TYWYN COASTAL DEFENCE SCHEME …4.4 Geology and Coastal Processes 47 4.5 Flora and Fauna 60 4.6...

TYWYN COASTAL DEFENCE SCHEME

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT

September 2009

Notice

This report was produced by Atkins for Cyngor Gwynedd Council for the specific purpose of the Tywyn Coastal Defence Scheme Environmental Impact Assessment.

This report may not be used by any person other than Cyngor Gwynedd Council without Cyngor Gwynedd Council’s express permission. In any event, Atkins accepts no liability for any costs, liabilities or losses arising as a result of the use of or reliance upon the contents of this report by any person other than Cyngor Gwynedd Council.

Document History

JOB NUMBER: 5081214 DOCUMENT REF: 5081214/67/DG/009

3 Final for client C McDougall/

M Boyd

K Winnard R Morgan D Fenn September 2009

2 Draft for Atkins Internal Review

C McDougall/

M Boyd

K Winnard N Coulshed R Morgan September 2009

1 Draft for Atkins Internal Review

C McDougall/

M Boyd

K Winnard N Coulshed R Morgan August 2009

Revision Purpose Description Originated Checked Reviewed Authorised Date


Tywyn Coastal Defence Scheme

i

Contents Section Page

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms iii

Non-Technical Summary 1

1. Introduction and Background 12

1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Structure of Report 12 1.3 Assessment Requirements and Legal Considerations 13 1.4 Development Plan policy 14 1.5 Location and Site Description 15 1.6 Background to the Scheme 16 1.7 Scheme Aims and Objectives 18 1.8 Consideration of Alternatives 19

2. Proposed Scheme 22

2.1 Scheme Evolution 22 2.2 Design Details 22 2.3 Construction Methods 28 2.4 Operational Management and Monitoring 37

3. Consultation 38

3.1 Previous Consultation 38 3.2 2005 Scheme Consultation 38 3.3 Proposed Scheme Consultation 39

4. Impact Assessment 45

4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Scope of the EIA 45 4.3 General Assessment Methodology 45 4.4 Geology and Coastal Processes 47 4.5 Flora and Fauna 60 4.6 Landscape and Visual Amenity 76 4.7 Water and Sediment Quality 98 4.8 Traffic and Transport 103 4.9 Recreation and Amenity 108 4.10 Noise 114 4.11 Air Quality 116 4.12 Historic Environment 117 4.13 Navigation 123 4.14 Commercial and Recreational Fisheries 126 4.15 In-Combination Impacts 128

5. Conclusions and Recommendations 129

5.1 Conclusions 129 5.2 Recommendations 129

6. Environmental Action Plan 136



ii

6.1 Introduction 136

7. References 150 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Relevant Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) Policies 14 Table 3.1 Consultees Present at Initial Scheme Presentation Meeting, 8 April 2009 40 Table 3.2 Summary of Consultation during Scoping and EIA Process 42 Table 4.1 Impact Assessment Criteria 47 Table 4.2 Wave Data 49 Table 4.3 Tidal and Extreme Water Levels for Aberdyfi 50 Table 4.4 Sea level rise predictions relative to 1990 base level 54 Table 4.6 Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC Interest Features 62 Table 4.7 Dyfi Estuary SPA Interest Features 62 Table 4.8 Craig yr Aderyn SPA Interest Features 63 Table 4.9 Cors Fochno and Dyfi Ramsar Site Interest Features 63 Table 4.10 Biotope Types 67 Table 4.11 Biotopes Adjacent to Outfalls 68 Table 4.12 Low Tide Bird Counts between the Afon Dysynni and Afon Dyfi 70 Table 4.13 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Sediment Release 73 Table 4.14 Footprint of Rock Structures and Beach Nourishment 74 Table 4.15 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors 92 Table 4.16 Potential Visual Impacts during Construction 94 Table 4.17 Potential Visual Impacts Post Construction 97 Table 4.18 Measures to Reduce Release of Sediments 101 Table 4.19 Traffic Count Data for locations along proposed delivery route to Tywyn 104 Table 4.20 Predicted increase in commercial vehicle numbers 106 Table 4.21 Predicted increase in commercial vehicle numbers 106 Table 4.22 Predicted increase in commercial vehicle numbers 107 Table 4.23 Predicted increase in commercial vehicle numbers 107 Table 4.24 Archaeological and Historic Interest Features within a 1km radius of Tywyn 119 Table 4.25 Summary of Effects within Study Area and Mitigation Measures 120 Table 4.26 Summary of Effects on Peat Deposits within Study Area and Mitigation Measures 121 Table 4.27 Summary of Effects Adjacent to Study Area and Mitigation Measures 122 Table 4.28 Summary of Effects and Mitigation Measures within Study Area 122 Table 4.29 Summary of Effects and Mitigation Measures within Study Area 123 Table 4.30 Occupancy Details for Aberdyfi Harbour 124 Table 4.31 Fishing Effort Data for the Llyn Area 126 Table 4.32 Fisheries Species Caught within the Llyn Area 127 Table 5.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts 130 Table 6.1 Draft Environmental Action Plan 137

Appendices

See separate document



iii

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

Term Meaning / Definition

Accreting Occurrence of ‘accretion’ (see below)

Accretion The accumulation of sediments from any source, representing an excess of deposition over erosion

AOD Above Ordnance Datum - standard land height reference level used by Ordnance Survey based on mean sea level at Newlyn, Cornwall

Aeolian Processes

Processes pertaining to the activity of the winds and more specifically, to the winds' ability to shape the surface of the Earth

Appropriate Assessment Assessment of the impacts of a proposal upon European designated sites

BAP Biodiversity Action Plan – strategic framework for dealing with biodiversity conservation

Beach Nourishment The importation of material to add to existing natural sediment on a beach

Biotope An area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a specific assemblage of plants and animals

Blue Flag Award A voluntary quality award for beaches and marinas adhering to criteria covering environmental education and information, water quality, environmental management and safety and services

Breakwater An offshore structure, usually constructed of rock designed to dissipate wave energy and provide protection to the beach or harbour in its lee.

BTO British Trust for Ornithology

Bull Head Rail A type of railway track. Not generally used on mainline track anymore. As a strong, hardwearing and generally non-corrosive metal, it is sometimes seen as part of the structure of sea defences.

Bunded Area Area surrounded by a bund designed to retain fluids in the event of a spillage or leakage

CCW Countryside Council for Wales – the statutory nature conservation body in Wales

CD Chart Datum - the theoretical level of water in any tidal area during the lowest astronomical tide (LAT)

CDM Construction Design Management

CEC Crown Estate Commission – organisation responsible for managing ‘Crown Land’ (see below)

CEMP Construction Environment Management Plan

CES Civil Engineering Solutions

CGC Cyngor Gwynedd Council

Coast Protection A scheme designed to protect the coastline from erosion or encroachment by the sea

Coastal Defence Protection of the coast against erosion and flooding

Coastal Processes The action of natural forces on the shoreline and nearshore area



iv

Competent Authorities Person or organization that has the legally delegated or invested authority, capacity, or power to perform a designated function.

CPA Coast Protection Act 1949

CRoW Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000

Crown Land Land owned by the monarchy

Defra Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DoE Department of Environment

Downdrift In the direction of the net longshore transport of beach material

d50 The median particle size of sediment (in a sample on in an area)

EAP Environmental Action Plan

EAW Environment Agency Wales

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment - the process of considering the effect of a proposal on the environment

EMS European Marine Site - refers to those marine areas of both SACs and SPAs, which are protected under the EC Habitats and Birds Directives

Erosion The detachment of material from the earth’s surface by the agents of water, wind and ice

ES Environmental Statement - the report on the EIA process

EU European Union

EC Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC)

Sets limits for chemical, physical and microbial parameters to ensure good bathing water quality in coastal and inland waters

EU Birds Directive (79/409/EEC)

Aims to protect all European wild birds and the habitats of listed species, in particular through the designation of Special Protection Areas (SPAs)

EU Convergence Funding Grants available to aid the regeneration of an area and to help the region’s transformation into a sustainable and competitive economy by investing in the knowledge economy and helping new and existing businesses to grow

EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)

Aims to protect species and habitats which are considered to be of European interest and are listed in the Directive’s Annexes

European designated sites Sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives

Faecal Coliforms Group of bacteria, including the genera that originate in faeces as well as those not of faecal origin. The presence of faecal coliforms in aquatic environments may indicate that the water has been contaminated with the faecal material of man or other animals

Fauna Animals

FCDPAG Flood and Coastal Defence Project Appraisal Guidance

FEPA Food and Environment Protection Act 1985

Fines Particles of diameter less than 0.063mm (silt and clay)

Fishtail Breakwater / Fishtail Groyne

“Y” shaped rock structure that combines the benefits of both a breakwater and a groyne. The shape resembles a fishtail, hence the name

Flora Plants



v

Foreshore The section of the coastline between the low and high water mark

FRA Flood Risk Assessment

Frontage The extent of land abutting the beach

FSC Forest Stewardship Council - independent, non-governmental, not-for-profit organisation established to promote the responsible management of the world’s forests

GAT Gwynedd Archaeological Trust

Geotextile Layer Synthetic material commonly placed beneath rock structures prior to construction to reduce future subsidence through the movement of sediment up through the structure

Glacial Till A mixture of fine and coarse rock debris deposited by a glacier

Greenheart Wood Valuable South American hardwood timber tree of the laurel family. The timber is both strong and dense and is commonly used for marine applications, such as pilings for wharves. Its weight makes it largely unfit for other purposes

Groyne A low wall built out from the coast into the sea, to reduce longshore drift

Groyne Field Series of groynes acting together to protect a section of beach.

HAT Highest Astronomical Tide – the highest levels which can be predicted to occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions

Hinterland The land behind the coast

Hold the Line The process of retaining the existing line of the shore / river bank by carrying out maintenance, repairs and replacement of defences, as necessary

Holocene The geological epoch which began approximately 11,700 years ago and according to traditional geological thinking continues today

HRA Habitats Regulations Assessment - the name by which ‘Appropriate Assessment’ is now generally referred (see above)

Intertidal Zone or Foreshore The area between Lowest Astronomical Tide and Highest Astronomical Tide

Longshore Transport Movement of beach sediment parallel to the shore, within the surf zone. Also called Longshore Drift

LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide - the lowest levels which can be predicted to occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions

LVA Landscape and Visual Assessment - the process of assessing the impact of a scheme on the existing visual landscape

Managed Retreat The process of moving the line of the shore / river bank back from its current position

MCCIP Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership

MDC Meirionnydd District Council (local authority prior to the formation of CGC)

MHW Mean High Water - highest average level water reaches on an outgoing tide



vi

MHWS Mean High Water Springs – the average level of high water during the spring tides

MLW Mean Low Water – lowest average level water reaches on an outgoing tide

MLWS Mean Low Water Springs – the average level of low water during the spring tides

MNCR Marine Nature Conservation Review

Multi Criteria Analysis A decision-making tool developed for complex problems.

Natura 2000 The network of protected sites designated under the EU Birds and Habitats Directives

NNR National Nature Reserve

NSO National Statistics Online

OPSI Office of Public Sector Information

OS Ordnance Survey

Overtopping Passing of water over the top of a structure as a result of wave action, seawater spray or the still water level exceeding the crest level

PAR Project Appraisal Report

Pers. Comm. Personal Communication

PPG Planning Policy Guidance

Piling A column of wood, steel or concrete that is driven into the ground to provide support for a structure

PPS Planning Policy Statement

Ramsar Convention Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources

Resilience Actions Actions taken to improve the ability of a community to cope with an event, risk or uncertainty. In this case, to better cope with the consequences of flooding, erosion and climate change.

Revetment Shore protection structure constructed of rock laid at a determined slope angle. Voids within the structure dissipate wave energy

Rock Armour Large rocks placed in order to provide a protective layer

Rock Berm A narrow ledge or mound of rock

SAC Special Area of Conservation – area designated under the Habitats Directive and provide rare and vulnerable animals, plants and habitats with increased protection and management

Sand Particles/grains of diameter between 0.063mm and 2mm

Sea Level Rise The long term upward trend in mean sea level resulting from a combination of local or regional geological movements (rise or fall of land) and global climate change

Sediment Cell A length of coastline and its associated near shore area within which the movement of coarse sediment (sand and shingle) is largely self contained. Interruptions to the movement of sand and shingle within one



vii

cell should not affect beaches in an adjacent sediment cell

Sheet Piling A type of retaining wall achieved by driving interlocking sheets of steel into the ground

Shingle Stone diameter between 2mm and 75mm, also called gravel.

SI Statutory Instrument – a type of secondary legislation (law)

Slipway A sloping surface, leading down to the shore from which ships/boats are launched

SMP1 Shoreline Management Plan - sets the policy for coastal management (1st

Generation) – provides a large-scale assessment of the risks associated with coastal processes and presents a long term policy framework to reduce these risks to people and the developed, historic and natural environment in a sustainable manner

SMP2 Shoreline Management Plan Review - sets the policy for coastal management (2

nd Generation) – see ‘SMP1’ above

SNP Snowdonia National Park

SNPA Snowdonia National Park Authority

SPA Special Protection Area – area designated under the Birds Directive to help protect and manage areas which are important for rare and vulnerable birds because they use them for breeding, feeding, wintering or migration

Specific Asset Assessment An evaluation of the sea defences in place in a particular area

SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest – an area that has been notified as being of biological or geological importance under the Wildlife and Countryside Act (WCA) 1981

Swash Aligned Land orientated parallel to prevailing waves

Terminal Groyne The groyne at the end of a series of groynes. This will mark the end of groyne field in the downdrift direction

TIA Traffic Impact Assessment - a process of determining the effect of a proposal on the existing volume of traffic

Toe The relatively small mound usually constructed of rock armour to support an armour layer, buried under the existing ground level

Turbary A piece of peat from which turf can be cut for fuel

UDP Unitary Development Plan – the Local Authority adopted plan that sets out priorities and proposals for development and any conditions that may be need to be met

UKCIP United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme

UKCP09 United Kingdom Climate Projections 2009

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UKHO United Kingdom Hydrographic Office

WAG Welsh Assembly Government

WCA Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

Walings Horizontal support used to maintain intergity of a structure (pronounced ‘wailings’). Timber walings provide support to timber piles of a groyne



viii

WEFO Welsh European Funding Office

ZVI Zone of Visual Influence - geographical extent to which the development proposals are visible from surrounding areas



1

Non-Technical Summary

Introduction

Cyngor Gwynedd Council (CGC) proposes to undertake a coastal defence scheme in Tywyn to

improve the defences along the seafront. CGC commissioned Atkins to produce this

Environmental Statement (ES) to support the planning application and other, marine consents,

needed in order to progress the scheme.

Background to the Scheme

Tywyn, is a small seaside town on the west coast of Wales in Cardigan Bay between the Afon

Dysynni (to the North) and the Afon Dyfi (to the South), within the county of Gwynedd (Figure 1 in

Appendix A). It has a population of 3,266 (NSO, 2009).

The Tywyn coastal frontage has suffered several significant damaging events, experiencing storm

damage in nearly every decade since the 1930s and emergency works have been required on

numerous occasions. Over the last 100 years, the height and width of the beach has also

receded. Over this time, the beach level at Warwick Place has dropped by 3m.

The installation of timber groynes in the 1970s reduced the rate at which the beach receded but

has not reversed it, and overall beach recession is expected to continue. In the last 10 years the

rate of beach lowering at certain locations along the frontage has been greater than the long-term

average, leading to overtopping of the current defences and flooding during storm events. The

erosion of the beach, combined with the deterioration of the groynes has contributed to the sea

wall being undermined, particularly at Bryn-y-mor.

The land behind the sea wall is relatively flat, meaning that overtopping sea water is able to flow

inland relatively freely. Flooding is most prevalent at the Southern end of the promenade at

Warwick Place.

The United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) and Marine Climate Change Impacts

Partnership (MCCIP) predict an increase in storminess and wave height in coming years.

Continued recession of the beach is increasing the risk of damage to the sea wall and from future

flooding events, particularly in the light of climate change impacts. Whilst it has been possible to

repair the sea walls and replenish the beaches following storm events to date, this approach is

expected to become unsustainable in the context of sea level rise and increased storminess as a

result of climate change.

In December 2004, the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) confirmed that a scheme could be

eligible for funding if it were to meet the required technical, environmental and economic criteria.

In 2009, WAG confirmed that CGC had been successful in their bid for EU Convergence Funding

for a coastal defence scheme.

Assessment Requirements and Legal Considerations

The proposed scheme (the 2009 Scheme) requires planning permission from CGC under the

Town and Country Planning Act 1999 (TCPA). It also requires consent under the Food and

Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA), and Coast Protection Act 1949 (CPA), applications for

which are administered by the Marine and Fisheries Agency (MFA).

The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1999 (SI 293)

and the Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2007 (SI 1518) list

projects for which an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. The proposed scheme



2

falls within the lists of projects for which an EIA is discretionary. Given the scheme’s location

adjacent to sites designated under the European Habitats Directive, CGC and the Countryside

Council for Wales (CCW) considered an EIA to be needed to assess the potential for

environmental impacts.

Planning permission and marine consents for a similar, larger scheme (the 2005 Scheme) were

granted in 2005. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was undertaken by ABPmer for

these consent applications.

This document is the Environmental Statement (ES), prepared as part of the EIA process, in

accordance with the Marine Works (EIA) Regulations and with the Town and Country Planning

(EIA) Regulations to accompany the planning application and FEPA/CPA application for the 2009

Scheme. Section 1 of the ES contains more detail on these legislative requirements.

The Habitats and Birds Directives require ‘competent authorities’ to undertake an ‘appropriate

assessment’ of plans, projects and strategies that may have a significant effect on EU protected

sites. This ‘appropriate assessment’ process is known as a Habitats Regulations Assessment

(HRA). Information to inform a Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) has been included within

this report, due to the proposed scheme’s proximity to EU protected sites. Section 4 and

Appendix E of the ES contain information to support a HRA.

There are a number of potentially sensitive areas adjacent to and near to the proposed Scheme,

including:

• Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau Special Area of Conservation (SAC) (also referred to as the Pen

Llŷn a’r Sarnau European Marine Site1)

• Craig yr Aderyn Special Protection Area (SPA)

• Dyfi Estuary SPA (also referred to as the Dyfi Estuary European Marine Site)

• Cors Fochno and Dyfi Ramsar site

• Biosffer Dyfi Biosphere

• Broadwater Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

• Dyfi SSSI

• Dyfi National Nature Reserve (NNR)

Tywyn is located very near to the Snowdonia National Park and, while not within the Park itself,

the Scheme could potentially impact on views and the landscape. More detail on the location and

site description is in Section 1.4 of the ES.

The ES produced in 2005 to accompany the planning application was reviewed to inform the

scope of this ES. Views on the scope of this ES were sought from consultees, including the CCW,

Environment Agency Wales, (EAW), CGC, Snowdonia National Park Authority (SNPA) and

Gwynedd Archaeological Trust (GAT) (see Section 3 of the ES).

Scheme Aims and Objectives

The scheme aims to reduce the amount of water overtopping the seawall at Warwick Place and

improve or maintain the amenity value of the beach, which is important to the local community,

visitors and tourists. The scheme has a number of inter-connected aims relating to both the

1 Where a European site is located below the level of the highest astronomical tide (HAT) they are described

as European Marines Sites.



3

management of impacts from coastal flooding and erosion and the amenity value of the beach

and promenade:

• Reduce the amount of water overtopping the seawall at Warwick Place

• Maintain access to the beach

• Maintain or improve the amenity value of the beach

• Ensure that the scheme is safe and suitable for public access

• Ensure that the scheme is environmentally acceptable and does not unduly impact on

adjacent areas, designated conservation sites, Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) habitats

and species and landscape

• Ensure that the scheme is economically viable

• Reduce the rate of decrease in beach level

• Build in flexibility / adaptability to enable alterations to be made in response to New

Approaches and the developing Shoreline Management Plan Review (SMP2)

More detail on the 2009 Scheme aims and objectives is in Section 1.6 of the ES.

Consideration of Alternatives

Over the last 15 years, several schemes have been proposed and developed, although none have

been constructed. A non-technical summary of the alternatives is provided below. For more

detailed information, see Section 1.7 of the ES.

Do Nothing

Over time the defences will continue to fail and lead to increased erosion and overtopping. This

would result in on-going costs to CGC to clear overtopped shingle from the car parks and roads,

and provision of sandbags to local residents and businesses affected by overtopping. In addition,

the timber groynes, slipways and access steps would continue to deteriorate, making access to

the beach more difficult and potentially becoming a hazard to beach users.

As sea levels rise, the coastline will try to retreat landward and the possibility of the sea breaching

the natural defences to the North and South of Tywyn, to the low lying land behind will increase.

Scheme 1 (Fish Tail Groynes)

This scheme comprised a series of seven fishtail breakwaters with a mix of sand and

shingle/cobble being used for beach nourishment. The scheme was designed to keep the beach

at a relatively high level. During storms the beach would protect the sea wall by limiting the size of

waves and controlling the amount of overtopping. Further nourishment of the beach at suitable

intervals throughout the design life would have been required. The scheme was to be a

partnership with Meirionnydd District Council (MDC), EAW and Railtrack contributing towards the

cost of works to their frontages.

This approach was not approved by the Welsh Office, which raised technical and financial

concerns with respect to the design and cost-benefit analysis. This resulted in the scheme not

being pursued (ABPmer, 2005).

Scheme 2 (Rock Revetment)



4

A second opinion of coastal defence requirements was sought by the Welsh Office from HR

Wallingford in 1997 and the resultant report was published in 1999. This scheme proposed the

use of rock-armour revetments (retaining structures built of large rocks) and rock groynes to

protect the existing walls and reduce the amount of wave overtopping during storms. This

proposal would not have controlled the beach levels and over the longer term, it was expected

that the structure would have needed to be extended (ABPmer, 2005).

This option was tested with models used by CGC and was presented at a public exhibition in

August 2001. It resulted in considerable local opposition because the stepped revetment along

the sea wall of the existing defences, which are seen as an important amenity feature by the local

community would be lost.

Scheme 3 (Headland Breakwater 2005 Scheme)

CGC contracted ABPmer as independent consultants to review the issues, identify a design

solution and help agree a way forward with the local community. The Tywyn Coastal Protection

Review (ABPmer, 2004a) examined the previous schemes, as well as the objectives of the coastal

defence strategy for Tywyn. The 2005 Scheme was proposed to meet both the flood and coastal

defence requirements as well the needs of the local community. The 2005 Scheme was well

received during public consultations and presentations and was supported by CGC.

