep the U. S. out of future wars.the U. S. out of future wars.Outlawed loans or arms Outlawed loans or arms sales to sales to nations at war nations at war

Spain Spain 1936: Spanish Civil War1936: Spanish Civil War

Royalists Royalists (loyal to elected (loyal to elected government)government) vs. Fascists under vs. Fascists under Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Hitler & Mussolini Hitler & Mussolini backed Franco.backed Franco.

3,000 U. S. volunteers: 3,000 U. S. volunteers: Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Brigade: fought Brigade: fought against Franco against Franco

Spain Spain While Italy and Germany While Italy and Germany sent troops, aircraft, weapons sent troops, aircraft, weapons and tanks to help Francoand tanks to help Franco, the , the Western democracies only sent Western democracies only sent food and clothing to help the food and clothing to help the royalists.royalists.1939, Franco’s forces win 1939, Franco’s forces win

600,000 lives600,000 lives$15 billion $15 billion

November 5, 1937:November 5, 1937:HitlerHitler decides the time decides the time is right to begin the is right to begin the quest for lebensraumquest for lebensraum

Focus: Austria & Focus: Austria & Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

““Germany’sGermany’sproblems problems can only becan only besolved by solved by use of use of force.”force.”

March 14, 1938: March 14, 1938: Anschluss (union) with Austria Anschluss (union) with Austria after German troops had marchedafter German troops had marchedin, unopposed, on March 12.in, unopposed, on March 12.Rest of world did nothing Rest of world did nothing Sudetenland: Sudetenland: mountainous mountainous region of region of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia with 3-million with 3-million German-speaking German-speaking peoplepeople

German troops massedGerman troops massedat Czech borderat Czech borderHysterical lies about Czech Hysterical lies about Czech treatment of German-speaking treatment of German-speaking people in German press people in German press Work of Hitler’s Nazi Work of Hitler’s Nazi propaganda chief, propaganda chief, Paul Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels Britain and France Britain and France promise to protect promise to protect Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

September 30, 1938, September 30, 1938, Hitler invites British Prime Hitler invites British Prime Minister, Neville ChamberlainMinister, Neville Chamberlainand French Premier and French Premier Edouard DaladierEdouard Daladier to to meet with meet with him in him in Munich, Munich, Germany. Germany.

Hitler vowed Hitler vowed that the that the annexation of the annexation of the Sudetenland would beSudetenland would be his “last his “lastterritorial demand.” territorial demand.” Hitler charmed Chamberlain and Hitler charmed Chamberlain and Daladier, who believed him.Daladier, who believed him.Chamberlain: “My Chamberlain: “My friends. . .there has friends. . .there has come back from come back from Germany peace with Germany peace with honor. I believe it is honor. I believe it is peace in our time.”peace in our time.”

Chamberlain’s political Chamberlain’s political rival, rival, Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill,,called the Munich called the Munich pact a policy of pact a policy of appeasement.appeasement.

““Britain and France Britain and France had to choose had to choose between war and between war and dishonor. They chosedishonor. They chosedishonor. They will have war”dishonor. They will have war”

March 15, 1939, March 15, 1939, German troops pour intoGerman troops pour intoCzechoslovakia.Czechoslovakia.Hitler: “Czechoslovakia has Hitler: “Czechoslovakia has Ceased to exist.”Ceased to exist.”Spring 1939, Spring 1939, Goebbels begins Goebbels begins propaganda propaganda campaign charging campaign charging Germans in Poland Germans in Poland were being mistreated.were being mistreated.

Britain and France Britain and France promised protection to promised protection to Poland Poland Some in Germany concerned that Some in Germany concerned that an attack on Poland would bring an attack on Poland would bring the Soviet Union to declare war the Soviet Union to declare war on Germany.on Germany.August 23, 1939, August 23, 1939, Molotov-Molotov-Von RibentrobVon RibentrobNonaggression PactNonaggression PactGermany & USSRGermany & USSR

September 1, 1939 September 1, 1939

Germany attacks Poland beginningGermany attacks Poland beginningWorld War II.World War II.

Tactics: Tactics: Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)

September 3, 1939:September 3, 1939:Britain and France declare war Britain and France declare war on Germany on Germany Poland ceased to exist as a Poland ceased to exist as a nation in 3 weeks. During the nation in 3 weeks. During the last week, the Soviet Union last week, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east,invaded Poland from the east,in accordance with the Germany-in accordance with the Germany-USSR pact.USSR pact.