All the applications required for constructing the scheme were submitted and granted, however,

funding was not able to be secured.

Current Scheme (Headland Breakwater 2009 Scheme)

In the summer of 2008, Atkins was commissioned by CGC to review and refine the 2005 Scheme

proposed by ABPmer and assist CGC in their application for EU Convergence Funding. CGC

were successful in their funding application and Atkins was commissioned to take forward the

design. By this time, the various licenses had lapsed. Refinement to the shape and size of some

rock structures also meant that CGC Planning Department considered that a new planning

application was also needed.

This Environmental Statement (ES) is designed to present information on the likely environmental

impacts of the refined scheme (hereafter referred to as ‘the 2009 Scheme’), assess their

significance and set out mitigation measures to reduce or avoid the impacts. It is also designed to

support the planning permission and applications for marine consents and provide information to

make an assessment of the impacts of the scheme under the EU Habitats Regulations.

The 2009 Scheme

The scheme comprises a number of elements, which when taken together aim to meet the

objectives of the whole scheme:

1. Construction of a rock armour breakwater at Warwick Place (Warwick Place Breakwater) –

built of granite rock of 3 – 12 tonnes each. The breakwater will be approx. 150m long at its

base, 66m long along the crest. It will be between 41m and 63m wide. At its highest, it will

be 4m AOD (approx. 1.5m above Mean High Water Springs (MHWS)). At Mean High Water

(MHW), when the tide is in only the upper 1.5m of the breakwater will be exposed. At MLW,

when the tide is out, the breakwater will be completely exposed.

2. Construction of a South Terminal Rock Groyne near Neptune Road - built of granite rock of

6 – 10 tonnes each. The South Terminal Rock Groyne will be approximately 12m wide and

50m long. At its highest point (where it is connected to the seawall) it will be 4m AOD and



5

will slope downwards towards the beach. At MHW, the majority of the groyne will be

submerged, while at MLW, the entire structure will be exposed.

3. Construction of a rock groyne at Pier Road (Pier Road Rock Groyne) - built of granite rock of

6 – 10 tonnes each. The Pier Road Rock Groyne will be an L-shaped structure extending

approximately 27m from the sea wall before ‘dog-legging’ slightly and extending a further

21m. It will be connected to the seawall at its landward end by a concrete viewing platform.

It will be approx. 20m wide.

4. Construction of a rock revetment at Bryn-y-mor, between groyne 28 and groyne 34 (Bryn-y-

mor Rock Revetment) - built of granite rock of 3 – 6 tonnes each. The Bryn-y-mor Rock

Revetment will stretch approx. 270m along the beach front at Bryn-y-mor. It will be at a

maximum, 5.8m wide at its base. It will be partly submerged at MHW and completely

exposed at MLW.

5. Beach nourishment behind the Warwick Place breakwater – approx. 16,500m3 of material

will be placed on the beach behind the Warwick Place Breakwater. The material used will

be of a similar size and colour to the existing beach material.

6. Alterations to all 34 timber groynes through either removal (7 groynes in total – in the areas

where new rock structures are being built or beach nourishment is taking place) or

replacement (27 groynes in total).

7. Improvement of rock revetment by the Warwick Place slipway (between the slipway and

groyne 06) – to improve the current 70m blockstone revetment, which is in a state of

disrepair.

8. Reconstruction of concrete steps along the length of the bottom of the promenade to the

same specifications / dimensions as the original steps.

9. Reconstruction of Warwick Place slipway to the same specifications / dimensions as the

original slipway.

10. Minor refurbishment of the promenade including construction of a Coastal Information

Centre (CIC – this will be subject to a separate planning application in the future. Impacts

are not considered in this ES)

11. Refurbishment or repair of beach access steps at groyne numbers 02, 19, 21, 23, 25 and 28

and slipways at groyne numbers 02 and 28 to the same specifications / dimensions as

original.

Drawings illustrating the design elements are contained in Figures 3 – 8 in Appendix A of the

ES. More detail on the design details are in Section 2.2 of the ES. A non-technical summary of

the construction methodology and operational management of the 2009 Scheme, post

construction is provided below. For more detailed information, see Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of the

ES.

Construction methodology

Construction is scheduled to commence in November 2009 and be completed by the end of

March 2011; a duration of 18 months. Two site compounds will be used – one on CGC land

behind the area where the Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment will be constructed; the other in the car

park adjacent to the Warwick Place slipway.

Construction of the rock structures will require some excavation of the beach, up to a depth 1.5m.

A geofabric membrane will be placed on the bottom of the excavated area. Rocks will be

individually placed on top of the geofabric by excavators.



6

Materials may be delivered to Tywyn by sea or road. The ES considers the potential impacts

associated with the possibility of two possible delivery options:

• Delivery option A – delivery of large rock by sea. Smaller rock (approx. 1/3 of total rock

required) and all other construction materials (including timber, plant, beach nourishment

and labour) would be delivered by road.

• Delivery option B – delivery of all materials by road.

Operational Management and Monitoring

The new structures will require some ongoing maintenance, structural checks and upkeep. Beach

nourishment is not expected to be needed again within 10 years of completion of the scheme.

There will also be a need to carry out monitoring of the beach and the beach nourishment area.

This will be form part of CGC’s established monitoring programme, which has been ongoing for

the last 15 years.

Impact Assessment

A number of consultations were carried out with statutory and non-statutory organisations for

scoping and during the preparation of his ES from February 2009 onwards. CGC has also

consulted with the Tywyn Town Council and held a public exhibition of the scheme in September

2009.

Scope of the ES

The scope of the impact assessment for this ES has been determined through assessing the

scope of the EIA carried out in 2005 by ABPmer for the 2005 Scheme, which successfully

provided adequate assessment for the scheme to be approved for planning permission and

marine consents and consulting with key environmental stakeholders (including CGC, CCW and

EAW).

The following issues have been included in the scope of the impact assessment and this ES:

• Geology and Coastal Processes – including sediment transport, shoreline evolution,

impacts on adjacent stretches of coast and coastal defences

• Flora and Fauna – including impacts on European designated sites and species

• Landscape and Visual Amenity

• Water and Sediment Quality

• Traffic and Transport – including impacts of Delivery Option A and Delivery Option B

• Recreation and Amenity

• Noise

• Air Quality

• Historic Environment

• Navigation

• Fisheries

• Inter-relationship between the above and in-combination with other projects

• Interaction with other proposals in the area



7

An assessment of the construction and post construction impacts of the proposed development on

each of the issues listed above has been carried out by considering the impacts against baseline

conditions. Impacts within the scheme area and outside the scheme area have been assessed.

The scheme area is defined as the area of foreshore between groyne 01 and groyne 34 (Figure

2, Appendix A of the ES). Impacts have been defined as major, moderate, minor or neutral

and may be beneficial (positive) or adverse (negative) and temporary or permanent.

The assessment of impacts has been carried out using published data, the results of surveys,

professional judgement and numerical modelling, where appropriate. Where adverse impacts

have been identified, mitigation measures are proposed to minimise or compensate for these

impacts. Mitigation will seek to reduce the impact to an acceptable standard for that specific

receptor, or eliminate the impact entirely. More detail on the impact assessment scope and

methodology can be found in Sections 4.2 and 4.3 of the ES.

A non-technical summary of the impact assessment is provided below. For more detail, see

Sections 4.4 – 4.15 of the ES.

Geology and Coastal Processes

Within the Site

During construction the works will have a neutral impact on sediment transport. Once built, the

structures will have a beneficial impact on the flooding and overtopping issues in Tywyn, but are

also likely to have a minor adverse impact on coastal processes within the site area in the short

term, as the coastal process systems adjust to the new structures. However, there will be a

minor beneficial effect on the sediment budget, due to the beach nourishment. The impact on

sediment movement along the shore, the dune system and the SAC is considered to be neutral.

In the longer term (20 – 50 years) the 2009 Scheme will have a neutral impact on coastal

processes within the site.

Outside the Site

The ability of the 2009 Scheme to alter the coastal processes outside of the site beyond those

seen now or in the future is minimal and the impact of the scheme to either the North or the South

of the site, including any impacts on the Dyfi geological SSSI is likely to be neutral.

It is considered that the 2009 Scheme will have a stabilising effect on the beach at Tywyn but will

not alter the behaviour of the overall section of coastline. The increases to the sediment budget

overall will be minor beneficial.

It is considered likely that the 2009 Scheme will have a neutral impact outside of the site in

comparison to the existing situation in both the short term (0-20 years) and the medium term (20-

50 years).

Flora and Fauna (plants and animals, including habitats)

During construction, impacts on flora and fauna in the area immediately behind the proposed

works will be neutral. There is the potential for construction work to affect plants and animals

living on/in the beach (the intertidal area), by the movement of vehicles, plant and the storage of

materials on the beach. It is important to avoid the patches of Sabellaria alveolata reef on the

beach. Impacts can be reduced by minimising the area of beach used by vehicles and materials

and agreeing site traffic routes / no-go areas prior to works commencing. With these actions,

habitat/species loss impacts are considered to be minor adverse.



8

The removal of timber groynes will cause the permanent loss of small areas of Sabellaria

alveolata reef but this will be countered by the construction of new timber groynes and of the rock

structures, providing new areas for species to colonise. Impacts are considered to be minor

adverse (to Sabellaria reefs) but minor beneficial impact for other intertidal flora and fauna. The

beach nourishment is considered to have a neutral impact on intertidal flora and fauna.

None of the structures will be built within the Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC. The contractors will,

where possible, construct the breakwater from its landward side, working backwards up the

beach. Should the contractor need access to the seaward side, this is likely to involve movement

within a maximum 10m x 50m wide strip to manoeuvre machinery. No SAC features have been

identified in this area and the impacts of physical damage to SAC features are determined to be

minor adverse.

All the construction work will be confined to the Tywyn frontage (between groynes 01 and 34) and

therefore there will be no impacts (neutral) on adjacent intertidal flora and fauna.

Impacts on marine species and habitats caused by sediment released or underwater noise /

vibration during construction are considered to be neutral or minor adverse. Post construction,

there are no impacts on marine flora or fauna (neutral).

Impacts on birds caused by disturbance during construction are considered to be minor adverse

or neutral, but time limited to the construction period. Following construction, the rock structures

could provide minor beneficial impacts for birds by providing roosting areas and potential extra

food source areas.

Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea - will not result in any additional impacts to those

set out above.

Delivery Option B – delivery of all materials by road - will require the creation of a stockpile of rock

on the beach and additional movement of site traffic across the beach to transport rock from the

site compounds to the areas where rock structures are being built, creating moderate adverse

impacts on intertidal habitats and species. The contractor will be instructed to avoid areas of

Sabellaria alveolata reef. The use of protective mats may be required in some areas. The need

(or otherwise) for such measures should be agreed by the contractor with CCW / CGC prior to

selecting the routes across the beach for site traffic. The impact on losses of habitats and species

can, therefore, be reduced to minor adverse.

Landscape and Visual Amenity

During construction, the impacts to landscape and visual amenity are considered to range from

moderate to substantial adverse (depending on the location along the shorefront and the

proximity to construction works), due to the presence of site compounds, stored materials and site

traffic / delivery vehicles / vessels. Mitigation measures during construction are limited, as

screening is unlikely to mitigate these impacts, due to the low lying nature of the landscape.

These impacts are, however, time limited to the duration of the works.

Following construction, the impacts on landscape and visual amenity range from slight to

moderate beneficial. Negative impacts (such as the construction of large rock structures) are

balanced by shorter timber groynes, improved access and repairs to currently dilapidated

structures. Impacts could be further reduced by additional regeneration of the promenade to

further improve the character and visual amenity of the area.

Water and Sediment Quality

Any sediment released into the sea during construction is likely to be in small quantities. Impacts

on water quality in terms of suspended sediments are considered to be minor adverse as is the



9

potential impact on water quality arising from the use of machinery / vehicles. Other impacts on

water quality during construction, including to Bathing Water quality are considered to be neutral.

Post construction, impacts are considered to be neutral.

Traffic and Transport

The impact on traffic and transport is associated with the delivery of materials by road and the

effects this has on the local road network, congestion and other road users. Delivery Option A

(delivery of large rock by sea) includes the delivery of some material by road (approx. 1/3 total

rock required and all other materials. Delivery Option B would involve all construction materials

arriving by road. Both Delivery Option A and Delivery Option B would have moderate adverse

impacts on traffic and transport. Delivery Option B would require additional mitigation measures

to reduce impacts.

Post construction, impacts on traffic and transport are considered to be minor beneficial due to

the reduced impacts of flooding and overtopping to the road / footpaths along the Tywyn frontage.

Recreation and Amenity

The presence of construction vehicles, site compounds and general construction activities will

create minor adverse impacts for promenade users, to parking facilities and to visitors to the

beachfront area.

Construction activities temporarily reducing the number of access points to / from the beach will

have an adverse impact on beach users. This is considered to be minor adverse under Delivery

Option A but moderate adverse under Delivery Option B.

Water and slipway users will, however, experience minor adverse impacts under Delivery Option

A, due to the presence of delivery vessels in the water for short periods of time. Using Delivery

Option B, water users would experience a neutral impact, but slipway users would experience

moderate adverse impacts due to the increased likelihood of either the Warwick Place and / or

the Pier Road slipways being unavailable for public use.

Post construction, the new structures will create a minor adverse impact to beach users by their

presence on the beach, however, the replacement of the old timber groynes with new, shorter

timber groynes will be of minor to moderate beneficial impact, by improving access along the

shore. Other access improvements and refurbishments would create a moderate beneficial

impact for beach users.

Parking and promenade users will experience minor to moderate beneficial impacts post-

construction, due to improved facilities and reduced risk of damage caused by wave overtopping.

Sea users will in general be unaffected (neutral impact), apart from a minor adverse impact due

to the presence of the new rock structures. Navigational markers and warning signs will be

erected on and around the new structures to warn all beach and sea users of the potential risks of

collision or from climbing on the structures.

Noise

Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea – will generate noise, some of which will be

during night time hours (7pm – 7am) when rock is unloaded from delivery barges. These and

other noise impacts (general construction noise, site vehicles, etc.) are considered to be

moderate adverse and time limited. There will be no noise impacts post construction (neutral).



10

Delivery Option B – delivery of all materials by road – will generate greater amounts of noise from

the additional delivery vehicles, tipping of rock during unloading and greater site traffic movements

required by this method over the majority of the construction period. These are considered to

create major adverse impacts. These impacts will be time limited to the construction period.

There will be no noise impacts post construction (neutral).

Air Quality

Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea – will have a neutral impact on air quality.

Delivery Option B – delivery of all materials by road – will have a minor adverse impact on air

quality, due to the number of HGVs required to deliver materials and the need for more vehicle

movements on site creating more vehicle emissions.

Historic Environment

No significant features of heritage interest that could be directly affected by the scheme were

identified in the study area. Heavy vehicle / plant movement and repairs to the pro historic

promenade are considered to be minor adverse and a suitable construction methodology should

be agreed with Gwynedd Archaeological Trust (GAT) to limit impacts. Construction activities may

also damage ancient peat beds, if they are found during the excavation works. All ground

investigations undertaken so far have found no peat deposits within the 2009 Scheme area.

There are no impacts post construction (neutral).

Navigation

Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea – would require vessel management measures

and the placement of appropriate shoreline signage during the movement of rock delivery vessels.

This is considered to have a minor adverse impact on navigation immediately offshore of Tywyn.

Impacts further South in the vicinity of the Aberydyfi Harbour and on lifeboats are considered

neutral.

Delivery Option B – delivery of all materials by road – will have no impact on navigation (neutral).

Post construction the 2009 Scheme is considered to be minor beneficial due to the improved

shelter offered by the scheme to the slipways.

Fisheries

The 2009 Scheme is not considered to have any impacts (neutral) on commercial or recreational

fisheries, other than those already outlined under other sections (e.g. navigation, slipway users)

either during or after construction.

Inter-relationship between the above and in-combination with other projects

There are no other coastal protection schemes known to be taking place along the Tywyn

Frontage or the adjacent coastline which could contribute to and increase the magnitude of the

impacts described above.

A coast protection and improvement scheme is planned on the Ceredigion coast at Borth, to the

South of the Dyfi estuary. The Dyfi estuary is a natural break in the coastal processes, preventing

the transport of sediment from North of the Dyfi Southwards, or vice versa and in-combination

impacts are considered to be neutral.



11

The combined impacts of the 2009 Scheme are not considered to be significant if the mitigation

actions set out in this ES are followed. Delivery Option B would result in slightly greater combined

impacts, given the additional numbers of HGVs, increased site vehicle movements needed and

the increased noise generated by tipping rock when unloading vehicles. These impacts are,

however, time limited to the construction period (18 months duration). The combined impacts of

the 2009 Scheme post-construction are not considered to be significant.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Adverse and beneficial impacts on the environment have been identified. Major / substantial

adverse effects on the environment have been identified during the construction period (approx.

November 2009 – March 2011). These are mainly landscape and visual amenity impacts and will

not continue post-construction. Delivery Option B (delivery of all materials by road) would result in

major noise impacts during the construction period (compared with moderate noise impacts

associated with Delivery Option A).

Moderate or minor adverse impacts of the 2009 Scheme are also generally time-limited to the

construction period.

Only minor post-construction adverse impacts have been identified and these are offset by other

beneficial impacts e.g. loss of substrate through removal of old timber groynes is offset by the

creation of substrate by new timber groynes and rock structures. Overall, the Scheme is

considered to have a neutral or minor beneficial impact if the mitigation measures set out in this

ES are followed.

Information to inform a HRA has been included within this ES due to the proposed scheme’s

proximity to European protected sites. This concludes that, if mitigation measures are

implemented as set out, the impact on protected sites is neutral.

A copy of the draft Environmental Action Plan (EAP) that accompanied constructor tender

documents has been included in the ES (Section 6).



12

1. Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction

Cyngor Gwynedd Council (CGC) proposes to undertake a coastal defence scheme in Tywyn. The

scheme aims to reduce the amount of water overtopping the seawall at Warwick Place and

improve or maintain the amenity value of the beach, which is important to the local community,

visitors and tourists. More information on the detailed aims and objectives of the scheme can be

found in Section 1.6.

The scheme comprises several structural elements:

•••• A rock armour breakwater at Warwick Place, with beach nourishment

•••• A rock groyne near Neptune Road

•••• A rock groyne at Pier Road

•••• A rock revetment at Bryn-y-mor

•••• Replacement of the groyne field

•••• Reconstruction or repair of the slipways and access steps, including the concrete steps

along the length of the promenade and the rock revetment near the Warwick Place slipway

•••• Minor refurbishment of the promenade including construction of Coastal Information Centre

(CIC - this will be subject to a separate planning application in the future. Impacts are not

considered in this ES)

More detail on the scheme elements and their construction can be found in Section 2.

1.2 Structure of Report

The structure of this report is as follows:

• Section 1 - (this section) contains the introduction and background to the project,

including the purpose and structure of the document, the site location and description,

background to the issues, strategic context of the work, project aims and objectives and

the EIA process and alternative options considered

• Section 2 - description of the proposed scheme, detailing the physical characteristics,

construction and operational phases

• Section 3 - consultation process that has guided the development of the scheme and

the impact assessment, including the Scoping process

• Section 4 - assessment of impacts and mitigation measures

• Section 5 – summary, conclusions and recommendations of the EIA

• Section 6 - Environmental Action Plan (EAP)

• Appendices – supporting information and analysis undertaken as part of the EIA

process, including all figures referred to throughout the ES (Appendix A)



13

1.3 Assessment Requirements and Legal Considerations

The works require planning permission under the Town and Country Planning Act 1999 (for work

above Mean Low Water) from Cyngor Gwynedd Council (CGC) and consent from the Marine and

Fisheries Agency (for work below Mean High Water Springs) under the Food and Environment

Protection Act 1985 (FEPA), and Coast Protection Act 1949 (CPA).

The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1999 (SI 293)

and the Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2007 (SI 1518) list

projects for which an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. The proposed scheme

falls within the lists of projects for which an EIA is discretionary. Given the scheme’s location

adjacent to sites designated under the European Habitats Directive, CGC and CCW considered

an EIA to be needed to assess the potential for environmental impacts. More information on the

Scoping process for the EIA is in Section 3.

This document is the Environmental Statement (ES), prepared as part of the EIA process, in

accordance with the Marine Works (EIA) Regulations and the Town and Country Planning (EIA)

Regulations, to accompany both the planning application and FEPA/CPA application for the

Scheme.

1.3.1 Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA)

The EU Habitats (92/43/EEC) and Birds (79/409/EEC) Directives aim to protect European birds

and species and the habitats that support them, while the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of

International Importance aims to protect internationally important wetlands.

The Habitats and Birds Directives require ‘competent authorities’ to undertake an ‘appropriate

assessment’ of plans, projects and strategies that are not directly connected to the management

of the site itself and that may have a significant effect on the site. In the UK, there is a similar

requirement in relation to sites designated under the Ramsar Convention (known as Ramsar

sites). This ‘appropriate assessment’ process is now known as a Habitats Regulations

Assessment (HRA). Information to inform a Habitat Regulations Assessment (HRA) has been

included within this report, due to the proposed scheme’s proximity to both EU and Ramsar sites.

In particular, such information is included within Section 4.5.5 and Appendix E.

1.3.2 Crown Estate consent

Much of the foreshore and the seabed in the UK is in the ownership of the Crown. The Crown

Estate Commission (CEC) manages this land on behalf of the Crown and issues leases, licences

and consents for activities and developments on Crown Land.

CGC has a long term lease from the CEC for the Tywyn frontage foreshore. As such, CGC has

notified them of their intention to carry out works within the area of their lease and has undertaken

to write to the CEC to apprise them of the proposed changes once the detailed design has been

finalised.

1.3.3 Environment Agency Flood Defence Consents

The Environment Agency Wales (EAW) has confirmed that the scheme does not require their

formal consent as Flood Defence Byelaw 25 specifically exempts Local Authorities from the need

to apply for consent for work on sea defence structures.

A Flood Consequence Assessment has been undertaken to accompany the planning application.

This is contained in a separate report (Atkins 2009).



14

1.3.4 Shoreline Management Policy

The stretch of coastline on which Tywyn is located falls within the area covered by the North

Cardigan Bay Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) (Cardigan Bay Coastal Group, 2002). Table

1.1 sets out the current policies for the Tywyn frontage and the adjacent stretches of coastline.

Table 1.1 Relevant Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) Policies

Management Unit Management Unit SMP Policy

2.3 Penllyn Managed retreat

2.4 Tywyn Hold the line

2.5 Morfa Gwyllt Hold the line

Source: Cardigan Bay Shoreline Management Plan, 2002

Although the policy for the management of the shoreline to the South of Tywyn (Penllyn) is

‘Managed retreat’, EAW, which is responsible for the management of this section of the coast, and

CCW have agreed a short term (25 year) policy to repair any breaches in the defences. This

policy is designed to allow the breeding site for lapwing to be relocated (EAW, consultation

response).

A review of the SMP policies in the area has recently started. This will set out the strategic

direction for the management of coastal erosion and flood risk over the next 100 years, including

the Tywyn coastline and adjacent areas. This scheme does not pre-empt the outcome of the SMP

review and is consistent with existing policy.

1.4 Development Plan policy

The Gwynedd Unitary Development Plan (UDP) was adopted in 2009. The UDP policies

identified below are of most relevance to the proposed scheme.

In respect of proposals to improve the standard of existing tourism facilities Policy D12 states that

such proposals will be approved, providing that they support the development of an identified

theme for a specific destination as identified within the Gwynedd Tourism Strategy and provided

that all the following criteria can be met:

• That the development is located within a development boundary or makes use of an

existing building or a previously developed site

• That the scale, type and character of the proposed development is appropriate for its

urban/rural setting

• That the proposed development is of high quality in terms of design, layout and

appearance

• That the site is genuinely accessible to a variety of modes of transport which enables

customers and staff to reach the site without having to use the private car

Policy CH17 states that proposals to provide infrastructure will be approved provided that all the

following criteria can be met:



15

• That the scale and design of the proposed development is suitable for the location and

site

• That the development will not have an unacceptable impact on the landscape, the coast,

biodiversity, or historic areas/ features, particularly within or near designated areas

• That the development will not have an unacceptable impact on the amenities of

neighbouring residents or sensitive uses

• That the development is acceptable in terms of parking , traffic and road safety

Policy B13 - protecting the open coastline states:

“Outside the Heritage Coast, only proposals that need to be located on or in close proximity to the

coast or estuaries will be approved provided that they do not have an unacceptable impact on the

open character, water quality, public access or ecological balance of the area due to its location,

noise, scale, form, appearance, materials, noise, emissions or due to an unacceptable increase in

traffic.”

Policy B14 - protection of international nature conservation sites

Proposals not necessary in order to manage a site, and which are likely to have a significant direct

or indirect unacceptable impact (either individually or in combination with other plans or projects)

on the integrity of Special Protection Areas (potential or classified), Special Areas of Conservation

(proposed, candidate or designated), Ramsar sites (proposed or listed) will be refused unless all

the following criteria can be met:

• There is no alternative solution

• There are imperative reasons of over-riding public interest for the development or land

use change which override the ecological importance of the site

• In case of sites where priority habitats or species are affected, the only considerations

which could justify granting planning permission are those associated with public health,

public safety or those that bring benefits of primary importance for the environment

and that proposals meet all the following requirements:

• a. the location, design and construction of the development is such that damage to

nature conservation features are minimised, and opportunities for nature conservation

gain are taken

• b. compensating and equivalent nature conservation features are provided

• c. the remaining nature conservation features are protected and enhanced and provision

is made for their management

• d. opportunities are provided for the public to enjoy and interpret the site

1.5 Location and Site Description

1.5.1 Location

Tywyn, is a small seaside town on the west coast of Wales in Cardigan Bay between the Afon

Dysynni (to the North) and the Afon Dyfi (to the South), within the county of Gwynedd (Figure 1 in

Appendix A). It has a population of 3,266 (NSO, 2009).



16

Tywyn is a popular holiday and visitor destination, offering a variety of accommodation, from

hotels and B&Bs to self catering cottages, caravans and camp/caravan sites. The area offers a

variety of activities and tourist attractions, including walking, sailing and water sports (e.g. surfing

and fishing), golf, bird watching, general amenity of the beach, historic and archaeological sites,

the steam railway and local farm-based tourist activities such as archery, shooting and quad

biking.

The town is low-lying and comprises a mix of mostly residential and tourism developments

(caravans), along with small shops, cafes and pubs/restaurants.

The coast adjacent to the Tywyn frontage to the South (Penllyn) is fronted by sand dues, which

are regularly recharged with sand by CGC. Behind the dunes, the land is low lying. The Aberdyfi

Golf Course runs along the coast, between the beach and the A493. This stretch of coast is within

the Dyfi Estuary Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

Adjacent land to the North is also low lying and used mainly for agriculture. Between the Afon

Dysynni and Tywyn, the Cambrian Coast railway runs along the coast, before heading inland,

through the town. Where the railway line is closest to the shoreline, there are rock revetment

defences, which are managed and maintained by Network Rail. These defences have been

upgraded with more rock within the last 12 months. Behind the railway line, the land is low lying

much of the area is within the Broadwater SSSI. There is a small waste water treatment works

approx. 350m North of the Tywyn promenade.

The hinterland is dominated by hills, which are part of the Snowdonia National Park (SNP), which

encircles the town and includes foreshore areas to the North and South. Tywyn, however, is not

within the SNP. Figure 1 in Appendix A shows the location of the town and the area within

which the works are proposed.

1.5.2 Site Description

The coastal frontage is in total 1.8km, comprising a 465m Victorian promenade, with 360m of

additional walkway to the South and a 975m promenade to the North. The Victorian Promenade

was built in 1890, followed later by a promenade to the North of Sandilands Road, which was

destroyed by a storm in about 1935. The remainder of Tywyn’s frontage has developed in an ad-

hoc fashion. The first modern phase was built in 1966 between Pier Road and Sandilands Road -

half was a formal concrete sea wall and the remainder was rock armour contained by a bull head

rail crib. The area between Warwick Place and Neptune Road was constructed in 1967/69. The

area from Sandilands Road North was built in 1977. The frontage was completed to its current

state in the mid 1980s when the rock armour and bull head rail to the North of Pier Road were

encased in concrete to create a formal sea wall.

1.6 Background to the Scheme

The Tywyn coastal frontage has suffered several significant damaging events, experiencing storm

damage in nearly every decade since the 1930s and emergency works have been required on

numerous occasions. Over the last 100 years, the height and width of the beach has also

receded. Over this time, the beach level at Warwick Place has dropped by 3m.

The installation of timber groynes in the 1970s reduced the rate at which the beach receded but

has not reversed it, and overall beach recession is expected to continue. In the last 10 years the

rate of beach lowering at certain locations along the frontage has been greater than the long-term

average, leading to overtopping of the current defences and flooding during storm events. The

erosion of the beach, combined with the deterioration of the groynes has contributed to the sea

wall being undermined, particularly at Bryn-y-mor.



17

In 1993 Meirionnydd District Council (MDC) (now CGC) and the Shoreline Management

Partnership formally raised concerns regarding the defences along the Afon Dyfi to Afon Dysynni

coastline in the Meirionnydd Coastal Management Study. The study recognised that falling beach

levels fronting the sea defences were exposing the hinterland developments to increased risk of

tidal flooding, whilst the sea walls were becoming more susceptible to undermining and collapse

during storm events.

The land behind the sea wall is relatively flat, meaning that overtopping sea water is able to flow

inland relatively freely. Flooding is most prevalent at the Southern end of the promenade at

Warwick Place. The most severe recent flood events occurred in the following years:

• February 1997 – Tywyn Promenade flooding

• February, 2002 – Overtopping from an estimated 25.5m3/m to 55.4m

3/m run of sea wall.

The storm event data suggests that a water level of between 3.0m and 3.7m AOD and a

wave height between 2.5m and 3.2m contributed to flooding along marine parade.

Flooding over large areas reached a depth of 0.3m (CES, 2006)

• February, 2007 – Warwick Place inundation and shingle build up on promenade

• March 2008 – Warwick Place inundation and road closure

Since 2002 CGC have spent over £250,000 carrying out emergency / essential works in the Bryn-

y-mor area and some £10,000 of revenue money on minor repairs, mainly on the Victorian

Promenade area.

The United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP) and Marine Climate Change Impacts

Partnership (MCCIP) predict an increase in storminess and wave height in coming years.

Continued recession of the beach is increasing the risk of damage to the sea wall and from future

flooding events, particularly in the light of climate change impacts. Whilst it has been possible to

repair the sea walls and replenish the beaches following storm events to date, this approach is

expected to become unsustainable in the context of sea level rise and increased storminess as a

result of climate change.

In December 2004, the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) confirmed that a scheme could be

eligible for funding if it were to meet the required technical, environmental and economic criteria.

In 2009, WAG confirmed that CGC had been successful in their bid for EU Convergence Funding

for a coastal defence scheme.

Current State of the Defences

Previous studies (Shoreline Management Partnership, 1995, Shoreline Management Partnership,

1993, HR Wallingford, 1999 & ABPmer, 2004a), along with a specific asset assessment exercise

of the current defences and potential impacts of failure (carried out by Atkins in 2008), confirm that

the Bryn-y-mor and Warwick Place to Pier Road sections are the most vulnerable to flooding and

erosion in the short and long terms and are, therefore, priority areas for management.

Using the Environment Agency Condition Assessment Manual, the concrete / masonry sea walls

fronting Tywyn are classified as being in fair condition. However, the timber groynes vary in

condition from ‘fair’ to ‘very poor’ with some sections being derelict. The groynes, sea wall and

beach are in a stronger condition at Plas Edwards, in contrast with the groynes and sea wall at

Warwick Place to Pier Road and Bryn-y-mor, where defence assets are failing. Previous studies

(ABPmer, 2004a & Shoreline Management Partnership, 1995) have estimated the residual life of

the defences is from two to five years.



18

1.7 Scheme Aims and Objectives

The scheme has a number of inter-connected aims relating to both the management of impacts

from coastal flooding and erosion and the amenity value of the beach and promenade:

• Reduce the amount of water overtopping the seawall at Warwick Place

• Maintain access to the beach

• Maintain or improve the amenity value of the beach

• Ensure that the scheme is safe and suitable for public access

• Ensure that the scheme is environmentally acceptable and does not unduly impact on

adjacent areas, designated conservation sites, Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) habitats

and species and landscape

• Ensure that the scheme is economically viable

• Reduce the rate of decrease in beach level

• Build in flexibility / adaptability to enable alterations to be made in response to New

Approaches and the developing Shoreline Management Plan Review (SMP2)

Key comments and issues raised during consultation during the development of the 2005

Scheme, have also resulted in the following items being identified as key design considerations

(ABPmer, 2004a):

• Maintaining access to the existing beach

• Maintaining existing slipways

• Preserving existing structures wherever possible

• Opportunities for pursuing leisure activities

• Any beach nourishment should be sand rather than shingle, cobbles or rock

Where possible, these concerns have been addressed within the scheme design and approach in

addition to the scheme aims and objectives.

It is recognised that climate change, sea level rise and increased storminess will change the

conditions experienced along the Tywyn frontage in the future. The scheme is designed to help

manage the risks along the length of the scheme in the next 20 years. This is consistent with the

existing SMP1 policy of ‘hold the line’. A review of the SMP1 policies around the coast of England

and Wales is currently underway. This will set out the strategic direction for the management of

coastal erosion and flood risk over the next 100 years, to 2105 (or thereabouts). The scheme is

not designed to last for this 100-year period.

The scheme alone will not eliminate the risks from flooding and erosion. Other, community

resilience actions to reduce the impact of flooding and erosion to the people and environment of

Tywyn will also be needed. These other actions are part of the Welsh Assembly Government

New Approaches programme (WAG, 2007a & 2007b) to managing all sources of flooding in

Wales.

In undertaking the works, CGC will seek to minimise adverse environmental effects of the scheme

and ensure opportunities are realised to further the conservation and enhancement of the

environment.



19

The new Coastal Information Centre (CIC ) will form part of the 2009 Scheme and will provide a

valuable educational and information resource for both local residents and visitors, providing

information on coastal processes, climate change and the current and future risks facing the town

in terms of coastal erosion and flood risk management. The CIC will help provide value to the

public by providing advice on measures that can be undertaken to reduce the impact of flood

events to people, homes and businesses. The CIC will be subject to a separate planning

application in the future. Impacts are not considered in this ES.

1.8 Consideration of Alternatives

Over the last 15 years, several schemes have been proposed and developed, although none have

been constructed. This section details the previous schemes that have been considered as

alternatives and pre-cursors to the current Scheme.

Do Nothing

If the 2009 Scheme does not go ahead, best estimates (ABPmer 2004b, Atkins 2009) suggest

that Tywyn will become a promontory along the coastline leading to the formation of two separate

bays to the North and South.

Over time the defences will continue to fail and lead to increased erosion and overtopping. This

would result in on-going costs to CGC to clear overtopped shingle from the car parks and roads,

and provision of sandbags to local residents and businesses affected by overtopping. In addition,

the timber groynes, slipways and access steps would continue to deteriorate, making access to

the beach more difficult and potentially becoming a hazard to beach users.

As sea levels rise, the coastline will seek to retreat primarily through the softer materials to the

North and South of Tywyn, with increased potential for breach through the natural defences to the

low lying land behind.

Over longer periods of time (50-100 years) the harder geology at Tywyn will be subject to erosion

leading to slow retreat of the headland. Longshore transport rates are also predicted to increase

in the future as a result of sea level rise and changed wave patterns (ABPmer 2004a). This

scenario is dependant on the evolution of both the Sarn-y-bwch and the Aber Dyfi bar as

headland controls and the estuarine morphological response to sea level rise.

Scheme 1 (Fish Tail Groynes)

In response to the findings of the Meirionnydd Coastal Management Study, the Shoreline

Management Partnership prepared a strategic scheme for the whole frontage, which was

submitted to the then Welsh Office for approval.

The scheme comprised a series of seven fishtail breakwaters with a mix of sand and

shingle/cobble being used for beach nourishment. The scheme was designed to retain a beach at

a relatively high level. During storms the beach would protect the sea wall by limiting the size of

waves on the upper beach and control the amount of overtopping that could occur. Based on

experience elsewhere, the size and extent of the proposed fishtail breakwaters should have been

capable of retaining a reasonably healthy beach. If the initial standard were to be maintained,

further nourishment of the beach at suitable intervals throughout the design life would have been

required. The scheme was to be a partnership with MDC, the Environment Agency Wales and

Railtrack contributing towards the cost of works to their frontages.



20

This approach was not approved by the Welsh Office, which raised technical and financial

concerns with respect to the design and cost-benefit analysis. This resulted in the scheme not

being pursued (ABPmer, 2005).

Scheme 2 (Rock Revetment)

A second opinion of coastal defence requirements was sought by the Welsh Office from HR

Wallingford in 1997 and the resultant report was published in 1999. Whilst acknowledging the

merits of the first scheme, the HR Wallingford report outlined various alternatives which led to the

development of a revised scheme that involved the use of rock-armour revetments and rock

groynes to protect the toe of the existing walls and reduce the amount of wave overtopping during

storms.

This was proposed as a better option in economical, technical and environmental terms. It was

designed to prevent waves from removing sand from the toe while the mass of the rock was also

designed to increase the overall stability of the wall. The introduction of the rock armour would

also have reduced the amount of wave reflection and probably caused some restoration of beach

levels.

What the scheme would not have done was control the beach and hence constrain the amount of

beach face erosion. Over the longer term, it was expected that the structure itself would have

faced undermining and would have needed to be extended, probably in the form of a wider rock

berm (ABPmer, 2005).

This option was subsequently explored using physical model tests that were used by CGC, as the

basis for preparing the second scheme design. This scheme was presented at a public exhibition

in August 2001 and it resulted in considerable local opposition because the stepped revetment on

the existing defences, which would be lost under the scheme, is seen as an important amenity

feature by the local community.

Scheme 3 (Headland Breakwater 2005 Scheme)

The 2003 Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) for North Cardigan Bay (CGC, 1998) outlined the

overall strategic direction of the management of the Afon Dyfi to Afon Dysynni coastline. This set

out policy options for different lengths of coast and aimed to ensure that a strategic approach was

taken for the provision of flood and coastal defences. The extent of any scheme to be promoted

by CGC was limited to the Tywyn frontage between the end of the Northern promenade at Bryn-y-

mor and the end of the Southern promenade at Neptune Road.

To address the provision of a coastal protection scheme at Tywyn, CGC contracted ABPmer as

independent consultants to review the issues, identify a design solution and help agree a way

forward with the local community. The Tywyn Coastal Protection Review (ABPmer, 2004a)

examined the previous two schemes, as well as the primary objectives of the coastal defence

strategy for Tywyn. The study presented a third, conceptual scheme, geared towards meeting

these objectives at a reasonable cost (the Headland Breakwater 2005 Scheme, hereafter referred

to as ‘the 2005 Scheme’).

The 2005 Scheme was proposed as being capable of meeting both the flood and coastal defence

requirements as well as addressing the needs of the local community. The scheme design was

well received during public consultations and presentations and was subsequently supported by

CGC.

By the end of 2005, a Project Appraisal Report (PAR) and application had been submitted to the

Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) for Coast Protection Act (CPA) approval with grant aid for

construction. Following queries, a revised PAR was submitted in August 2006.



21

All the applications required for constructing the scheme were submitted and granted, including

planning permission and FEPA, however, funding was not able to be secured.

Current Scheme (Headland Breakwater 2009 Scheme)

In the summer of 2008, Atkins was commissioned by CGC to complete an asset assessment

exercise of the current defences and, review and refine the 2005 Scheme proposed by ABPmer

and assist CGC in their application for EU Convergence Funding.

CGC were successful in their funding application and Atkins was commissioned to take forward

the design. By this time, the FEPA / CPA license had lapsed. Refinement to the shape and size

of some rock structures also meant that CGC Planning Department considered that a new

planning application was also needed.

This Environmental Statement (ES) is designed to present information on the likely environmental

impacts of the refined scheme (hereafter referred to as ‘the 2009 Scheme’), assess their

significance and set out mitigation measures to reduce or avoid the impacts. It is also designed to

support the planning permission and FEPA / CPA licence applications for the scheme and provide

information to make an assessment of the impacts of the scheme under the EU Habitats

Regulations.



22

2. Proposed Scheme 2.1 Scheme Evolution

The design of the coastal defence scheme has evolved over several years and is based on the

previously consented 2005 Scheme. Plans of the proposed coastal defence scheme and the

previous 2005 Scheme, for comparison, are set out in Figure 2 in Appendix A.

Section 1.7 details the evolution of the proposed scheme through the various alternative schemes

that have been considered. A series of modelling exercises have tested the performance and

viability of the various phases of the 2009 Scheme development. This has included physical

modelling of the 2005 Scheme (ABPmer, 2004b) and numerical modelling of the proposed 2009

Scheme (details included in section 4.4 of this report).

Multi-Criteria Analysis (Atkins, 2008) of the 2009 Scheme has also been carried out to ensure the

best use of the EU Convergence Funding. The analysis identified the most vulnerable sections of

the Tywyn seafront by taking account of social, economic and environmental issues, therefore

prioritising areas for coastal defence for this financial year.

The various elements of the 2009 Scheme design and the construction methods, including the

post construction management and maintenance of the scheme are presented in the following

sections.

2.2 Design Details

The scheme comprises a number of elements, which when taken together aim to meet the

objectives of the whole scheme:

1. Construction of a rock armour breakwater at Warwick Place

2. Construction of a Southern terminal rock groyne near Neptune Road

3. Construction of a rock groyne at Pier Road

4. Construction of a rock revetment at Bryn-y-mor, between groyne 28 and groyne 34

5. Beach nourishment behind the Warwick Place breakwater

6. Alterations to all 34 timber groynes through either removal (7 groynes in total) or

replacement (27 groynes in total)

7. Improvement of rock revetment by the Warwick Place slipway (between the slipway and

groyne 06)

8. Reconstruction of concrete steps along the length of the bottom of the promenade

9. Reconstruction of Warwick Place slipway

10. Minor refurbishment of the promenade including construction of a Coastal Information

Centre (CIC - will be subject to a separate planning application in the future. Impacts are

not considered in this ES)

11. Refurbishment or repair of beach access steps at groyne numbers 02, 19, 21, 23, 25 and

28 and slipways at groyne numbers 02 and 28

Drawings illustrating the design elements are contained in Figures 3 – 8 in Appendix A. The

design details of each of the eleven elements are considered in more detail in the following

sections. Quantities of material to be used in all structures are based on calculations carried out



23

at this stage of the design. Should the 2009 Scheme be successful in gaining the required

planning application and marine consents, quantities may change through the process of more

detailed design and value engineering undertaken by the contractor appointed to undertake

construction. Quantities may change by +/- 10 per cent during this process.

2.2.1 Warwick Place Breakwater

A rock breakwater (Warwick Place Breakwater) is proposed to be constructed offshore of Warwick

Place (Figure 3, Appendix A). It is the largest built element in the overall scheme.

Warwick Place has been identified as the area most at risk of overtopping in the short (0-3 years)

to medium (3-6 years) term along the frontage of Tywyn (Atkins, 2008). The structure is designed

to break waves approaching the shoreline, not only reducing the risk of overtopping immediately

behind the breakwater, but also erosion. The breakwater will also act to maintain sediment on the

beach directly behind the structure.

The Warwick Place Breakwater will be situated at an angle of 22 degrees in relation to the

shoreline, in order to break the predominant incoming waves which approach the shoreline from a

west-South-west direction. The breakwater will be situated at approximately 75m offshore from

the existing seawall at Warwick Place. Due to its angle to the shoreline, at its closest point to the

sea wall it will be 50m away extending out to a maximum distance of approximately 145m. The

breakwater will be positioned above Mean Low Water (MLW), outside of the SAC.

The longitudinal crest (top) length of the breakwater is approximately 66m. The breakwater will

have a total length at its base of 150m and a maximum width of 63m, tapering to 41m through the

narrower centre section, with a total footprint of 0.741 ha (7,410m2).

The breakwater will be constructed to a maximum level of around 4mAOD at its central point,

which is about 1.5m above Mean High Water Springs (MHWS) and 0.5m above the highest

astronomical tide level (HAT). From its centre, the crest will decrease to 1.5mAOD at its Southern

end and 2mAOD at its Northern end. At MHW, only the upper 1.5m of the breakwater will be

exposed. At MLW the breakwater will be completely exposed.

The sides of the breakwater will slope down from the crest to the beach at a gradient of 1:10 at the

ends of the structure and 1:3 in the central section. The breakwater will be toed into the beach at

depths of around 1.5m below the surface.