Next: The phony warNext: The phony war

Late 1939, Stalin sends Late 1939, Stalin sends Soviet troops against Soviet troops against Finland Finland

Brutal fighting in Brutal fighting in which the out-which the out-numbered Finns numbered Finns fought well, but fought well, but eventually lost in eventually lost in 3 months.3 months.

April 9, 1940, the April 9, 1940, the Phony War ends when Germany Phony War ends when Germany invades Denmark and Norway invades Denmark and Norway

Germany: the Germany: the action “necessary action “necessary to protect [those to protect [those countries’]countries’]freedom and freedom and independence.”independence.”

May, 1940, Germany May, 1940, Germany attacks Belgium, the Netherlands,attacks Belgium, the Netherlands,and Luxembourg and Luxembourg

France and France and Britain Britain remained remained untouched.untouched.

ForestForest

Ardennes

Maginot LineMaginot Line

Miracle ofDunkirk

June 1940, June 1940,

Miracle of Dunkirk:Miracle of Dunkirk:340,000 allied 340,000 allied troops rescued troops rescued Italy invades Italy invades France a few days France a few days later later

June 21, 1940,June 21, 1940,Paris falls.Paris falls.

Hitler forces France to Hitler forces France to surrender in the same surrender in the same railroad car where railroad car where Germany surrendered Germany surrendered in 1918 in 1918 Germany controls Germany controls northern France. A northern France. A puppet government puppet government under Henri Petainunder Henri Petaingoverns southern governs southern France France

General Charles De GaulleGeneral Charles De Gaulleestablishes a Free establishes a Free French government in French government in England England Hitler next sets his Hitler next sets his sights on Great sights on Great Britain and prepares Britain and prepares an invasion force.an invasion force.

Because it would require an Because it would require an amphibious invasion and because amphibious invasion and because of the strength of the British of the strength of the British navy, Hitler decides to bomb navy, Hitler decides to bomb England first.England first.

Would lead to the Battle of Would lead to the Battle of BritainBritain

Luftwaffe made bombing Luftwaffe made bombing runs over England runs over England

Goal: control of the skies Goal: control of the skies Germany: 2,600 planes Germany: 2,600 planes under Reichmarshallunder ReichmarshallHerman Goring Herman Goring Opposed by the Opposed by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Royal Air Force (RAF)

Battle of BritainBattle of BritainGermany focused first Germany focused first on RAF airfields then attacked on RAF airfields then attacked cities, especially Londoncities, especially London

Thousands Thousands of casualtiesof casualties

British used radar, British used radar, a a new invention, to plotnew invention, to plotGerman attack pathsGerman attack paths

Major British Major British advantage advantage

In the end, the RAF defeated the In the end, the RAF defeated the Luftwaffe. Hitler called off the Luftwaffe. Hitler called off the invasion of England.invasion of England.

Churchill:Churchill:““Never in the field of Never in the field of human conflict was human conflict was so much owed by so so much owed by so many to so few”many to so few”

Despite the British victory,Despite the British victory,Germany still had upperGermany still had upperhand in Europe.hand in Europe.

Roosevelt Roosevelt enforced the enforced the Neutrality Acts with Neutrality Acts with regard to Spain.regard to Spain.1937: refused to 1937: refused to enforce them whenenforce them whenJapan launched a Japan launched a new attack on new attack on China.China.Japan had not Japan had not declared war on declared war on ChinaChina U. S. sent arms to China U. S. sent arms to China

RooseveltRooseveltnotes that notes that the U. S. the U. S. must change must change the Neutrality the Neutrality Acts after Hitler’s invasion of Poland Acts after Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939.in September 1939.Asked for a cash and carry provision—Asked for a cash and carry provision—pay cash for war goods, carry home pay cash for war goods, carry home on own ships.on own ships.Neutrality Act of 1939—cash & carry.Neutrality Act of 1939—cash & carry.

September 1940: September 1940:

Germany Germany (Hitler),(Hitler), Italy Italy (Mussolini)(Mussolini) and Japan and Japan (Tojo)(Tojo) sign the Tripartite sign the Tripartite Pact becoming the Axis Powers. Pact becoming the Axis Powers. Mutual defense; aimed at keeping Mutual defense; aimed at keeping the U. S. out of the war.the U. S. out of the war.