The breakwater will be constructed of granite rock and will comprise of two layers; a core

(comprising 3-6 tonne rock) and an outer armour layer of 6-10 tonne rock. The outer perimeter of

the curved ends (roundheads) of the breakwater will comprise 10-12 tonne rock.

The total volume of rock needed for the breakwater is approximately 26,000m3 (39,000 tonnes).

Recent topographic and ground investigation surveys have been carried out to determine these

volumes.

2.2.2 South Terminal Rock Groyne

A new rock groyne is proposed to replace the existing degraded timber groyne at the Southern

end of the scheme (groyne 01), near Neptune Road (Figure 4, Appendix A). The new rock

groyne will act as a terminal groyne, reducing sediment transported in a Southerly direction from

being lost from the Tywyn frontage. The groyne will function alongside the proposed Pier Road

Rock Groyne (see section 2.2.3 below) further North. A sediment cell will be created in between

the two rock groynes in which a more stable beach will form.

The South terminal rock groyne will be approximately 12m wide and 50m long, in comparison to

the existing timber groyne which is <0.3m wide and 85m long. Its total footprint will be 0.064ha

(639m2).



24

The groyne will be connected to the seawall at its landward end, at a level of 4mAOD (1.5m lower

than the promenade), and will slope seaward at a gradient of approximately 1:30 for 40m where it

will then slope at a gradient of 1:3 onto the beach. The groyne will be toed into the beach to a

depth of approximately 2m at its at its seaward end and generally down to 1m around its

perimeter. At MHW, the majority of the groyne will be submerged, except for a length of about

12m at its landward end. At MLW, the entire structure will be exposed.

The groyne will be constructed of granite rocks of 6-10 tonnes. The total volume of rock needed

for the groyne is approximately 2,100m3 (approximately 4,000 tonnes). Recent topographic and

ground investigation surveys have been carried out to determine these volumes.

2.2.3 Pier Road Rock Groyne

The Pier Road Rock Groyne will replace the existing degraded timber groyne at the Northern end

of the promenade (groyne 17) (Figure 5, Appendix A). It will function alongside the South

Terminal Rock Groyne creating a sediment cell in between which a more stable beach will form. It

will also provide some protection from erosion to the Pier Road slipway.

The Pier Road Rock Groyne will be an L-shaped structure. It will extend approximately 27m from

the sea wall at an angle of 57 degrees in a North-westerly direction, where it will then orientate (or

‘dog-leg’) further North at an angle of 17 degrees for a further 21m. The groyne will be connected

to the seawall at its landward end to a concrete viewing platform (see section 2.2.11 below). As

such, it will be level (approximately 4.5mAOD) with the top of the concrete steps along the length

of the sea wall and 2m below the level of the promenade.

At a distance of 27m from the sea wall, where the groyne ‘dog-legs’ it will drop in height at a

gradient of approximately 1 in 4 for 11m. It will then level out for the final 10m and toe under the

beach at the seaward end to a depth of approximately 2.2mAOD. The sides of the groyne will

have a slope of 1 in 3 and will also be toed into the beach to a depth of 1m. Overall, it will be

above the level of the beach by between 1m and 2.5m along its whole length. At MHW the top 2m

of the structure extending for a length of 27m seaward will be exposed at MHW. At MLW the

entire structure will be exposed. The groyne will approximately 20m wide with a footprint of

0.077ha (769m2).

The groyne will be constructed of granite rocks of 6-10 tonnes size. A small quantity of smaller

rock for the core will also be used (0.3-1 and 3-6t). The total volume of rock needed for the

groyne is approximately 2,100m3 (approximately 3,650 tonnes). Recent topographic and ground

investigation surveys have been carried out to determine these volumes.

2.2.4 Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment

A new rock revetment will be constructed in front of the Bryn-y-mor section of the Tywyn frontage

between groynes 28 and 23 (Figure 6, Appendix A). The revetment will reduce erosion and

overtopping immediately behind the new structure. This area has been identified as having a high

risk of overtopping, combined with the greatest risk of erosion, should the existing defences fail

(Atkins, 2008).

The Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment will extend for a distance of approximately 270m and will have a

maximum width of 5.8m at its base. The revetment will be constructed to a height of 4.5m AOD

(1m below the top of the seawall) and will slope down from the seawall at a gradient of 1 in 1.5.

The entire base of the revetment will be toed into the beach to a depth of approximately 1.5m. At

MLW the revetment will be completely exposed. It will be partly submerged at MHW. It will have

an overall footprint of 0.157ha (1,566m2).



25

The revetment will be constructed of granite rocks of 3-6 tonnes. The total volume of rock needed

for the revetment is approximately 16,184m3 (approximately 6,107 tonnes). Recent topographic

and ground investigation surveys have been carried out to determine these volumes.

2.2.5 Beach Nourishment

It is proposed to nourish the beach with imported sediment behind the new Warwick Place

Breakwater (Figure 7, Appendix A) in order to reduce the potential effect of the new breakwater

to draw-down (attract) sediment from downdrift areas (see section 4.4 coastal processes for

further details on this process). The beach nourishment is, therefore, an integral mitigation

measure.

It is estimated that a total volume of 16,500m3 of material will be placed in the lee of the Warwick

Place Breakwater in between groynes 06 and 12 (groynes 07, 08, 09, 10 and 11 will be removed).

A proportion of this material will comprise material excavated during the construction of the large

rock structures. Current estimates suggest that there is a potential to re-use up to 6,000m3 of

excavated material. The total volume of material required to be imported for beach nourishment

is, therefore, likely to be up to 10,500m3.

The new beach behind the breakwater will extend seaward for 48m from the existing seawall at an

initial level of 3mAOD, gently sloping down at a gradient of 1 in 40 to 1.8mAOD. From here it will

then slope down towards the toe at a gradient of 1 in 15 for a distance of 24.5m until it connects

with the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater (the existing beach slope varies from approx. 1 in

100 on the lower foreshore to a maximum gradient of 1 in 8). The beach nourishment will

therefore have a total width of approximately 85m. Due to the angle of the Warwick Place

Breakwater to the shoreline, the beach nourishment will connect with the Northern and central

sections of the breakwater, but not the Southern end. At the very centre of the breakwater, the

new beach will cover the base of the breakwater up to a level of 0.2m AOD. This level of cover

will decrease towards the Southern end of the breakwater and increase to the Northern end. The

total footprint of the new beach will be 1.63ha (16,262m2).

The existing beach material consists of a wide range of particle sizes ranging from fine sands

(along the lower shore) with shingle and cobbles (upper shore). The imported material will be of a

similar size (mixture of sand/shingle/cobble) and colour to the existing sediment and will have only

a small fines content (which not adversely impact water quality both during and after construction).

No suitable offshore dredge sites to source beach nourishment material have been found. It is,

therefore, likely that beach nourishment material will be imported from a land based source.

2.2.6 Alterations to Existing Groynes

The timber groynes along the frontage are in a state of disrepair with only the vertical posts

remaining in many areas (especially across the middle shore). Alterations are proposed to all 34

timber groynes (Figure 8, Appendix A shows the existing groyne alignment and final

arrangement). Seven of the existing groynes will be completely removed:

• Groyne 01 to be replaced with South Terminal Rock Groyne

• Groynes 07, 08, 09, 10 and 11 replaced with beach nourishment

• Groyne 17 replaced with the Pier Road Rock Groyne

The remaining 27 groynes will be replaced with new timber groynes. Groyne 03 currently

comprises a stretch of timber connected to a larger rock groyne. The timber section of this groyne

will be replaced with new timber. There will be no alteration to the rock aspect of this groyne.



26

All timber groynes will be removed and replaced with new groynes, which will be shorter in length

than the existing timber groynes. The existing groynes are about 60m long with every third groyne

being approximately 120m long. Groynes greater than 30m long are not needed, as it is the

upper part of the beach that needs to be controlled, rather than the lower, sandier part. Shorter

groynes will help to control shingle on the upper shore, which has a tendency to migrate off the

beach and not be replaced. Shorter groynes will also improve the appearance of the shoreline

and enable easier along-shore access for beach users. Approximately half of the groynes contain

steel sheet piling reinforcement (mostly buried below the existing groynes down to a depth of 5m).

this will be removed when the old groynes are removed. It will not be replaced.

The new timber groynes will comprise a series of vertical posts driven to a depth of 5m below the

existing beach level and connected above beach level by a series of horizontal timber planks and

walings. The replacement timber groynes will extend from the seawall 30m down the beach.

They will have a maximum height of +3mAOD at the seawall and step down following the profile of

the beach, at a gradient of approximately 1 in 40.

It is expected that given natural variations in beach levels, the new groynes will be subject to

various degrees of exposure or burial by sediment as a result of fluctuating beach levels. When

exposed by tide and natural variation in beach levels the full 30m of the groyne could be visible

and the horizontal planking ‘walls’ will extend vertically 0.5m up from the sand at the top of the

shore. When buried by natural variation in beach levels, the groyne may be almost completely

concealed except for the tops of the piles that support the planking (which will be set about 2.4m

apart).

The groynes are likely to be constructed from Greenheart wood as this is the most suitable

material. It is possible to obtain some Greenheart wood from sustainable sources and Forest

Stewardship Council (FSC) certification of certain forests has been achieved, although the

selection remains limited. Given the limited FSC certification of Greenheart, it may be unrealistic

to specify that timber for the scheme must be FSC accredited. It will, however, form part of the

tender specification that timber should be procured from a well-managed source (i.e. one where

logging and other forestry operations are controlled properly) and that the timber extraction

operations of such a source are carried out by a company certified in accordance with the FSC

principles and criteria, where possible.

2.2.7 Revetment Improvements South of Warwick Place

The existing 70m long blockstone revetment to the South of Warwick Place slipway (between the

slipway and groyne 06) is in a state of disrepair. It is proposed to extend the entire length of the

existing revetment further seaward, which will provide increased protection to the deteriorating

lower slope. The revetment will be extended 4m further seaward by placing 3-6 tonne rock

(granite) in front of the existing structure. The extension will have a slope of 1:2. The revetment

will be toed in to a depth of 1.5m and will tie in to the adjacent Warwick Place slipway. The

revetment will be completely exposed at MLW and partially exposed at MHW. The total amount of

rock needed for the revetment is approximately 845 tonnes. The total footprint of the new

revetment will be 0.028ha (275m2).

2.2.8 Concrete Step Repairs

Stepped Concrete Seawall

The concrete steps running the full length of the Marine Parade promenade are heavily eroded.

The ‘steps’ are no longer defined, with the steel work reinforcement showing through in some

areas, making the steps difficult (and potentially dangerous) to use. The steps are considered of

high amenity value, being used by residents and tourists as a place to sit.



27

The steps will be completely reconstructed to similar specifications / dimensions as the original

steps using concrete. Each step will be approximately 500mm wide and 250mm deep. The steps

will descend at an approximate gradient of 1:10. This will provide some scour protection to the

bottom of the seawall / promenade and reduce wave overtopping along this length.

Access Steps

The beach access steps at groyne numbers 02, 19, 21, 23, 25 and 28 are in a similar state of

disrepair and will be repaired to improve access to and from the beach as well as reducing the

current risk to users (due to their degraded nature). The steps will be reconstructed to similar

specifications / dimensions as the existing steps using concrete as described above.

2.2.9 Reconstruction of Warwick Place Slipway

The main slipway at Warwick Place is very worn, with the steel reinforcement showing through the

concrete in many areas. The bottom half of the slipway will be completely reconstructed using

steel reinforcement and concrete to the same dimensions and similar specification as existing.

The approximate area of slipway to be replaced will be 347m2 using approximately 104m

3 of

concrete.

2.2.10 Slipway Refurbishments / Repairs

The slipways at groyne 02 and groyne 28, which are smaller than the slipways at Warwick Place

and Pier Road, are very degraded and will also be considered for refurbishment or repair as part

of the scheme if budgets allow. Any repairs will be done to the same dimensions and similar

specifications as existing.

2.2.11 Promenade Refurbishments / Repairs

Some minor refurbishments of the promenade will be made to improve its appearance.

Depending on budgets available, these are likely to include.

• Viewing platform – as part of the Pier Road Rock Groyne. The platform will be made of

concrete, poured on site. It will be approximately 15m wide and extend approximately

5.5m from the seawall to meet the Pier Road Rock Groyne (this is the same distance

that the concrete steps extend seaward from the sea wall)

• Coastal Information Centre (CIC) – this will provide housing for a permanent display on

the scheme, climate change issues, flood resilience information and related matters to

be used by CGC, in partnership with WAG, CCW and EAW. The final dimensions of the

CIC have yet to be determined, although it will be only a single storey and is likely to be

no larger than the existing shelters on Marine Parade. The CIC will be the subject of a

separate planning application. It is not considered further in this ES.

• Seawall Face – infilling of cracks, voids and joints with mortar

• Grouting of voids behind sea wall

• Approximately 625m of new hand railing between groynes 23 and 34

• Replacement flap valves



28

2.3 Construction Methods

This section identifies some of the key aspects and major considerations of the construction

programme for the coastal defence scheme. It includes a description of the proposed construction

schedule, the location of the site compound and source and delivery options for materials. It also

details the proposed construction methods for each scheme element, which have been grouped

into categories based on similarities of construction methods. These categories are as follows:

1. Rock Structures – includes the Warwick Place Breakwater, South Terminal Rock Groyne,

Pier Road Rock Groyne, Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment and Warwick Place rock revetment

improvements

2. Beach Nourishment

3. Groyne Removal and Refurbishment

4. Concrete Steps and Slipways (including Warwick Place Slipway)

5. Promenade refurbishment

In considering these details it must be recognised that the finer details about how the work will be

carried out, and about the precise source of the materials to be used, will be provided by the

contractor as part of a competitive procurement process. To be too prescriptive at this stage

would compromise the commercial viability of the programme and potentially contravene EU

procurement rules. A range of key requirements are, however, set out that the contractors will

have to abide by (e.g. material type and colour). This does not, however, preclude the appointed

contractor from taking all the mitigation measures set out in this ES, along with any additional

measures that may be identified in consultation with CGC, EAW and CCW during the construction

process.

The construction methodology (and associated potential impacts) will be partly determined by the

preferred delivery option for materials, particularly the larger rocks to be used in the construction

of the larger rock structures (Warwick Place Breakwater, South Terminal Rock Groyne and the

Pier Road Rock Groyne – design elements 1 – 4 in Section 2.2), which may be delivered by sea

or by road.

The ES considers the potential impacts associated with the possibility of both delivery options.

Where there are differences in the approach or impacts associated with the different delivery

options, they are clearly identified based on the following options:

• Delivery option A – delivery of large rock by sea. Smaller rock (approx. 1/3 of total

rock required) and all other construction materials (including timber, plant, beach

nourishment and labour) would be delivered by road.

• Delivery option B – delivery of all materials by road.

Methods, impacts or mitigation actions that are not assigned to either Delivery Option A or

Delivery Option B are common to both options.

The need to consult with relevant stakeholders (particularly CGC - Planning, CCW and EAW) and

adhere to relevant good practice (e.g. disturbance minimisation and adherence to the EAW’s

standard conditions for work next to watercourses) will be embedded into the contractual

requirements. The contractor will also be made aware of the close proximity of the site to the Pen

Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC.

It should be noted that the following methodology has been based on discussions with contractors

and from previous working experience. It may vary depending on the contractor appointed, the



29

type of plant available to undertake the work and the price and availability of materials. Once

sources of material have been identified, their acceptability will be agreed in consultation with

CCW and the EAW with whom close contact has been, and will be, maintained throughout the

development of these coastal protection improvements.

The construction methodology will be agreed in consultation with the CGC and EAW as part of the

procurement process. CGC will need to be assured that every possible measure (within the limits

of what is economically and operationally viable) has been taken to minimise disruption to locals

and tourists.

2.3.1 Construction Schedule

Construction of the scheme is scheduled to commence in November 2009 and be completed by

the end of March 2011; a duration of 18 months. This means that works will take place during the

2010 summer tourism season.

Throughout construction, working areas will be clearly defined through the use of signs. Signage

will conform to the requirements of the Welsh European Funding Office (WEFO) requirements for

EU funded projects.

The contractor will also have to take responsibility for ensuring that all the works are in keeping

with the Health and Safety requirements under the Construction (Design and Management)

(CDM) Regulations 2007 (OPSI, 2007).In order to reduce the noise to local residents in proximity

of the works, working hours will be agreed with the Local Planning Authority Environmental Health

department in advance of construction commencing. In addition, the contractor will be instructed

to implement standard good practices and there will be no work over the Christmas and New Year

holiday periods. The contractor is required to enter into the ‘Considerate Constructors’ scheme,

which is designed to encourage best practice beyond statutory requirements.

Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea

As the delivery of the large rock (rock sizes above 6 tonnes) for the rock structures is highly

weather dependent, it is anticipated that rock will not be able to be delivered until March 2010,

due to the likelihood of unsuitable sea conditions during the winter months (October to February)

in Cardigan Bay. Construction of the larger rock structures (Warwick Place Breakwater, South

Terminal Rock Groyne and the Pier Road Rock Groyne) will therefore commence in March 2010

at the earliest. The activities that do not require large stone could begin in November 2009.

These include:

• Alterations to timber groynes

• Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment

• Reconstruction and refurbishment of slipways, including Warwick Place slipway

• Refurbishment of concrete steps along the length of the promenade and beach access

steps

• Improvement of rock revetment to the South of Warwick Place

• Minor refurbishment of the promenade

A shipping contractor will be responsible for the management of all vessel navigation issues and

the delivery vessel will have an appointed pilot (or ‘barge master’) that will oversee and direct all

barge movements. The pilot will also liaise with the CGC Ports and Harbours Office or the



30

Aberdyfi Harbourmaster to agree all working practices in advance, as well as with the Sea

Fisheries Committee and fishing industry representatives to ensure disruption is reduced.

The unloading of rock delivered by sea will need to be carried out at high tide, to allow the delivery

barge as far up the beach as possible. Unloading of rock delivered by sea may be carried out at

any point during the day (i.e. 24 hour working), depending on tide times, Monday to Saturday with

only occasional Sunday working.

All other construction activities and deliveries by road will only take place between 7am and 7pm

Monday to Saturday with only occasional Sunday working.

To reduce the impact on recreational users of the beach, whilst maintaining public safety, the

construction will be zoned so that only a section of the beach is undergoing construction at any

one time. Pedestrian access to the beach will be maintained at all times and only one slipway will

be undergoing construction at any time, therefore maintaining boat access to the sea.

Delivery Option B – delivery of all materials by road

The delivery of all materials by road is not weather dependent and construction of any of the

design elements (see Section 2.2) can begin immediately in November 2009. The precise

scheduling of works will be dependent on the successful contractor’s methodology and the

availability of materials.

Delivery and construction will take place between 7am and 7pm Monday to Saturday with only

occasional Sunday working.

Construction vehicles will need to operate along the beach, transporting rock from site compounds

/ storage areas to where it is needed to build the rock structures. It will result in approximately

three times more vehicle movements across the beach than Delivery Option A. This may limit the

amount of beach available to the public and may, at times, require both the larger slipways (at

Warwick Place and Pier Road) to be inaccessible to the public. The contractor will minimise the

amount of along-shore movement of rock to ensure access to the beach, maintain public safety

and minimise the time that both slipways are closed.

2.3.2 Site Compounds

Two site compounds are proposed for the works. The main compound will be located on CGC

land at the Northern end of the Tywyn frontage, behind the area where the Bryn-y-mor Rock

Revetment will be constructed; between North Promenade and the Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park.

This area currently comprises open land with a loose gravel surface.

Due to the length of the Tywyn frontage, and to reduce the number of vehicles travelling North

and South along the frontage over the construction period, a second compound is proposed in the

car park adjacent to the Warwick Place slipway. The other car parks along the promenade will

remain open, ensuring that there are always parking facilities for the public available.

The site compounds will be used to store plant, machinery and material stockpiles. They will also

be used as a storage area for diesel and fuel and for the refuelling of plant. All fuels will be

handled in accordance with best practice procedures to prevent any possible pollution to the

surrounding area. Measures to be taken include storing oils and chemicals in a suitable bunded

area and maintaining machinery in good working order to reduce the risk of leaks. The contractor

will also be required to produce a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) which

will set out an emergency response procedure in the event of a chemical leak or spill. This will

include procedures for work at sea.

The pollution control measures detailed in the CEMP will need to be agreed with EAW prior to

construction. In particular, EAW has requested that the following measures are addressed:



31

1. Assurances that for Water Quality Management purposes, the works will be carried out in

accordance with EAW’s standard conditions for work next to watercourses, particularly the

exclusion of ‘cementatious’ discharges and water discolouration and sediment transport.

2. Assurances that the works will abide by the waste management licensing regulations if

imported waste is brought on site and any construction or demolition waste should be

disposed of appropriately following the duty of care regulations.

The CEMP will include methods for maintaining a tidy site. All staff on site will be briefed on the

contents of the CEMP including the emergency procedures before commencing the works. Upon

completion, the site compounds will be removed and the areas reinstated and car park spaces re-

opened.

The site compounds will be secured by a fence around their perimeter and will be locked at night

to minimise the risk of vandalism. The site office units will also be locked at night. Signs will be

erected on the fences of the compounds and around the site offices to inform the public of the

works, with the signage conforming to the requirements of the Welsh European Funding Office

(WEFO) requirements for EU funded projects. Pedestrian routes near site compounds will be

designated and be suitably signed and fenced.

Appropriate access points to the beach from the site compounds will be arranged in conjunction

with the appointed contractor. These are likely be the slipways situated close to the site

compounds at Bryn-y-mor and Warwick Place. As described above, the phasing of the works will

ensure that at least one slipway is always open for use by the public.


Delivery by sea will enable the rock to be delivered at or near to the locations it is needed on the

beach. The Bryn-y-mor site compound will act as the main site compound, for storage of other

materials delivered by road (e.g. timber, smaller rock) and plant. The Warwick Place compound

will act as a smaller, secondary compound for storing plant and some materials for use at the

southern end of the 2009 Scheme. Plant storage at the smaller compound will be limited.


The Bryn-y-mor site compound will be used for the storage of rock and other materials (e.g.

timber) and plant. Larger quantities of rock will need to be stored in the compound than under

Delivery Option A. Over time a stockpile of rock will build up within the site compound from which

the contractor will select rock for use in the construction of the rock structures. An excavator will

be used within the site compound to maintain the rock stockpile, offload from the road transport

and load site construction vehicles (large wheeled dump trucks). The Pier Road slipway will be

used to access the beach from the Bryn-y-mor site compound. It is likely that while construction

works are ongoing at Pier Road and Bryn-y-mor, the Pier Road slipway will not be available for

public use. It is not possible to determine at present how long the Pier Road slipway will be

unavailable.

In addition, a stockpile of rock on the beach near to the Warwick Place slipway will need to be

created for rock delivered by road for the Warwick Place Breakwater, South Terminal Rock

Groyne and Warwick Place revetment improvements. In order to create and access this stockpile,

the Warwick Place slipway may need to be temporarily widened / strengthened to enable delivery

lorries to be unloaded. An excavator will be used to maintain the rock stockpile, offload from the

road transport and load the site construction vehicles (large wheeled dump trucks). It is likely that

while delivery of rock to and for construction of structures at Warwick Place is ongoing, the



32

Warwick Place slipway will not be available for public use, for health and safety reasons. It is not

possible to determine at present how long the Warwick Place slipway will be unavailable.

The rock stockpile will be secured by fencing around the perimeter that will be locked at night to

minimise the risk to the public. Signs will be erected on the fences to inform the public of the

works, with the signage conforming to the requirements of the Welsh European Funding Office

(WEFO) requirements for EU funded projects. Pedestrian routes near site compounds will be

designated and be suitably signed and fenced.

2.3.3 Source of Materials

A number of materials are required for the different design aspects of the scheme, their type,

source and transportation to the site are described below.

Rock Material

For the purposes of this ES, it is assumed that the rock used for the rock structures will be granite.

Granite is a hard wearing dark-coloured rock that will blend in with the existing dark slate rock of

the seawall. Rock will be of a similar colour to match materials used in the existing rock structures

on the beach.

Rock may be sourced locally from quarries within Wales, from other UK quarries, or from

overseas. Rock sourced locally is likely to be transported by road (Delivery Option B), while rock

from overseas quarries is most likely to be delivered by sea (Delivery Option A). It is not possible

to determine at present from where rock will be sourced. To be prescriptive could prejudice the

outcome of the competitive tendering process or contravene EU procurement rules. A Traffic

Impact Assessment (TIA) has been undertaken to assess the potential impacts on the local road

network of both delivery options (see Section 4.8).

Beach Nourishment Material

The beach nourishment material will be sourced from a licensed land-based site with material of a

similar size and colour to the existing beach sediment (existing beach material comprises a

mixture of sand and shingle with a median particle size (d50) ranging between 40mm-20mm and

250mm–50mm respectively). The material will be tested for the presence of contaminants and

should any contaminants be identified an alternative source will be found. It is likely that the

beach nourishment will be transported to the site by road via the A493. A Traffic Impact

Assessment (TIA) has been undertaken to assess the potential impacts on the local road network

of both delivery options (see Section 4.8).

Other Materials

All other construction materials (concrete, timber, steel, site compound units and plant) will also be

transported by road. A Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) has been undertaken to assess the

potential impacts on the local road network of both delivery options (see Section 4.8).

2.3.4 Construction of Rock Structures

All the rock structures will require excavation of the beach to a depth of up to 1.5m below the level

of the existing beach within the footprint of each structure. All the excavated material will be

directly placed in the beach nourishment location behind the Warwick Place Breakwater or stored



33

in the site compound for subsequent reuse. A geofabric layer will be placed on the bottom of the

excavated area to provide a strong seat for the rock.

Following construction, signage will be erected on all the rock structures to discourage climbing on

the breakwater and to indicate the hazards of doing so. Navigation markers will also be placed on

the seaward face of the Warwick Place Breakwater, South Terminal Rock Groyne and the Pier

Road Rock Groyne in consultation with Trinity House (the lighthouse and navigation marker

authority for England and Wales) to ensure safe navigation to any vessels approaching the

shoreline. The markers are likely to comprise a green pole surmounted with a green cone at a

level of +4.40m AOD. It is envisaged that the existing markers at the end of the groynes will be

moved and re-used in the new locations.


The rock will travel from the overseas quarries by ship (approximately 25,000t of rock per trip) and

the vessel will anchor offshore of the site at approximately the -10m CD contour. A shallow

draught barge will be brought by small tug to meet the vessel and the rock will be transferred

individually from the main ship onto the barge using an on-board excavator equipped with a

hydraulically operated grab. The tug and barge will transport the rock as close as possible to the

particular structure being constructed at high tide and will beach the nose so that the barge can be

unloaded. It will take approx. 3 hours to unload the barge with 55/60T excavators, which will place

the rock at or above MHW where it will be stockpiled for later movement to the area where it is

required. Once the barge is unloaded it will leave on the same tide.

Where possible, the rock will be unloaded from the barge directly into the footprint of the rock

structures, where the rocks will be individually placed onto the geofabric layer. Following

construction of the structures, beach levels will be restored to their existing levels in the area of

the excavation.

Each barge will be able to carry approximately 2,000 tonnes of rock. It will take approx. 13

journeys to and from the main ship to offload the 25,000 tonnes. Assuming 24 hour working, and

providing sea conditions are favourable it will take approximately 7 days for the main ship to be

completely unloaded. Rock cannot be offloaded from the main ship to the smaller barge in sea

conditions of more than 1m wave height. Once the main ship has been unloaded, it will return to

collect more rock.

At least three large ship loads of rock will be required. The time taken for the rock to be

transported from the source to the site is assumed to be at least 7-10 days. Providing sea and

weather conditions remain favourable, it is possible that the delivery and unloading of all rock by

sea could be completed within a three-month period. Overall, construction of the structures is

expected to take 9 months.

The smaller sized stone (< 6 tonnes) needed for the core material of the Warwick Place

Breakwater, Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment and Warwick Place revetment is likely to be sourced

locally and be delivered by road (via the A493). During procurement of a contractor, consideration

will be given to whether the smaller rock could also be delivered by sea. For the purposes of the

TIA (see Section 4.8), it has been assumed that up to one third of the total rock to be used for the

whole scheme could be delivered by road.

A hydrographic survey before and after the rock is delivered will be undertaken, initially to assess

seabed conditions for anchoring of the main ship. A post-delivery survey will be carried out to

locate any rock lost overboard during delivery and offloading. It will be the shipping contractor’s

responsibility to remove any rock lost overboard.



34


Rock will arrive by 20t lorries or flatbed lorries at the site via the A493. The rock will be delivered

to the main site compound at Bryn-y-mor or to Warwick Place slipway to be unloaded and

stockpiled. Rock will be tipped from 20t lorries or unloaded by excavators from flatbed lorries and

placed in the stockpile.

When rock is required for construction it will be loaded by excavator onto large wheeled dump

trucks which will transport the rock across the beach to the construction area.

Dump trucks being loaded with rock from the Bryn-y-mor compound will access the beach via the

Pier Road slipway and track across the beach to the area where either the Bryn-y-mor Rock

Revetment or the Pier Road Rock Groyne is being constructed. The agreed route to / from these

structures will avoid the patches of Sabellaria that have been identified at the northern end of the

beach (see Section 4). The rock will be tipped / offloaded by excavator onto the beach for

construction. Rock will be placed on the geotextile layer by excavators.

Dump trucks being loaded with rock from the Warwick Place stockpile will access the beach by

the Warwick Place slipway and track across the beach to the area where either the Warwick Place

Breakwater or the Southern Terminal Road Rock Groyne is being constructed. The rock will then

be tipped / offloaded by excavator onto the beach for construction. Rock will be placed on the

geotextile layer by excavators. The route to / from these structures will avoid moving South of

Southern Terminal Road Rock Groyne, outside the 2009 Scheme area, to avoid potential impacts

on the peat beds (see Section 4.12 on the historic environment).

The delivery of the rock and the placing of the structures will be constrained by the tide.

Construction will only take place during low tidal states.

A Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) has been undertaken to assess the potential impacts on the

local road network of Delivery Option B (see Section 4.8).

Specific Details of Rock Structures

Some of the rock structures require additional construction method features that are not applicable

to all structures. These are outlined as follows:

Warwick Place Breakwater

Groynes 08, 09 and 10 will be removed prior to construction of the breakwater.

Pier Road Rock Groyne

The Pier Road Rock Groyne will not be constructed until the viewing platform (see below) has

been completed, so that the new groyne can be constructed to the front of the viewing platform.

Groyne 17 will be removed prior to construction of the terminal groyne.

Bryn-y-mor Revetment

Existing breastwork will be removed prior to rock placement, which will be placed around and

between the new groynes.

Warwick Place Revetment

Groyne 07 will be removed prior to the extension of the revetment and then the groyne

subsequently replaced with a shorter 30m length groyne.

The new rock for the revetment extension will be placed against the existing blockstone revetment

which is marked by a vertical sheet of iron breastwork. The iron breastwork will be cut down to

0.5m below the top of the new revetment so that it is not exposed. The Northern end of the

revetment will be connected with the existing slipway and the Southern end will connect with the

Southern Promenade



35

2.3.5 Beach Nourishment

The beach nourishment will not start until the Warwick Place Breakwater has been constructed.

It is assumed that the material will be transported to the site by road (via the A493). It is estimated

that the lorries used will be able to carry 20 tonnes of sediment. The delivery of beach sediment

to the site will require approximately 1,250 lorry movements. More detail on the impact of traffic

movements can be found in Section 4.8.

The lorries will access the beach via the Warwick Place slipway and will tip their load at or above

MHW. This will then be reworked to the correct profile using 1 or 2 bulldozers, which will work

only within and immediately around the area of the nourishment. This will ensure that there are no

significant adverse impacts to surrounding intertidal habitats.

The beach nourishment will only be undertaken at MLW and, to reduce noise impacts, will only be

undertaken during daytime hours (7am to 7pm). The beach nourishment will take approximately

14 weeks to complete.

2.3.6 Groyne Removal and Refurbishment

All timber and steel sheet piling materials comprising the existing groynes will be removed. The

steel sheet piling will not be replaced. Groynes and steel sheet piling will be removed and

disposed of at a licensed waste site by a licensed waste carrier.

The timber piles and planking will be transported to the site by road and stockpiled in the site

compounds. Lorries will transport the materials from the site compound to the required location

on the beach. The piles will be driven into the clay sub-layer of the beach using hammer and/or

vibration piling plant, with the horizontal planks then fixed by steel screws and bolts. Vibration will

be felt in the immediate area surrounding the works (within an approximate 10m radius), although

smaller vibration may be felt up to 100m away. Dissipation of vibration is likely to be rapid, due to

the relatively soft nature of the underlying clay sediment which will absorb some of this vibration.

However, a pre-construction survey will be undertaken prior to construction of the promenade and

beachfront properties and monitoring will take place during the piling.

It is expected that given natural variations in beach levels, the new groynes will be subject to

various degrees of exposure or burial as a result of fluctuating beach levels. When exposed by

the tide and the natural annual variation in beach levels the full 30m of the groyne could be visible

and the horizontal planking ‘walls’ will extend vertically 0.5m up from the sand at the top of the

shore. When buried the natural annual variation in beach levels, the groyne may be almost

completely concealed except for the tops of the piles that support the planking (which will be set

about 2.4m apart).

The rock aspect of groyne 03 will be left in place and not disturbed.

2.3.7 Concrete Step Repairs

Stepped Concrete Seawall

The steps will be cleared of beach material and steel dowels will be inserted into the concrete

steps to create an anchorage for the concrete which will be placed on top to form the new steps.

The existing concrete will be cleaned to provide a clean substrate for the new concrete to bind to.

The steps will be reconstructed using concrete poured into formwork (or moulds) marking the

shape of the steps.



36

The steel sheet piling which runs along part of the toe of the seawall (as part of the foundation of

the wall) may need to be strengthened. Should the steel sheet piling need reinforcing, new 3 –

5m deep sheets will be hammered / vibrated into place using a similar methodology to that used to

place the timber piles for the timber groynes. Site investigation surveys will determine whether the

steel sheet piling needs to be replaced.

Access Steps

The concrete access steps requiring refurbishment (at groynes 02, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 and 28 and

at the slipways at Pier Road groyne 02 and groyne 28) will be repaired by hand. Loose concrete

will be broken out and replaced with new concrete. Wooden shuttering will be used, if required.

2.3.8 Reconstruction of Warwick Place Slipway

The lower part of the existing slipway will be demolished and the old concrete removed to a

licensed waste site by a licensed waste carrier. The foundation will be assessed and if not

deemed to be sufficiently strong, a new stone sub-base layer will be added. This will be placed on

a geotextile layer to prevent percolation of fine material into the ground below and to provide a

good base on which to build.

Warwick Place slipway will be completely reconstructed using steel reinforcement and concrete

poured on site. The slipway will be contained by steel sheet piling around the perimeter to a

depth of between 2m and 4m below the surface of the beach. Sheets will be hammered / vibrated

into place using a similar methodology to that used to place the timber piles for the timber

groynes.

2.3.9 Reconstruction and Refurbishment of Slipways

Damaged areas of the slipway will be repaired on the basis of like for like repairs. Damaged

sections of concrete will be removed and replacement with new sections of concrete poured on

site. The level of the new concrete will tie in with the level of the existing slipway and will have a

brushed finish to a similar specification to the existing slipways. The concrete removed from the

slipway will be broken up and taken to a licensed waste site by a licensed waste carrier.

2.3.10 Promenade Improvements

Viewing Platform

The viewing platform will be constructed from the stepped revetment to the Pier Road Rock

Groyne using reinforced concrete walls in-filled with concrete or sub-base material. The

foundation may require sheet piling. If not, it will be constructed directly on the bedrock below.

The top of the platform will be formed of concrete and a handrail will be erected around the

perimeter.

Coastal Information Centre

The Coastal Information Centre is likely to be erected on the Promenade between the car parks.

It may be built as a modification to an existing shelter. This will be subject to a separate planning

application and will be constructed towards the end of the scheme. Impacts are not considered in

this ES.



37

Seawall Face

Infilling of minor cracks, voids and joints with mortar. Areas for repair will be broken out manually

and all spoil will be collected and removed from site to a licensed waste site by a licensed waste

carrier.

Replacement Flap Valves

Flap valves will be replaced along the length of the Victorian Promenade. The approach to the

repairs will be aim to improve the visual quality of the wall and restore its original features.

New Handrailings

Approximately 625m of new handrailing will be installed along the promenade between groynes

34 and 23. Old railings will be disposed of to a licensed waste site by a licensed waste carrier.

2.4 Operational Management and Monitoring

The new structures will require some ongoing maintenance, structural checks and upkeep. Where

such works are required (site management, safety, water quality and water regulation etc.), they

will be subject to the same consideration as the construction works. Beach nourishment is not

expected to be needed again within 10 years of completion of the scheme.

There will also be a requirement to carry out monitoring of selected beach profiles as well as

whole-beach topography studies to test the effectiveness of the scheme and the stability of the

beach recharge area. This monitoring work will be undertaken by CGC as a continuation of their

established monitoring programme, which has been ongoing for the last 15 years.

In addition, a wave monitoring buoy will be deployed prior to detailed design and construction to

ensure final placement and construction of the Warwick Place Breakwater is optimised. This will

continue to operate following construction and may become integrated into the Wales Coastal

Monitoring Programme, which is hosted by CGC.



38

3. Consultation The development of the proposed scheme has taken place over a number of years, with the input

of a range of organisations, consultants and CGC staff. This section briefly outlines the

consultation and stakeholder engagement during this period. It also sets out in more detail the

consultations that took place during the 2005 Scheme and the 2009 Scheme. Consultations and

comments received during the 2005 Scheme are directly relevant to the 2009 Scheme, as it forms

the basic outline from which the 2009 Scheme evolved.

3.1 Previous Consultation

It is not clear what consultations were undertaken during the development of Scheme 1 (Fish Tail

Groynes), other than with the then Welsh Office. It is clear, however, that it was presented to the

public and received widespread local support (ABPmer, 2005).

Scheme 2 (Rock Revetment) was presented at a public exhibition in August 2001, attended by

over 60 residents. Scheme 2 received considerable opposition because it would result in the loss

of the stepped revetment in front of the promenade, which is considered a key amenity asset. The

scheme would also have resulted in considerable loss of access to the beach from the

promenade.

3.2 2005 Scheme Consultation

Scheme 3 (Headland Breakwater 2005 Scheme) was developed over a period of around two

years, during which time several phases of consultation with different stakeholders (statutory and

non-statutory) took place as part of both the scheme development and the EIA process.

ABPmer, with eftec (Economics for the Environment Consultancy Ltd), reviewed previous scheme

proposals, the defence requirements for the sea front and the importance of the beach and sea

front to the local community and economy. ABPmer undertook consultations with local people,

the Tywyn and Aberdyfi Coast Protection Group and previous researchers into the town’s coastal

defence regime.

Between October 2003 and January 2004, the following organisations were contacted to collect

information, highlight issues and obtain views:

• WAG Environment Protection Division (Peter Jones, Kerry Keirle)

• Tywyn Town Council (Elected Members and Clerk)

• Environment Agency Wales (Phil Jones)

• Countryside Council for Wales (Rod Jones, Fiona Evans)

• Tywyn and Aberdyfi Coast Protection Group (Mike Stevens, David Inman, Keith Lycett)

• H.R. Wallingford (Tom Coates)

• Welsh European Funding Office (Neil Howard)

• Assembly Member for Mid and West Wales (Lisa Francis)

• CGC Environment Directive – Biodiversity, Transport, Environmental Health, Planning)

• Snowdonia National Park Authority (SNPA)



39

Two public meetings were also held in Tywyn in December 2003 and January 2004. In January

2004, ABPmer and eftec presented the findings of their reviews and researches. In March 2004,

ABPmer presented the Headland Breakwater 2005 Scheme, which was well-received.

The scheme was further refined, computer and physical modelling was undertaken and detailed

structure specifications and recommendations were made. During 2004 and 2005, ABPmer

undertook further consultations during the production of the EIA Scoping Report and the

Environmental Statement.

A summary of the ABPmer consultations undertaken and issues raised is presented in Appendix

B.

3.3 Proposed Scheme Consultation

A number of consultations were carried out with statutory and non-statutory organisations for

scoping and during the preparation of his ES from February 2009 onwards. During this time, the

design of the scheme has been revised and refined, based on discussions with CGC Coast

Protection Unit and as a result of analysis of the impact of the scheme on the coast of Tywyn and

coastal processes in the area. ABPmer was also consulted to clarify the results of computer

based and physical modelling that was undertaken during the development of the 2005 Scheme.

The CGC Coast Protection Unit has informed local stakeholders and Elected Members of the

2009 Scheme and has maintained close liaison with the Welsh Assembly Government

Environment Protection Department and Welsh Assembly Government Funding Office (WEFO).

A meeting was held with a number of key consultees on 8 April 2009 to present the initial 2009

Scheme design and discuss possible impacts and highlight any issues. Table 3.1 indicates those

present at the meeting.



40

Table 3.1 Consultees Present at Initial Scheme Presentation Meeting, 8 April 2009

Name Organisation Issues raised

Neil Garton Jones CGC – Engineering & Building Control

-

Huw Davies CGC Coast Protection Unit

-

Gareth Lloyd Wright CGC – Engineering & Building Control

-

Aneurin Parry CGC - Planning Dept. Planning permission granted in July 2005 – need to begin works within 5 years

Footprint of scheme to remain within that of existing permission and not be significantly different to granted scheme.

Rhydian Roberts CGC - Environment -

Alison Hargrave CGC – SAC Officer -

Dafydd Roberts Snowdonia National Park Authority – Senior Ecologist

Landscape / visual impacts from the Park

Rod Jones CCW – Senior Coastal Scientist

Coastal processes – longshore drift. Long term issues, climate change

Dave Smith CCW – Conservation Officer

Piddock survey was undertaken for 2005 Scheme – need to re-survey

Rob Strachan EAW – Biodiversity Officer -

3.3.1 Review of 2005 Scheme Scoping and ES

The 2009 Scheme remains entirely within the footprint of the 2005 Scheme. As such, the starting

point for the 2009 Scheme consultation process was to review ABPmer’s Scoping Report and

Environmental Statement, and the consultation responses collected as part of the 2005 Scheme

EIA process. Issues identified or included in the Scoping Report / Environmental Statement, or

raised by consultees during the 2005 Scheme Scoping and Environmental Statement production

process were:

• Sediment transport – the effects of the scheme on sediment transport at Tywyn and

adjacent sections of the coast, including indirect effects on dunes to the South

• Impact on the shoreline – ability of the scheme fix the top and bottom of the shore

sustainably

• Landscape impacts – visual effects of the scheme, including materials used and finish

• Interaction with other proposals in the area

• Habitats – particularly impacts on the shingle ridge to the North and sand dunes to the

South

• European sites - the need for the Competent Authority to make an Appropriate

Assessment for Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC

• Beach nourishment – source of beach nourishment



41

• Water quality – works should not have a detrimental effect on bathing water quality of

Bathing Water beaches (if carried out during Bathing Water season). Works to be

carried out in accordance with EAW’s standard conditions for working near to

watercourses, the potential effect of increased sediment loading on sensitive habitats

during construction

• Waste – need to abide by Waste Management Licensing Regulations

• Construction methods – need to have agreed Method Statement prior to works starting

Issues considered in less detail in the 2005 Scheme Environmental Statement were:

• Coastal defences – scheme considered to have no adverse effects on coastal protection

• Navigation – brief details of vessel numbers and access arrangements

• Fisheries – not addressed in detail but additional consultation with NW&NWSFC /

angling groups undertaken

• Marine archaeology – consultation with GAT and Gwynedd Archaeological Planning

Services

• Water and sediment quality – potential for impacts to be considered as part of Method

Statement

• Road traffic, noise & air quality – two delivery options have been considered in this ES

(see Section 2.3). A Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) has been undertaken for both

options, along with an assessment of noise and air quality impacts.

The review concluded that the baseline information has changed little and that the approach taken

during the 2005 Scheme EIA remained valid.

Road traffic issues were identified as an element to be included in more detail in this

Environmental Statement, given that it was likely that a significant proportion of the construction

materials would be delivered by road. Consultees were asked for their opinion on the inclusion of

the above issues and the scope of the ES. No responses to this (6 May 2009 e-mail) were

received.

3.3.2 Summary of Consultation

Consultation and the development of the scheme itself and this ES has been iterative, with various

discussions, e-mail correspondence and meetings taking place at different stages of the process.

The table below presents a summary of the consultations made and issues discussed.