Roosevelt responds Roosevelt responds Sends rifles, machineguns and 50 Sends rifles, machineguns and 50 destroyers to Great Britaindestroyers to Great Britain1940: Congress passes first U. S. 1940: Congress passes first U. S. peacetime draft—Burke-Wadsworthpeacetime draft—Burke-WadsworthActActArmy begins to rebuild Army begins to rebuild under General George C. under General George C. Marshall.Marshall.1940: 181940: 18thth largest army largest army in the world.in the world.

The America First Committee The America First Committee Opposed intervention in Europe Opposed intervention in Europe

Robert E. Wood Charles Lindbergh Gerald NyeRobert E. Wood Charles Lindbergh Gerald Nye

1940: Roosevelt defeats Wendell Willkie

Using Lend-Lease Plan, U. S. Using Lend-Lease Plan, U. S. becomes the Arsenal of Democracy becomes the Arsenal of Democracy $50 billion in aid sent to $50 billion in aid sent to Great Britain and the Soviet Union Great Britain and the Soviet Union Under Lend-Lease, U. S. gave aid,Under Lend-Lease, U. S. gave aid,and provided transportation and provided transportation to to any “country whose defense was any “country whose defense was vital to the United States.”vital to the United States.”

Led to Led to

Battle of the North Atlantic—Battle of the North Atlantic—German U-boat wolf packsGerman U-boat wolf packssunk millions of tons of Allied sunk millions of tons of Allied shipping, shipping, including many U. S. including many U. S. merchant ships.merchant ships.

The Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic September 4, 1941: German U-boats September 4, 1941: German U-boats fire two torpedoes at a U. S. fire two torpedoes at a U. S. destroyer (The U. S. S. Greer) destroyer (The U. S. S. Greer) September 18, 1941: September 18, 1941: U.S.S. Pink U.S.S. Pink StarStar (merchant ship) torpedoed & (merchant ship) torpedoed & sunk. sunk. Mid-October: destroyer Mid-October: destroyer U.S.S. Kearny U.S.S. Kearny torpedoed—11 killed torpedoed—11 killed Mid-October: destroyer Mid-October: destroyer U.S.S. Reuben U.S.S. Reuben JamesJames sunk—100 killed. sunk—100 killed.

July 1941: Roosevelt July 1941: Roosevelt orders U. S. navy to protect Lend-orders U. S. navy to protect Lend-Lease shipments.Lease shipments.

U. S. ships permitted to fire on U. S. ships permitted to fire on German U-boats in self-defense German U-boats in self-defense

August 1941: August 1941: Churchill & Churchill & Roosevelt Roosevelt meet on a warship meet on a warship off Newfoundland off Newfoundland

Agree on Atlantic Charter Agree on Atlantic Charter U. S. and Great BritainU. S. and Great Britain::1)1)Seek no territorial expansionSeek no territorial expansion2)2)Pursue no territorial changes Pursue no territorial changes without consent of inhabitantswithout consent of inhabitants3) Respect the right of people to 3) Respect the right of people to choose their own form of govt.choose their own form of govt.4) Promote international free trade 4) Promote international free trade 5) Encourage international 5) Encourage international cooperation to improve lifecooperation to improve life6) Build a secure peace 6) Build a secure peace 7) Work for disarmament 7) Work for disarmament 8) Establish permanent system of 8) Establish permanent system of general security.general security.

Fall 1940, GermanyFall 1940, Germany invades and quicklyinvades and quickly overwhelms theoverwhelms the Balkan countriesBalkan countries of Yugoslaviaof Yugoslavia and Greece.and Greece.

The stage is set for attack on the The stage is set for attack on the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

GreatGreatRussianRussianPlainPlain

UralUral

Mts.Mts.

The Great RussianThe Great RussianAlly: WINTER Ally: WINTER The Russian Spring:The Russian Spring:

A new ally: MUDA new ally: MUD

3d Russian Ally: Vastness3d Russian Ally: Vastness——German supply lines German supply lines overextendedoverextended

Operation BarbarosaOperation Barbarosa

Operation Barbarosa:Operation Barbarosa:Germans round-up Jews and other Germans round-up Jews and other Slavs—terrible genocide Slavs—terrible genocide

German S. S. German S. S. members members murder civilians in the murder civilians in the Ukraine Ukraine