42

Table 3.2 Summary of Consultation during Scoping and EIA Process

Date Name and Organisation Approach Consultation Issues

27/03/09 CGC – Highways, etc… Meeting Transport issues – route, number / size lorries

08/04/09 See table 3.1 above Meeting Present initial scheme design

Discuss scope of works for EIA

06/05/09 As in initial meeting (see table 3.1 above) plus:

Lucy Kay – CCW SAC Officer

Laura Grant – CGC Environment

Emily Meilleur – CGC Biodiversity

e-mail Scope of works for EIA

09/06/09 Rod Jones - CCW Meeting Discuss coastal process issues / modelling to determine impacts

25/06/09 Leslie Hatfield - Network Rail

e-mail Request for view on impacts / information on schemes on adjacent coast

25/06/09 Dafydd Vaughan Roberts / Customer Contact Service - EAW

e-mail / telecon Request for view on impacts / information on schemes on adjacent coast

07/07/09 GAPS Draft Cultural Heritage and Archaeology ES section

Request for view on impacts

22/07/09 Ashley Batten - GAPS e-mail / draft construction method

Request for view on impacts, advice on trial pit information

22/07/09 Dave Wilby / Stephanie Meadows – EAW

e-mail / draft construction method

Request for view on impacts, clarification of mitigation for water quality impacts

22/07/09 John Briggs – CCW

Dafydd Roberts - SNPA

Draft LVA Request for initial comments / views

28/07/09 Dave Wilby – EAW Telecon Discussion of water quality impacts, mitigation and construction methodology

Aug 2009 Aneurin Parry – CGC Plannign

Meeting / e-mail Refinement to the shape and size of some rock structures requires a new planning application to be submitted

10/09/09 John Briggs – CCW Telecon Query re colour of material for rock structures – colour should match that of existing structures on the beach



43

3.3.3 Consultation Responses

The consultation responses received and the issues they raise are summarised below. Copies of

responses received by e-mail and letter are set out in Appendix C.

Countryside Council for Wales (CCW)

A number of key issues / concerns had been raised by CCW during the 2005 Scheme

consultation process, particularly in relation to the coastal processes and sediment transport

issues. As a result, close consultation with CCW was undertaken, including involving the Senior

Coastal Scientist in discussions to understand the needs of the modelling to be undertaken. A

summary of the issues raised by CCW during meetings is:

• Clear definition of what the scheme entails and aims regarding amenity uses

• Understand the extent to which the scheme will trap sediment, depriving adjacent areas,

including defence assets on the adjacent Morfa Gwyllt shoreline (managed by Network

Rail)

• Sea level rise / climate change – adaptability of the scheme to future changes in policy

• Interaction with planned strategies / works to adjacent stretches of coast – those

managed by EAW and Network Rail (NR)

Environment Agency Wales (EAW)

EAW were consulted through their Customer Contact Service. The Service uses a single point of

contact, which then distributes information to the relevant areas within the EAW and collates

responses. The main issues / comments raised were:

• Development and flood risk – formal EAW consent is not required. EAW welcome works

that would reduce the risk from overtopping in the vicinity of Marine Parade

• Assets – the policy at Penllyn differs from the SMP1 stated policy, in agreement with

CCW. Aberdyfi Golf Club / CGC have recharged sand at the frontage along the golf

club. The Dyffryn Gwyn outfall chamber was re-built in 2006

• Biodiversity – in-combination effects should be considered with the possible scheme at

Borth. Not aware of other schemes. Sediment modelling to assess whether the scheme

will improve beach nourishment or have negative effects on the Dyfi / Ynys Las dunes

• Water Quality – works should be carried out outside of the Bathing Waters season to

safeguard the Bathing Water quality

Further consultation by phone and e-mail with EAW discussed the risks associated with the

construction methodology, with respect to undertaking works during the Bathing Waters season.

CGC accepts these risks and will work with the contractor and EAW to ensure all possible

mitigation methods are undertaken.

Gwynedd Archaeological Planning Service (GAPS)

• Works to the promenade may impact on the promenade – archaeological monitoring

may be required

• Ground disturbing works may impact on any surviving peat deposits – archaeological

test pitting in advance of ground disturbing works recommended



44

Following further consultation by phone and e-mail with GAPS, they confirmed that they would like

to see the results of the site investigations to determine if they show the extent of any peat

deposits.

Snowdonia National Park Authority (SNPA)

The Policy Section of SNPA had no comments on the draft Landscape and Visual Impact

Assessment (LVIA).



45

4. Impact Assessment 4.1 Introduction

This section of the ES defines the scope of the EIA for the 2009 Scheme along with the

methodology and criteria for assessing the impacts from the proposed development on the various

identified environmental aspects. The environmental aspects assessed are described in terms of

their existing and future baseline conditions. Any potential impacts on the baseline conditions

from the proposed development are discussed along with the mitigation proposed to minimise any

negative impacts and any opportunities for environmental improvements. The scale of any

remaining residual impacts, after mitigation, also set out.

4.2 Scope of the EIA

The scope has been determined through:

• Assessing the scope of the EIA carried out in 2005 for Scheme 3 (as detailed in the

Scoping Report and ES (ABPmer 2005a, 2005b), which successfully provided adequate

assessment for the scheme to be approved for planning permission and marine

consents

• Consultation was carried out with key stakeholders (including CGC, CCW and EAW) to

agree the use of the 2005 scope and to identify any additional topic areas

The following receptors have been included within the scope of this ES.

• Geology and Coastal Processes – including sediment transport, shoreline evolution,

impacts on adjacent stretches of coast and coastal defences

• Flora and Fauna – including impacts on European designated sites and species

• Landscape and Visual Amenity

• Water and Sediment Quality

• Traffic and Transport – including impacts of Delivery Option A and Delivery Option B

(see Section 2.3 for details)

• Recreation and Amenity

• Noise

• Air Quality

• Historic Environment

• Navigation

• Fisheries

• Inter-relationship between the above and in-combination with other projects

4.3 General Assessment Methodology

An assessment of the impacts of the proposed development on each of the receptors listed above

has been carried out by considering the impacts against the existing baseline conditions of each



46

of the receptors. Impacts both within the scheme area and outside the scheme area have been

assessed. For the purposes of the assessment, the scheme area is defined as the area of

foreshore between groyne 01 and groyne 34 (Figure 2, Appendix A).

Information has been obtained from the following main sources:

• Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme Scoping Report

• Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme Environmental Statement

• eftec study (contained within ABPmer, 2004a)

• May 2009 walk over survey

• Piddock survey (original and revised)

• Consultation with stakeholders

• European site citations, data forms, Regulation 33 advice and Management Plans

• Traffic Impact Assessments (TIA) of Delivery Option A and Delivery Option B,

undertaken by Gwynedd Consultancy in 2009

Where additional sources of information have been used for the assessment, these have been

stated at the start of each section.

For each receptor the following information is set out:

• The baseline conditions – information has been obtained from previous surveys, the

2005 Scheme ES, consultation with statutory and non-statutory consultees and validated

by a walk over survey in May 2009

• The methodology employed to undertake the assessment of potential impacts and

justification for its use. In addition, the source of potential impact, the pathway to the

receptor and the location of sensitive receptors (source – pathway – receptor) were all

clearly identified;

• Assessment and mitigation of impacts during construction – this sets out the potential

impacts on the receptor in question that could occur during the construction of the 2009

Scheme. This is based on the design details and the construction approach set out in

Section 2. Possible impacts within the area of the scheme and outside the area of the

scheme are presented

• Assessment and mitigation of impacts post construction - this sets out the potential

impacts on the receptor in question that could occur after the 2009 Scheme has been

built. This is based on the operational management details set out in Section 2.

Possible impacts within the area of the scheme and outside the area of the scheme are

presented

The criteria that have been used throughout the assessment of the various receptors to determine

the magnitude of the effect is outlined in Table 4.1 below. These criteria have been derived by

Atkins from our expertise in undertaking EIAs and have been adapted for the assessment of

potential impacts associated with this project.



47

Table 4.1 Impact Assessment Criteria

Term Definition

Effect

Adverse An impact that would have a detrimental impact of a given magnitude on the existing environment

Beneficial An impact that would have a positive impact of a given magnitude on the existing environment

Magnitude of Impact

Major Substantial impact on an environmental feature; adverse impacts likely to result in loss of integrity of the feature; beneficial impacts likely to result in addition to or enhancement of the feature

Moderate Impact on a noticeable proportion of an environmental feature; adverse impacts will represent a risk to the feature; beneficial impacts could result in enhancement

Minor The impact will be measurable but of limited proportion, degree or extent; adverse impact will not represent a significant risk to the environmental feature

Neutral No measurable impact will occur

Duration of Impact

Temporary The effects of the impact will last for the duration of the construction period

Permanent The effects of the impact will extend for longer than 10 years

The assessment considers both adverse and beneficial effects and this is stated for each impact

identified. Impacts are highlighted in bold in the text. Section 5 contains a summary of all

impacts and conclusions of the assessment.

The assessment of the magnitude of effects has been carried out using published data,

professional judgement and numerical modelling, where appropriate.

Where adverse impacts have been identified, mitigation measures are proposed to minimise or

compensate for these impacts. Mitigation will seek to reduce the impact to an acceptable

standard for that specific receptor, or eliminate the impact entirely.

Mitigation measures, and any other actions which could be required, such as further surveys or

works to ensure legal compliance, are detailed within the Environmental Action Plan (EAP),

contained in Section 6. The EAP will be incorporated within the contract documents and

contractor’s method of working to ensure that all issues identified within this EIA are addressed

whilst on site.

The assessment has also identified the impact of the scheme in-combination with other

construction activities which may be taking place in the area and which may exacerbate potential

impacts.

4.4 Geology and Coastal Processes

This section considers the present understanding of the coastline around Tywyn, the physical

processes controlling the coast and the effects of the proposed scheme on both the local and

wider environment.

4.4.1 Method of Assessment

The assessment of the geology and coastal processes has been undertaken through the following

mechanisms:



48

• Review of existing literature - in particular the assessment carried out for the 2005

Scheme by ABPmer (ABPmer, 2004a), which also included physical modelling of the

2005 Scheme.

• 1D and 2D numerical modelling - carried out by Atkins specifically for the purposes of

the 2009 Scheme, including:

- Understanding existing wave conditions and sediment transport processes

- Modelling of coastal processes ‘with 2009 Scheme’

• Geotechnical site investigation – a series of boreholes of the Tywyn foreshore were

taken in July 2009 (report in preparation for CGC).

Timescales referred to in this coastal process section are based on Shoreline Management Plan 2

definitions (Defra 2006b – SMP2 guidance). This reflects the agreed timescales and Government

(Defra and WAG) guidance for which coastal processes should be managed and planned.

• First epoch - 0-20 years

• Second epoch - 20-50 years

• Third epoch - 50-100 years.

4.4.2 Baseline Conditions

The baseline conditions at the site and within the area local to the site are key to developing an

understanding of the ongoing physical processes. From this baseline it is then possible to

develop an understanding of the potential impacts, positive or negative, of the proposed scheme.

Where site-specific information is not available proxies from up and down the coast have been

used. The key aspects of interest for the coastal process are:

• Waves

• Tidal & Fluvial Flows

• Geology

• Sediment Dynamics & Transport

• Geomorphology

• Climate Change

The environment around the Tywyn frontage consists of a large curving bay between two

controlling points, the Sarn-y-Bwch (shallow subtidal reef comprising mixed sediments of glacial

origin) to the North and the Aberdyfi Bar to the South (see Figure 1, Appendix A for site location).

In the centre of this bay is the developed Tywyn frontage itself extending for approximately 1.8km

with seawalls, timber groynes and rock revetment. To the North the semi natural beach extends

up to the training wall at the mouth of the Dysynni with one section of rock revetment providing

protection to the Network Rail assets where they approach the coast. To the South the beach is

backed by sand dunes, in some places up to 9m high down to the entrance to the Afon Dyfi.

Waves

Waves arriving at the Tywyn frontage are either locally generated wind-sea waves or longer

period swell waves from the Atlantic (see Table 4.2).



49

Table 4.2 Wave Data

Wave

Condition

Generation Location Typical Height

(m)

Typical Period

(s)

Typical Direction

(deg N)

Wind-sea Cardigan Bay/St Georges

Channel/ Irish Sea

0.5-3.5 2-7 250

Swell North Atlantic 1-8 7-12 245-260

Source: Met Office UK waters wave model (2009) for the year 2003

These waves propagate across Cardigan Bay from a variety of directions depending on the

generation process and as they approach the shore they are refracted to become perpendicular to

the coastline in the very nearshore. An example of the difference between the offshore and the

nearshore wave conditions is given in Figure 26, Appendix A. This shows that there is greater

variation in the direction of propagation for nearshore waves than for offshore waves. Offshore

waves are predominantly from the West-Southwest (>35%), with few from other directions (approx

10% from South-Southwest). Nearshore waves are also predominantly from the West-Southwest

(approx 30%), although a greater proportion are also generated in the South-Southwest (approx

20%) and West-Southwest/West-Northeast (approx 10%).

The wave patterns across Cardigan Bay are complicated by the interaction with the major seabed

features of the Sarn-y-Bwch (to the North and the ebb tidal delta of the Afon Dyfi. At the Northern

end of the coastline the Sarn-y-Bwch affords additional protection to infrequent wave conditions

from the North (Atkins, 2009), whilst the remainder of the Tywyn Bay becomes increasingly

exposed. At the Southern end the shifting presence of the ebb tidal delta leads to changes in the

wave penetration into the estuary and on the adjacent shoreline.

The prevailing wave direction is between 245 - 260ºN (Southwest/West-Southwest) along much of

the frontage (CGC, 1998). Inspection of charts and maps of the area indicate that the shoreline is

orientated perpendicular to this, suggesting the coastline is ‘swash’ aligned, limiting the potential

for a dominant longshore transport direction of sediment by wave movement.

The largest waves seen along the frontage are from 225-255ºN with typical annual heights in the

range 3.6-4m. Extremes analysis (ABPmer, 2004b) and re-analysis of the latest wave data

(Atkins, 2009) suggests 1 in 1 year waves of 8.9m and 1 in 100 year storm waves of 13.4m in the

offshore environment of Cardigan Bay. These extreme waves would be limited in height at the

nearshore by the processes of wave breaking, which is principally controlled by the water depth.

It is important to note that the wave climate is subject to large natural variability on seasonal, inter-

annual and longer term timescales. This has a significant impact on the nearshore wave climate

and subsequently the sediment transport processes. In addition, the occurrence and sequencing

of storms can alter the coastal processes.

Tidal and Fluvial Flows

The Tywyn coastline is classified as mesotidal with a tidal range of 2-4m. The principal tidal levels

for the closest port, Aberdyfi, are shown in table 4.3.



50

Table 4.3 Tidal and Extreme Water Levels for Aberdyfi

Return Period Level mAOD

1 in 100 4.4

1 in 1 3.7

HAT 3.56

MHWS 2.56

MHWN 1.06

MSL 0.17

MLWN -0.44

MLWS -1.74

Sources: Admiralty Tide Tables, 2008 and ABPmer, 2004

The variation in water level results in a typically Northeast/Southwest tidal flow in the offshore

zone with peak spring tidal velocities of 0.5m/s to 0.3m/s, with the tidal residual for the area being

a net Northeasterly flow (Tidal Diamond Admiralty Chart, 1972).

More complex tidal flows are found around the estuary mouths to the North and South of Tywyn

(ABPmer, 2004a), including an interaction with the freshwater outflows from the Afon Dyfi and

Afon Dysynni. In addition two outfalls can be found along the Tywyn frontage. To the North of

Tywyn is the Welsh Water Main drain outfall and to the South the Afon Dyffryn Gwyn. These

outfalls have fixed structures therefore their impact is principally on introducing fresh water into the

coastal zone rather than altering the wider geomorphology.

The Afon Dyfi is the larger of the two estuarine systems with gauging at the Dyfi Bridge indicating

a mean daily flow of approximately 23m3/s whilst flow on the Dysynni is approximately 5m

3/s

(ABPmer, 2004a).

Geology

The geology of the Tywyn coastline has been heavily influenced by the historically glacial nature

of the surrounding environment. The ice ages have led to glaciers eroding the highlands and

depositing material in Cardigan Bay. Subsequent sea level rise has led to migration of the deposit

points towards the coast. The present day geology is influenced largely by the end of the last ice

age and events during the intervening Holocene period (ABPmer 2004a)

The principal geological features left by this interglacial period are the sarnau (reefs) of Sarn-y-

Bwch to the North of Tywyn and Sarn Cynfelyn to the South of Borth. These large intertidal

causeways are thought to be glacial moraines formed during periods of ice retreat and consist of

boulders and finer material. The transgressive nature of sea levels in the Holocene has led to the

reworking of glacial material and subsequent roll back of the coastline to its present position.

(Halcrow, 2001) This leaves a “spit” of more resistant glacial tills that form the basis for the town of

Tywyn (see Figure 27, Appendix A). Either side of the resistant glacial tills of Tywyn are more

erosive geological forms consisting of peat, sand dunes and other marine material. Finally, the

estuaries at the Afon Dyfi and Afon Dysynni, which are historically buried river valleys formed by

the passage of the glaciers, are now sinks for large quantities of marine material. On top of these

features lies the present day foreshore consisting of marine deposits of sands/gravels that are

constantly re-worked by the coastal processes.



51

The Dyfi SSSI to the South of the Tywyn site is notified for both its geological and biological (see

section 4.5) features. Of note for the geology is the record of coastal and environmental changes

through the Holocene period provided by the marine clay deposits and the peat associated with

the submerged forest. In addition the Dyfi estuary is considered important for the information

contained with respect to coastal geomorphological evolution. It should be noted however that the

proposed site is outside of the SSSI and the closest observed peat beds (at the Afon-Dyffryn-

Gwyn) are also outside of the SSSI. Ground investigations carried out in summer 2009 for this

project have identified no peat beds within the proposed area of the works.

Beach Sediment Composition

A series of ground investigations are available for the coastal frontage at Tywyn including trial

holes and more detailed boreholes by CGC (2001) and Atkins (2009). In addition, long term

beach profile monitoring by CGC provides details of the sediment composition of the surficial

marine deposits. The beach is termed a mixed beach with both sand and shingle/gravel being

present.

Much of the lower foreshore is composed of sand overlying boulder clay or till. The depth of the

sand ranges from ~1m to zero with sections of the boulder clay being exposed at the Bryn-y-mor

end of the frontage as a result of erosion. Behind this an ephemeral shingle/gravel ridge forms

the upper foreshore control, providing protection from storm waves where it is present. To the

South of Tywyn this ridge affords some protection to the wind blown sand dunes behind. The

sand dunes are up to 9m high in some locations and well vegetated on the upper faces.

Undercutting of the dunes has been observed in response to coastal processes with a current

programme of works to re-nourish some areas with additional sand.

The sand on the foreshore is typically medium to coarse sand with a D50 (average diameter) grain

sizes between 0.3 and 0.5mm (ABPmer, 2004a and Atkins, 2009). In the upper foreshore, the

shingle/gravel material D50 is typically 2-200mm. These sediment sizes, in conjunction with the

principal coastal processes, control the possible foreshore slopes. On the sand foreshore the

slope is between 1:100 and 1:50. Higher up the beach the shingle resides at angles between

1:15 and 1:8 (Atkins 2009). From the Afon Dyfi in the South and progressing North past the

Tywyn frontage the foreshore shows a tendency to steepen and narrow (See Figure 28,

Appendix, A)

Beyond the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) there is limited information on the sediment

composition, however sources (Admiralty Chart 1972, Halcrow, 2001) suggest much of the

material is sand with rock outcrops out to the -15m contour. Beyond this the sediment is gravel

with pockets of sand. This offshore sand source is considered similar to the onshore sand with

typical depths of ~1m to a boulder clay layer below (ABPmer, 2004a).

Sediment Dynamics & Transport

Sediment transport in the wider Cardigan Bay is characterised by a predominantly, wave-driven

Northerly drift of material (Halcrow, 2001) for both bed load and suspended load. The more

complex nearshore features of the Sarnau and the ebb tidal delta of the Afon Dyfi influence the

inshore wave patterns and locally alter the wider scale Northerly drift.

The swash aligned nature of the coastline immediately around Tywyn has led to a divergence of

opinion on dominant local sediment transport processes (ABPmer, 2004a). Many studies are

available (CGC, 2003; CGP, 2000; HR Wallingford, 1999; Pethick, 1996) with conclusions ranging

from net Northwards to net Southwards movement. These studies typically utilised measured

data to suggest magnitude of drift and used inference from the geomorphological features, such

as the Northwards spit orientations at the Afon Dysynni and Dyfi and sediment sources such as

the Tonfanau cliffs for direction. ABPmer (2004a) proposed a systems-based approach to



52

develop the understanding of the sediment transport on the Tywyn frontage. This provides a

framework for the sediment budget based on available information, including constraints,

processes and availability of sediment. The ABPmer sediment budget is shown in Figure 29,

Appendix A.

This sediment budget shows the principal components of the system being the low longshore

transport rates (average of 1,500m3), the sediment sinks of the Dyfi and Dysynni (37,000 and

2,000m3) respectively and the significant shoreface source of between 18,000-45,000m

3. The

shoreface in this sediment budget is considered to include the entire frontage (~9km long) out to

approximately the -10mCD contour. It is important to note that in this analysis the role in the

sediment budget of the sand dunes to the South of Tywyn is limited, with volumes considered to

be net zero following erosion/accretion events. The primary conclusion from the ABPmer work

was that it appeared practical to regard sediment transport as being bi-directional and relatively

low in terms of the volume moved, with the most significant aspect being the cross-shore transport

of sand from offshore to onshore. The balance of the budget ranged from -8,000m3 to +80,000m

3

which would suggest that the sediment provided to the beach must be made available from the

offshore sand source.

More detailed sediment transport studies by Atkins (2009) confirms this hypothesis with typical

annual drift for 2003 (considered a-typical in the offshore climates) showing gross

offshore/onshore transport rates 3-4 times the net rate of Northerly transport (3,000-9,000m3).

However this was then reversed to Southerly drift in the longer term climate analysis, highlighting

the sensitivity to alterations in the offshore wave direction. This work also highlighted the

importance of the mixed sand/shingle beach in understanding the coastal processes.

It is proposed that in addition to the sediment budget breakdown proposed by ABPmer (2004a),

the foreshore is split into its two parts consisting of the sand lower foreshore and shingle upper

foreshore to enable a conceptual understanding of the processes involved. The sand component

is typically a ‘veneer’ on top of harder sub-surface geology up to 1m deep. Overlying this sand

material at the back of the beach is shingle/gravel material.

The sand component can be considered to be the foundation of the mobile beach, providing the

majority of the sediment source. The shingle material is more ephemeral in extent and subject to

volatile movement in response to strong wave events, in particular where it is fronting more

prominent less sheltered sections of the defences (such as Bryn-y-mor and Warwick Place).

Consequently it is the shingle material that is observed to be retreating (or not present).

The sand part of the foreshore still provides an important foundation material to the beach. This is

supported by recent detailed 2D topographic data analysis of the foreshore at Tywyn (Atkins,

2009) which shows that the lower sand part of the foreshore has accreted by up to 700mm over

the period 2002 - 2009. Conversely the upper foreshore has eroded by up to 400mm. This is set

against a background environment where the beach in front of Tywyn appears to be losing a

volume of approximately 20,000m3 (or 5% of the 2002 volume) over the same time period.

Further analysis of the area below MLWS (beyond the extents of the regional monitoring surveys)

is possible by using process-based models and assessing a series of hypothetical scenarios.

Atkins (2009) has undertaken model investigations to assess the relative importance of the

observed beach in comparison to that below MLWS. This has shown that of the active sediment

transport zones, the foreshore around MLWS makes up the majority of the longshore drift

assuming a sand/shingle mix.

In addition the cross shore modelling has shown that the null point (the zero point between

onshore and offshore transport) is around MLWS with a net onshore transport seaward of MLWS

and net offshore transport on the upper foreshore. It should be noted that single storm events can

move more sand offshore than a whole year of typical conditions, suggesting that the offshore

zone is recharged with sand from drawdown of the beach, which is then made available to the

beach again. It is apparent from the detailed 2D topographic survey that the beach can respond



53

within a season to these events, suggesting that there is enough material to maintain this process

at present.

The sediment transport processes have important implications for the long term sustainability of

the beach system. It shows that there are two zones of longshore sediment transport, one out on

the low tide flats fed by the offshore zone and one on the upper beach. The upper beach zone is

comprised of coarser material, which therefore has a lower drift potential.

Beyond the upper beach the dune system to the South of Tywyn currently suffers from localised

blowouts. The work of Pye & Associates Ltd (2005) states that lateral frontal dune erosion is

prevalent though not necessarily rapid at the Aberdyfi site. This is supported by the ongoing work

by the EAW to nourish the dunes. In the longer term it is considered that there will be a small net

loss of fixed dune at Aberdyfi due to the steepening of the foreshore and the hold the line policy.

Over the last 150 years the beach at Tywyn has been observed to be lowering, suggesting less

material is available for beach building and subsequent transport. The current work (Atkins, 2009)

suggests that whilst shingle material is becoming scarce on the immediate Tywyn foreshore the

presence of an onshore push of sand material has been providing a feed to the lower sand part of

the foreshore. ABPmer (2004a) suggest that the source of sand sediment in this offshore zone

may be becoming depleted as well. The transport results shown above seem to suggest that the

material coming onshore will be moved up and down the coast by longshore sediment transport.

Whilst the net rates of longshore transport are low, the gross transport can be enough to move up

to 50,000m3 of material. This could allow sand to circulate to the offshore source via Sarn-y-

Bwch, the Aberdyfi Bar or an intermediate pathway during storms. This postulated circulation

pattern is supported by the Futurecoast work (Halcrow, 2001) which suggests a circulation around

Tywyn bay between the Sarn-y-Bwch and the Aberdyfi Bar.

The scarcity of shingle material, whilst a concern with respect to overtopping for areas where the

protection at the upper foreshore is limited, does not suggest that the beach as a whole is being

lost. Conversely the build up of sand material on the intertidal foreshore suggests that there is still

input of this finer fraction. This helps to break the wave energy offshore of the coastal defence

structures and maintains the aeolian transport link to the sand dunes to the South of Tywyn. This

could even be beneficial to the sand dunes if they are allowed to roll back ‘naturally in the future

rather than holding the line (existing short term policy agreement between CGC and EAW).

Geomorphology

Beach Development History

Historically the beach has been seen to be lowering at Tywyn over the past 150 years. The effect

of this lowering on plan shape has been a retreat of the shoreline. Work undertaken for the

previous schemes has been based on long term monitoring since the late 19th

Century (Shoreline

Management Partnership, 1994 and 1995) and has provided detailed estimates of recession.

ABPmer (2004a) updated the recession analysis which confirmed the movement of MLW and

MHW with typical rates of 0.3m/yr and 0.7m/yr suggesting an average intertidal recession of

0.5m/yr. The data also suggests that the foreshore has steepened over time, a fact supported by

the Futurecoast study (Halcrow, 2001) and Atkins’ recent work.

Atkins’ use of numerical process based models has shown that the recession of the coastline is

largely independent of the direction of drift, with recession taking place in response to

protuberances in the coastline. This is the effect of the wave climate acting to smooth the bay into

a large curve. The swash aligned nature of the frontage means that in terms of alongshore

transport the total amount of material remains the same and it is the location of this material on

the frontage that leads to erosion/accretion patterns. This highlights the importance of the

onshore/offshore sediment source and interaction with larger sediment circulation patterns on

controlling the sediment available for beach building.



54

Embayment Formation

As the coastline is swash aligned ABPmer (2004a) proposed using equilibrium bay shapes to

describe the historical evolution of the frontage and the current situation. Equilibrium bay shapes

are based on the theory that a beach will find a natural equilibrium between hard points or

headland controls. On the Tywyn frontage the principal controls on the overall formation are the

Sarn-y-bwch and the Aberdyfi bar. The geologically harder glacial tills at Tywyn also form a

control, with an embayment forming to the North and to the South of the Tywyn. This has been

accelerated by the hardening of the frontage with the placement of the coastal protection

structures. The effect of headland control can also be seen on this hardened coastline with

smaller scale headlands at Warwick Place and Bryn-y-mor and a bay forming between these two

points.

Evolution of this bay system into the future is likely to be driven by climate change, principally the

changes in sea level. The current transgressive nature of sea levels suggests that the position of

the larger bay shapes will continue to retreat into the bay leaving Tywyn as a promontory due to

its geological make up. The time scales of this change are likely to be centuries and there is

uncertainty over the impact of changes to storminess and associated directional change on this

process.

Climate Change

Climate change for coastal development is principally concerned with the likely future sea levels

and the changes to wave height and direction. Historical records suggest rates of 2mm per year

(ABPmer 2004a) for sea level rise in Cardigan Bay. Currently information is being updated on the

likely impacts of sea level rise in line with UKCP 2009. Table 4.4 below shows a comparison of

the recent changes to Sea Level rise guidance.

Table 4.4 Sea level rise predictions relative to 1990 base level

2003 Guidance Supplementary Guidance

October 2006 (Wales)

UKCP 2009 guidance for Cardiff

(mm from 1990 base year)

5mm/yr 3.5mm/yr 1990-2025

8.0mm/yr 2025-2055

11.5mm/yr 2055-2085

14.5mm/yr 2085-2115

Year High Med Low

2000 35 29 25

2010 73 62 53

2020 115 97 82

2030 159 40 114

2040 208 175 148

2050 259 218 184

2060 314 263 222

2070 371 311 263

2080 433 362 305

2090 497 416 350

2095 531 444 373

250mm over 50 years 287.5mm over 50 years 259mm over 50 years for the high

scenario

Sources: Defra 2003, Defra 2006a, UKCP 2009



55

These results show that typically the increase in sea level up to 2050 is likely to be between

250mm and 290mm. It should be noted that in addition to the High scenario shown above there is

a High-plus-plus (H++) scenario that suggest maximum increases in water level around the UK

will range between 930mm and 1090mm at 2095. This forms the extreme upper limit to the

scenarios.

What is important in terms of coastal processes is the ability of the coastline to respond to these

changes in sea level. Historically, coastal processes have responded to sea level rise, as shown

by the transgression since the last ice age. If the rate of rise is greater than historically, then it is

possible that sea level rise will overtake the speed with which the coastal processes can respond

and influence the geomorphology, leading to rapid loss of coastal features, such as shingle

ridges/dune systems as seen in the Solent (Bray et al, 2004).

For wave climate the UKCIP predictions are suggesting a small increase in winter wave heights

for both mean and extreme conditions. Changes in the winter mean wave height are projected to

be between –35cm and +5cm. Changes in the annual maxima are projected to be between –

1.5m and +1m. Changes in wave period and direction are rather small and more difficult to

interpret therefore there is little information on this. The impact of changes in wave height is likely

to be limited, with the depth limiting conditions at the shore being linked to changes in water level

rather than offshore wave conditions. Changes in period and direction may alter the magnitude

and direction of sediment transport to a greater effect, but the limits of this change with respect to

the current inter annual variability will determine the magnitude of this impact on the coastline.

4.4.3 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts during Construction

During construction there is a limited risk that the works could release sediment into the sea,

through the movement of construction vehicles on the beach, excavation on the foreshore and/or

placement of nourishment material, which could temporarily alter the existing sediment budget

both within the site and immediately adjacent. However, methods will be undertaken during the

work to minimise the release of sediment to reduce impacts on marine flora and fauna as well as

water and sediment quality (see sections 4.5 and 4.7).

The construction is scheduled for a period of 18 months and there could be a risk that a lag in

between the construction of some aspects of the scheme could cause small scale erosion and/or

accretion, albeit temporary and localised. This is only a risk for the rock structures. For example,

if there is a time lag between construction of the Warwick Place Breakwater and the nourishment

in its lee, the breakwater could trap material from adjacent sections of beach, causing short term

localised erosion.

The route for transportation of construction vehicles across the beach will be within the confines of

the groynes 01 and 34 and there will therefore be no tracking on the adjacent peat beds to the

south which are situated within the Dyfi SSSI.

The construction programme will be arranged so that complimentary structures are constructed at

similar times. The impact of the construction programme on coastal processes is considered to

be neutral.

4.4.4 Assessment and Mitigation of Impacts Post Construction

Introduction

The 2009 Scheme seeks to work with the existing coastal processes to reduced the risk of

impacts from coastal erosion and flooding along the Tywyn seafront. Coastal processes and in

particular sediment transport are subject to large variability in space and time. Consequently it is

difficult to determine absolute effects, but it is possible to outline likely envelopes of conditions.

For this assessment these effects have been split into those within the site (between groynes 01

and 34, see Figure 2, Appendix A) and those impacting the wider environment with subsections



56

for first SMP2 epoch (0-20 years) and the second SMP2 epoch (20-50 years) effects. This

recognises specific concerns raised by CCW during the consultation on the Scope of the ES (see

Section 3 for more detail). Impacts beyond 50 years (third SMP2 epoch) would be too

speculative and therefore have not been considered.

For the assessment of effects it is important to consider the impact of non-intervention on the

coastline. Best estimates of this scenario (ABPmer 2004b, Atkins 2009) suggest that Tywyn will

become a promontory along the coastline leading to the formation of two separate bays to the

North and South. As sea levels rise, the coastline will seek to retreat primarily through the softer

materials to the North and South of Tywyn, with increased potential for breach through the natural

defences to the low lying land behind. Over longer periods of time (50-100 years) the harder

geology at Tywyn will be subject to erosion leading to slow retreat of the headland. Longshore

transport rates are also predicted to increase in the future as a result of sea level rise and

changed wave patterns (ABPmer 2004b). This scenario is dependant on the evolution of both the

Sarn-y-bwch and the Aberdyfi bar as headland controls and the estuarine morphological response

to sea level rise.

It is from this position that comparison with the baseline can seek to understand the likely effects

of the 2009 Scheme on the coastal processes. Due to the position, type and location of the 2009

Scheme, the major resultant impacts are likely to be limited to changes in the sediment transport

regime and subsequently the geomorphology. These are assessed below based on the short and

medium term for locations within and outside of the site.

Within the Site – First SMP2 epoch (0-20 years)

Assessment of Impacts

Within the site the alteration to the wave climate and hence the sediment transport potential will be

limited to the immediate area around the Warwick Place Breakwater and the two control structures

(Pier Road and the South Terminal Rock Groynes).

The Warwick Place Breakwater’s principal purpose is to reduce wave overtopping at the critical

section of the Victorian Promenade, leaving a shadow zone behind in which wave heights are

reduced. The Pier Road and South Rock Groyne are in place to limit the extent of beach recharge

required and to provide limiting controls to the structure. The Warwick Place Breakwater itself will

also reduce wave reflection from the existing seawall as the proposed rock armour will be more

dissipative. This then has a knock on effect on flows and subsequently sediment transport in this

zone will reduce, leading to increased sedimentation in this zone. The extent of this effect is likely

to be limited to the immediate environment around the breakwater. Consequently whilst a

beneficial impact will be felt with respect to the flooding and overtopping at the site the net impact

of the Warwick Place Breakwater on coastal processes is likely to be minor adverse in the short

term whilst the system adjusts to the new structure and is dependant on the timing and success of

the nourishment scheme.

In terms of plan shape evolution with respect to sediment transport, ABPmer (2004b) applied

equilibrium bay theory to the 2005 Scheme to ascertain the likely equilibrium beach forms

(assuming enough sediment was available). Atkins has reapplied the same methods (2009) to

assess the layout of the current scheme.

ABPmer found that due to the swash alignment of the coast, the bay formation was sensitive to

the wave angle, however, the formation was dependant on the availability of sediment. Atkins’

analysis confirmed that there was not enough sediment for the 2005 Scheme and that there may

still be a deficit for the 2009 Scheme to form full equilibrium bays at all locations. This would

suggest that material could be drawn in from adjacent parts of the Tywyn frontage which could

have a minor adverse impact.



57

The physical modelling undertaken by ABPmer showed that the formation of a salient in the lee of

the Warwick Place Breakwater could be disturbed by large storm events. This would suggest that

the physical conditions at the breakwater are enough to re-initiate sediment transport in the lee of

the Warwick Place Breakwater, with the conclusion that the likelihood of complete sediment

interruption at this location is low. Consequently it is likely that the 2009 Scheme, which includes

beach nourishment, will counteract the ability of the Warwick Place Breakwater to draw sediment

in from adjacent parts of the frontage and potentially have a net minor beneficial effect on the

sediment budget by adding to the amount of material on the upper shore, countering previous

losses.

The present pattern of cross and longshore transport on the Tywyn frontage has been discussed

in more detail in Section 4.4.2. It is apparent from inspection of the results of the 1D coastal

modelling (Atkins, 2009) in Figure 30, Appendix A that peak transport occurs in the sand zone

around the proposed breakwater location. This would suggest that if the Warwick Place

Breakwater prevented sediment transport only in the location where it resided it would remove

approximately 35% of the longshore transport. It has, however, already been shown from the

physical modelling results that the area behind the Warwick Place Breakwater is subject to

removal of the salient. When the results of the 1D modelling are considered in light of the 2D

modelling, the findings suggest that the impact of the Warwick Place Breakwater in reducing

longshore drift is likely to be limited. In addition positioning the breakwater at the embryonic

headland (Warwick Place) is the most appropriate as net sediment drift past this point is

approaching the lowest along the whole frontage. Consequently the reduction in drift caused by

placing the breakwater is proportionately less, reducing the impact to neutral.

Further analysis shows that the sand/shingle composition of the beach leads to this sediment

transport pattern. If however the shingle wasn’t present and the upper part of the foreshore

consisted only of sand (a likely scenario as there is a limited supply of shingle on the frontage) the

transport rates would be much higher, as seen in Figure 30, Appendix A. There is a need for a

control structure to limit the loss of any natural or recharged material from the upper foreshore.

The 2009 Scheme will also replace the existing groynes with shorter ones. Analysis of the

longshore drift patterns again shows that the majority of the sand transport is offshore of the

groynes. The purpose of the new groynes is to manage the limited stocks of shingle material on

the upper foreshore. The shingle material has been seen to be in decline on the foreshore as the

likely generating source (the Tonfanau cliffs, Sarn-y-bwch and historically the offshore deposits)

presently have limited inputs to the system. The current sand transport from offshore appears to

replenish the low tide foreshore. This sand then links to the dune systems principally to the South

of Tywyn. The 2009 Scheme does not interrupt the sand foreshore still link to the dunes (i.e. no

interruption of aeolian processes between the two) and, therefore, has a neutral impact on the

dune system.

The location of the Warwick Place Breakwater is immediately adjacent to the Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau

SAC. The position of the Warwick Place Breakwater has been optimised to ensure no part of the

structure is within the boundary of the SAC as defined by MLW. The Warwick Place Breakwater

will act to reduce wave heights behind the structure through dissipation of the wave energy. The

primary impacts of the structure are in the shadow zone behind the structure. Wave interaction

with the Warwick Place Breakwater may cause localised scour of the sand around the structure

toe, however the extent of this effect is limited. Therefore the impact on the SAC is neutral.

The Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment also aims to reduce the risk of wave overtopping. Due to its

location at the toe of the seawall it is likely to have a neutral impact on the sediment transport

processes along the frontage, as it will not lead to blockage of the drift along the front. Bryn-y-

mor, like Warwick Place, is located at an embryonic headland therefore has lower sediment

transport potential, reducing further any potential adverse impacts.



58

Mitigation

The Tywyn frontage is likely to begin forming two bays to the North and South of town in the short

(0-20 years) term. Analysis by Atkins (2009) also shows that the structures around the Tywyn

headland will form their own series of ‘bays’ at a much smaller scale. This analysis relies on the

assumption that there is sufficient sediment available to form these bays. The sediment budget

analysis suggests that in the first SMP2 epoch there is sufficient sand transport in the offshore

region to feed the sand part of the beach. There is limited shingle material available. As the

Warwick Place Breakwater seeks to retain material on the upper foreshore, it could temporarily

trap material in the formation of the bays. An integral part of the 2009 Scheme is beach

nourishment of approximately 16,500m3 of material in the zone behind the Warwick Place

Breakwater to feed this bay formation to mitigate any adverse impact that the structure would

have in drawing down sediment from other areas of the frontage. As a result of this mitigation,

there will be a minor beneficial effect on the beach, as the beach nourishment benefits the

sediment budget.

The semi-natural historical development of Tywyn as a ‘headland’ in the wider bay also suggests

limited impact from the 2009 Scheme. The existing Bryn-y-mor and Warwick Place defences

already protrude into the naturally curved bay shape, reducing sediment drift potential past these

points. The placement of Warwick Place Breakwater formalises this effect at the least damaging

location leading to a reduction of the impact from minor adverse to neutral.

In addition it is recommended that as part of the ongoing regional monitoring undertaken by CGC

that detailed monitoring of the beaches around the proposed scheme is undertaken to assess the

ongoing alterations to the local sediment transport.

Within the Site – Second SMP2 epoch (20-50 years)


In the medium term, it is likely that under current sea level rise predictions of between 100-300mm

for Wales that the coastline will continue to retreat at rates similar to or above current rates on the

undefended coastline. At the defended and geologically harder Tywyn frontage, the headland

effect is likely to become more pronounced towards the end of the 20-50 year period. This may

result in a zero drift zone forming at Tywyn as it becomes a definite headland to the bays to the

North and South. Consequently the 2009 Scheme is unlikely to have a significant impact on the

future sediment budget in comparison to the natural processes occurring.

Current predictions also suggest that the changes to wave patterns and water levels will lead to

increased sediment transport. As the shoreline is swash aligned it is unlikely that these changes

will have a significant impact on the coastline unless it led to a particular drift direction becoming

dominant. Historically this has not been observed even with the transgressive nature of the

shoreline. The exception to this is that with predictions suggesting storms will become more

frequent and severe, gross alongshore transport and drawdown events could become more

frequent and greater in magnitude. In both cases the impacts of the 2009 Scheme are likely to be

minimal in comparison to the natural processes, therefore it is considered that there would be a

neutral impact.

Mitigation

Mitigation for the medium term cannot be directly accounted for as part of these works due to the

large uncertainties with respect to the effect on coastal processes at this time scale, however

consideration has been given to the potential future scenarios and the scheme has sought to

allow for adaptive management mitigation approaches. The 2009 Scheme includes the

development of softer edges at the Southern end to ensure a smooth transition into the natural



59

coastline, with due consideration of the management practices in the dunes to the South. At the

Northern end, the 2009 Scheme seeks to allow future adaptation to strategic approaches with

other critical defences such as the Network Rail rock armour. The 2009 Scheme is, therefore,

considered to have a neutral impact.

In addition, the regional and detailed monitoring of the performance of the beach will lead to

development of the current management practices and allow response to changes in the natural

system as the evolve over time.

Outside the Site – First SMP2 epoch (0-20 years)


The ABPmer equilibrium bay analysis (2004b) showed that when comparing the existing situation,

the 2005 Scheme and the natural controls on the coastline that the differences in the coastline

position were all less than 50m, which is a relatively short distance over the 9 km coastline

between Tonfanau and Aberdyfi Bar. In addition the results of this analysis showed that there

would likely be a small increase in the indentation of the bay to the North of Tywyn.

The Atkins (2009) shoreline evolution modelling showed a similar envelope of results, however

under the typical annual conditions, there was an increased build up of material in the Northern

bay. It should be noted that the magnitude of these changes is small and that they would be

unlikely to alter the behaviour of this section of coastline beyond that currently seen or likely to be

impacted by future natural changes, which are typically erosive. Therefore the impact of the

scheme to the North of the site is likely to be neutral.

To the South of Tywyn, the shoreline is essentially free from controlling structures and activities

aside from the nourishment of the dunes at the Southern end of the frontage, which is thought to

be too small a process to have any influence on the overall shoreline alignment, with natural

events being of significantly greater magnitude. In addition the proposed nourishment works to

maintain the sand dunes are for a period of 25 years, beyond which natural processes will be

allowed to resume (unless the SMP2 determines a different policy approach). The dunes are a

minor part of the active sediment budget (acting as a potential source to the rest of the beach as

they erode). Consequently they are unlikely to be altered significantly by the 2009 Scheme. In

addition the impact of the scheme on the principal source of material to the dunes (the intertidal

foreshore) has previously been defined as neutral due to the embryonic headland, the low net

longshore transport rates and the ongoing feed of material from the offshore sand source.

This zone is also the start of the Dyfi geological SSSI which straddles the Afon Dyfi estuary.

According to the previous ABPmer work on embayment formation, the new defences could result

in a very small increase in the indentation of the bay in the vicinity of the Aberdyfi Bar. It should

be noted however that the Aberdyfi Bar is a highly dynamic feature - the actual behaviour of the

coastline cannot be represented by either embayment formation or 1D coastline modelling. The

behaviour of the estuary and subsequently the Aberdyfi Bar will be driven by changes in sediment

supply, river flows and sea level rise. Consequently this is likely to be the significant influence on

shoreline change in this area as the bar forms the control point for the coastline formation and not

the proposed scheme.

The estuary also acts as a barrier to drift with the complex processes interacting at the mouth

which allows the shoreline system to the North and South to be considered as independent units.

Consequently it is considered unlikely that any small changes to the sediment system to the North

will be able to transfer across this barrier and impact to the South. Similarly, any works at Borth

are unlikely to be significant enough to have an impact on the system to the North of the Aberdyfi

Bar. Therefore the impact on the Dyfi geological SSSI is likely to be neutral, either alone or in

combination with works to the South of the estuary.



60

It is considered that the 2009 Scheme will have the necessary beneficial stabilising effects on

beach morphology in the area between the new structures on the Tywyn foreshore. This

stabilising change will rapidly achieve a new equilibrium state following completion of work, aided

by the inclusion of the beach nourishment. In areas to the North and South of the Tywyn

foreshore the changes occurring are not expected to alter the behaviour of this section of

coastline. In the absence of any such negative coastal formation changes and the small increase

in sediment resources from the beach nourishment, it is concluded that the overall effect on the

sediment budget will be minor beneficial.

Mitigation

It is evident that the 2009 Scheme will formalise the formation of Tywyn as a ‘harder’ headland.

The difference between this, the natural and semi natural headland formation of the harder

geology and the existing defences is harder to ascertain. It is considered likely that the 2009

Scheme will have a neutral impact outside of the site in comparison to the existing situation in the

short term.

It should be noted that as part of the 2009 Scheme it is intended that the placement of beach

nourishment and the small rock structures to the South and North of Warwick Place breakwater

will allow the formation of semi-natural beaches providing a progressive transition between the

Northern and Southern bays and the headland itself, minimising the interruption of littoral

processes.

Outside the Site – SMP2 epoch (20-50 years)


In the medium term, the effect of the 2009 Scheme is considered negligible in the wider context of

the coastline development. The shoreline alignment will change in future as the hard control

points are subject to erosion. The form of the equilibrium bay will therefore adapt as the Sarn-y-

Bwch is eroded and the ebb delta to the Afon Dyfi evolves in response to sea level rise. Such

changes are likely to occur over relatively long timescales however it is considered likely that in

the medium term this effect will begin to be observed. This would suggest that the effect of the

scheme outside of the site in the medium term will be neutral in comparison to the natural

processes.

Mitigation

Due to the neutral impact of the 2009 Scheme outside the site in the medium term in comparison

to the natural coastal processes, mitigation measures are not considered necessary. It is,

however, recommended that the current monitoring programme is continued to allow adaptive

management to account for effects as and when they are observed.

4.5 Flora and Fauna


The baseline data of the flora and fauna of Tywyn and the surrounding area has been obtained

through the following mechanisms:

• Consultation: Consultation has been undertaken with relevant statutory and non-

statutory consultees, as detailed in Section 3



61

• Historic Survey Data: An assessment has been made of the data contained in the

Environmental Statement for the 2005 Scheme (ABP, 2005) which included the results

of the following surveys:

- An intertidal biotope mapping survey, including invertebrate sampling at upper,

middle and lower shore locations on the Tywyn sea front (CCW 1997, MNCR 1997)

- A subtidal habitat survey (MNCR, 1995)

- Mid-shore survey carried out in front of Warwick Place in December 2004

• Recent Survey Data: A walkover survey was undertaken on 27 May 2009 of the Tywyn

foreshore for the purposes of this ES, to identify the presence of piddocks and Sabellaria

alveolata (honeycomb worm reef), which were identified in a similar survey undertaken

in 2005

Due to the proximity of the proposed development area to internationally designated sites,

information to inform a HRA has been produced to assess the potential impacts of the scheme on

these sites (see Appendix E).


This section provides information on the baseline flora and fauna conditions within the proposed

area of the works and the immediate surrounding area.

Conservation Designations

A number of designated conservation sites lie within the vicinity of the proposed scheme and are

shown on Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12 in Appendix A.

The proposed works lie adjacent to / in close proximity to the following designated sites, which are

described in the following sections:

• Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau Special Area of Conservation (SAC) (also referred to as the Pen

Llŷn a’r Sarnau European Marine Site2)

• Craig yr Aderyn Special Protection Area (SPA)

• Dyfi Estuary SPA (also referred to as the Dyfi Estuary European Marine Site)

• Cors Fochno and Dyfi Ramsar site

• Biosffer Dyfi Biosphere

• Broadwater Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

• Dyfi SSSI

• Dyfi National Nature Reserve (NNR)

Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

SACs are designated under the EC Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild

Fauna and Flora 1992 (92/43/EEC) known as the Habitats Directive. The Habitats Directive is

transposed into UK law through the Habitats Regulations 1994.

2 Where a European site is located below the level of the highest astronomical tide (HAT) they are described

as European Marines Sites (EMS).



62

The Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC is the second largest SAC in the UK, covering an area of

146,023ha. Its boundary extends from the Llŷn Peninsula in the North almost as far as

Aberystwyth in the South. Along the Tywyn frontage, the SAC extends seaward from MLW.

Table 4.5 below lists the interest features of the Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC as supplied in the

Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for this SAC.

Table 4.5 Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC Interest Features

SAC Qualifying Feature Interest Features

Annex 1 habitats that are a primary reason for

selection of the site

• Sandbanks which are slightly covered

by sea water at all times of the day

• Estuaries

• Coastal Lagoons

• Large Shallow Inlets and bays

• Reefs

Annex I habitats that are present as a

qualifying feature, but not a primary reason

for selection of the site

• Mudflats and Sandflats not covered

by seawater at low tide

• Salicornia (includes glasswort and

pickleweed) and other annuals

colonising mud and sand

• Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-

Puccinellietalia maritimae)

• Submerged or partially submerged

sea caves

Annex II species that are present as a

qualifying feature, but are not a primary

reasons for selection of the site

• Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops

truncates)

• Otter (Lutra lutra)

• Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Special Protection Areas (SPA)

SPAs are designated under the EC Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds 1979

(79/409/EEC) known as the Birds Directive. The Birds Directive is transposed into UK law through

the Habitats Regulations 1994. There are two SPAs in the vicinity of Tywyn:

Dyfi Estuary SPA

The Dyfi Estuary SPA lies approximately 6km South of Tywyn. Table 4.6 below lists the interest

features of this SPA as supplied in the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form for this SPA.

Table 4.6 Dyfi Estuary SPA Interest Features

SPA Qualifying Feature Interest Features

Internationally important populations of

regularly occurring Annex 1 species

Over winter the area regularly supports

• Anser albifrons flavirostis (Greenland



63

Article 4.1 Qualification (79/409/EEC) white-fronted geese)

Craig yr Aderyn SPA

The Craig yr Aderyn SPA is located approximately 9km inland, Northeast of Tywyn. Table 4.7

below lists the interest features of this SPA as supplied in the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

for this SPA.

Table 4.7 Craig yr Aderyn SPA Interest Features

SPA Qualifying Feature Interest Features

Internationally important populations of

regularly occurring Annex 1 species

Article 4.1 Qualification (79/409/EEC)

Over winter the area regularly supports

• Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocarax (Chough)

Ramsar Sites

Ramsar sites are listed under the 1972 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International

Importance especially as wildfowl habitat. Government policy is that Ramsar sites are treated in

the same way as SPAs and SACs for the purpose of considering development proposals, as set

out in Planning Policy Wales (WAG 2002).

The Cors Fochno and Dyfi Ramsar site lies approximately 6km South of Tywyn. Table 4.8 below

lists the interest features of the Ramsar site as supplied in the Information Sheet on Ramsar

Wetlands for this site.

Table 4.8 Cors Fochno and Dyfi Ramsar Site Interest Features

Ramsar Qualifying Feature Interest Features

Ramsar Criterion 1 The site contains the largest estuarine

raised mire, and the third largest “active”

raised mire in Britain.

Dyfi Biosphere

Immediately South of Tywyn lies the Dyfi Biosphere. A biosphere reserve is an international

conservation designation given by UNESCO as part of its Programme on Man and the Biosphere.

In June 2009, the Dyfi Valley was recognised as the only UNESCO Biosphere reserve in Wales.

Encompassing an area of approximately 82,000ha, the Dyfi Biosphere includes three SACs and

seven SSSIs.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) are notified under the Wildlife and Countryside Act

(WCA) 1981 as amended. Under the Act, the conservation agencies are required ‘to notify land

which, in their opinion is of special interest for its plants, animals, geological or physiographical

features’. CCW is the statutory nature conservation body responsible for advising on the

environmental impacts of plans or proposals on designated sites. There are two SSSIs adjacent

to the study area.



64

Broadwater SSSI

The Broadwater SSSI is located approximately 0.5km to the North of the site and comprises the

Broadwater tidal lagoon and the lower part of the Afon Dysynni. The site is designated for its

variety of habitats which include saltmarsh, a shingle spit, mudflats, pools, reedbeds, ditches and

the river itself. The habitats support a rich flora with a number of nationally and locally rare species

such as:

• Saltmarsh – Wild Celery, Lesser Centaury, Sharp Sea Rush

• Vegetated shingle – Yellow-horned Poppy

• Ditches, pools - Welsh Mudwort (Limosella australis), which is only found at only two

other locations in Europe

It is also an important site for breeding and wintering birds, including waders:

• Breeding: Little Terns (the SSSI supports one of the few Welsh breeding colonies),

Wigeon, Pintail, Red Breasted Mergansers, Coot, Sedge Warbler, Mallard, Teal

• Wintering: Little Grebe, Curlew, Oystercatchers, Cormorants, Common and Black-

headed Gulls, Herring

Otters also regularly use the SSSI and may breed within or close to it.

Dyfi SSSI

The Dyfi SSSI is located 0.5km to the South of Tywyn and is designated for both its geological

and biological features:

• Geological: The site provides a detailed record of coastal and environmental changes

during the Holocene. It is also a significant site in the UK for geomorphological studies

of estuarine sedimentation and the links between this and the estuary mouth processes

of spit development

• Biological: The SSSI includes a range of habitats including the Dyfi estuary, sand dunes,

saltmarsh, mudflats and sandbanks, woodland, lowland grassland and mire, and Cors

Fochno (Borth Bog). The site is also of considerable ornithological interest for its variety

of breeding and wintering birds. Large numbers of waders and wildfowl use the estuary

in winter, including nearly 5,000 over-wintering wigeon, a population of national

significance. A flock of approximately 140 Greenland white-fronted geese frequent the

Dyfi in winter, and it is important as the only regular wintering population in Wales.

Breeding birds include lapwing, redshank, curlew, snipe, ringed plover, teal, shoveller,

shelduck, heron, water rail, grasshopper warbler, reed warbler and reed bunting.

Skylark and linnet also occur widely

National Nature Reserves

National Nature Reserves (NNR) are designated under the National Parks and Access to the

Countryside Act 1949. The Dyfi NNR is situated approximately 0.5km South of Tywyn and falls

within part of the Dyfi SSSI. This area includes most of the Afon Dyfi itself, the Southern dune

system, and the raised mire (CGC, 1998).



65

Natur Gwynedd Biodiversity Action Plan

The biological interest of the site is also promoted under the Natur Gwynedd Biodiversity Action

Plan (BAP), which is one of many local BAPs set up around the UK to take forward the UK BAP.

The UK BAP was published in January 1994 following the signing of the Biodiversity Convention

by the UK Government at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the

Earth Summit) held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. Within the UK BAP, action plans have been

published for approximately 400 priority species and 45 habitats. Habitat and species action

plans prepared in the Natur Gwynedd local BAP of relevance to areas of coastline adjacent to the

site include those for mudflats and otters. As described in the sections above, both of these are

protected under the SAC. Other UK national priority BAP species and habitats of relevance to the

site include:

• Lapwing

• Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

• Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

• Blanket Bog

• Coastal sand dunes

Description of Existing Environment

The flora and fauna of the study area has been divided into the following sections for discussion:

• Terrestrial Flora and Fauna (area above MHWS)

• Intertidal Flora and Fauna (area between MHWS and MLWS)

• Marine Flora and Fauna (area below MHWS and permanently submerged)

• Birds

Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

The immediate hinterland behind the area of the works is dominated by the urbanised landscape

of Tywyn and the seafront promenade. There are no designated conservation sites or areas of

biological interest immediately behind the area of the works.

To the North of the urban edge of Tywyn (from groyne 34), open fields predominate, comprising

mainly reclaimed low lying marshland. Approximately 0.5km North of Tywyn (immediately North

of the sewage treatment works), this marshland falls within the Broadwater SSSI. The SAC also

extends up to the back of the beach in this location. The marshland predominates Northwards as

far as the Dysynni, which is included in the Broadwater SSSI designation. This marshland

hinterland to the North of Tywyn is separated from the sea by a railway track running along the

seafront almost as far as the Dysynni. Further North beyond the Dysynni, dunes backed by

marshland predominate.

To the South of Tywyn, from the outlet of Afon Dyffryn Gwyn to the mouth of the Afon Dyfi the

hinterland is dominated by a 3km long stretch of sand dunes backed by open fields of marshland.

The dunes closest to Tywyn are relatively low, but increase in height to the South reaching a

maximum height of around 15m towards the mouth of the Afon Dyfi. They also extend between

75 and 150m landwards.

The sand dunes between Tywyn and Aberdyfi were surveyed and mapped in July 1991 (Ashall et

al, 1994 as cited by ABPmer, 2005). The dunes comprise mobile and semi-fixed dune vegetation

as summarised below:



66

• Mobile dunes - open cover of sand couch (Elytrigia juncea) and marram grass

• Semi-fixed dunes – marram grass, red fescue, common restharrow (Ononis repens) and

burnet rose (Rosa pimpinellifolia)

• Dune slacks - marsh pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris) and glaucous sedge (Carex

flacca)

Both the dunes and the marshland behind fall within the Dyfi SSSI which is situated approximately

0.5km South of Tywyn. They also fall within the Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC which extends inland at

this location and the Cors Fochno and Dyfi Estuary SPA.

The hinterland is also used by birds for feeding and roosting. A description of the existing

environment in relation to birds is described in the ornithology section below.

Intertidal Flora and Fauna

The intertidal zone in the area of the proposed scheme supports a sparse flora and fauna, with

only a few species being present at low abundances (CCW, 1997). This is likely to be due to the

exposed nature of the beach and the high mobility of sediment by strong waves and currents.

Evidence of low biological interest has been determined from reviewing the assessment carried

out by ABPmer in 2005 of a number of intertidal surveys undertaken between 1995 and 2004

(historic survey data) as listed above in the ‘method of assessment’. An assessment has also

been made of the recent survey carried out in May 2009. Tables extracted from ABPmer (2005)

summarising the species recorded in the 1997 and 2004 surveys are contained in Appendix F,

along with the 2009 survey report.

ABPmer (2005) interpreted the 1997 CCW survey data available and concluded that the beach

could be divided into three broad habitat types; shingle/gravel, medium to coarse sand and fine to

muddy sand. Across this range of habitats, ABPmer (2005) identified four biotopes (biological

communities) with the presence and abundance of species closely related to the tidal range.

These four biotopes are described as follows in Table 4.9. The biotope distribution is set out in

Figure 14 in Appendix A and the biotope codes are stated within the table (Marine Nature

Conservation Review (MNCR) biotope codes compatible with the European EUNIS habitat

classification system).



67

Table 4.9 Biotope Types

Shore Area Habitat Type Biotope Type

Upper Shore Shingle, rock (LGS.Sh.BarSh)

Shingle/cobble beach with no apparent

macrofauna

Upper/Mid Shore* Medium/Coarse Sand (LGS.S.AEur)

Mobile medium to coarse sand with

burrowing amphipods such as Nephtys

cirrosa, Haustorius arenarius and

Arenicola marina) and the isopod

Eurydice pulchra. Very few

polycheates are present in this zone

Mid Shore* Medium/Coarse Sand (LGS.S.AP.P)

Medium to fine sand with burrowing

amphipods, Nephtys cirrosa and

Arenicola marina

Lower Shore/Shallow

Subtidal**

Muddy Fine Sand (IMS.FaMS.EcorEns)

Fine to muddy sand characterised by

infauna (Echinocardium cordatum (sea

urchin) and Ensis sp. (clams)),

polychaetes (Nephtys sp. and

Scolelepis squamata) and small

molluscs (Angulus tenuis)

*A survey undertaken in 2004 at the mid-shore level in front of Warwick Place found that nematode and nemertean

species dominated with Scolelepis squamata, Pontocrates arenarius and Angulus tenuis present.

**A subtidal survey was also carried out in 1995 as part of the Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR, 1995). The

subtidal sample area was described as being an extensive sand/mud plain with little epifauna and infauna. However,

some infauna such as Ensis siliqua and Echinocardium cordatum flourish in such habitats especially at the lowest

extremities of the intertidal and across the shallow sublittoral areas. Species such as gobies, harbour crabs (Liocarcinus

depurator) and starfish (Asterias rubens) are also present. The features present include mobile sediments, mounds/casts,

ripples and tubes.

Source: ABPmer 2005

The 1997 CCW survey also identified the presence of Mytilus edulis (mussels) and Sabellaria

alveolata reefs at mid-tide level on the boulders adjacent to the concrete outfall pipes at the

Northern and Southern end of the frontage. These were identified as two further biotopes (table

4.10)

Sabellaria alveolata is a biogenic reef created by the honeycomb worm. The reef is a UKBAP

habitat and is protected under the Habitats Directive as it is an Annex 1 species. The 2009

walkover survey for this EIA recorded patches (less than 1m2) of Sabellaria alveolata on three of

the existing groynes (numbers 03, 12, 27 in Figure 8, Appendix A) as well as a small timber

structure in between groynes 04 and 05. It was also found on exposed rocks lying between

groynes 27 and 33 (see Figure 8, Appendix A for groyne layout).



68

Table 4.10 Biotopes Adjacent to Outfalls

Area of the Shore Habitat Type Biotope Type

Outfall Pipes (Mid-Tide

Level)

Boulders (ELR.MB.MytB)

Mytilus edulis (mussels) and barnacles

on boulders in the vicinity of the outfall

pipes

Outfall Pipes (Mid-Tide

Level)

Boulders (MLR.Sab.Salv)

Sand abraded eulittoral mixed

substrata with Sabellaria alveolata

reefs. The area recorded was small

(approximately 5m2) on boulders near

the drainage outfalls. Other species

present on the boulders included the

limpet (Patella vulgata), the dogwhelk

(Nucella lapillus) and the green alga

(Enteromorpha sp.)

Source: ABPmer 2005

Intertidal species within the Dysynni and Dyfi estuaries may be of greater biological interest due to

the more sheltered environments and the wide variety of bird species that they support. Both the

Dysynni and Dyfi estuaries fall within UK and EU designated sites, whilst the Tywyn frontage does

not.

Throughout all shore positions described above, the beach is divided by numerous timber

groynes, with the very upper beach characterised by concrete seawalls and rock revetments.

These defences provide a substrate for a number of epifaunal species (ABPmer, 2005). In the

upper to lower shore, attached Fucus spiralis (seaweed) has colonised the timber groynes

(typically at the upper limits of the tidal range). These were observed at distances of around 50m

in front of Pier Road and 20m at Warwick Place (ABPmer, 2005). Below the tidal height marked

by these occasionally attached fucoid algae, any suitable solid and non-wooden surfaces

(including areas of concrete fill between the timber groynes, or occasional rock debris) support a

relatively dense epifaunal assemblage of barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides and Elminius

modestus), periwinkles (Littorina saxatalis) limpets and juvenile mussels (ABPmer, 2005).

However, the extent of such features is very limited (ABPmer, 2005).

The groynes and rock debris also afford some shelter for polychaete worms. The species present

at the time of the CCW survey included common/brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) and the

polychaete species Haustorius arenarius and Nephtys sp. Small boulders in the sand also

provide a base for the beadlet anemone (Actinia equina) and red algae (Rhodothamniella

floridula).

Ancient peat and clay beds are also found scattered along the beach, which are sometimes visible

following periods of beach scour and at other times covered with sediment. In the 1997 CCW

survey, an area of peat and fossilised wood to the North of groyne 34 (see Figure 8, Appendix A

for groyne layout) was recorded to be colonised by the piddock Barnea candida. However, the

recent 2009 survey, which included a walkover survey (between groynes 01 and 34) for piddocks

on both the peat and clays beds as well as the wooden groynes, did not record any present. The

results of the 2009 walkover survey are presented in Appendix F. There was also no evidence of

empty piddock shells on the beach. No peat and clay beds were found exposed on the day of the

survey. There are known to be exposed peat and clay beds to the South of Tywyn, so it is

possible that piddocks could be present further South.



69

Marine Environment

There is little detailed information on subtidal habitats offshore of Tywyn. The area is not

intensively fished commercially, although some commercial and recreational fishing does take

place (see section 4.14).

The adjacent estuaries of the Dysynni and Dyfi North and South of Tywyn are known to support a

range of fish species. The Dyfi SSSI citation states that the Dyfi estuary is a vital nursery area for

juvenile sea bass and mullet and helps support other important migratory fish, including salmonid

populations. Both estuaries also support populations of otter, which include fish and shellfish in

their diet.

In terms of seabed habitats, from the types of species caught – shellfish, pelagic and demersal

fish - (refer to section 4.14 for more information on fisheries) it can be inferred that the seabed

offshore of Tywyn comprises mostly sand with some rocky areas and patches of reef. Despite the

patches of Sabellaria alveolata reef found on the beach at Tywyn, there is no evidence of this reef

immediately offshore of the proposed works area. Adjacent subtidal reefs are found

approximately 4km North (North of the Dysynni) and approximately 16km South (South of Borth).

The Irish Sea as a whole is a productively fished area and species commonly landed by

commercial vessels fishing the area are likely to be found in the waters of Cardigan Bay.

No information on the presence of marine mammals has been identified although it is known that

grey seals, otters and bottlenose dolphins are one of the reasons for the SAC designation and

therefore could be present in the area. The Broadwater SSSI citation states that otters regularly

use the SSSI, which is only 0.5km North of Tywyn. There are, however, no known sightings of

otters in the area of the 2009 Scheme.

Birds

The British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) holds no Core Count Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) data for

this stretch of coastline. However, ABPmer (2005) identified two bird surveys carried out in 1985

and 1998 (unpublished data provided to ABPmer by BTO) which have enabled a description of

the local ornithology to be provided. The surveys were both conducted during January and

therefore only provide details of overwintering birds. There is no survey data for spring / summer

breeding birds. The results of these surveys as cited by ABPmer (2005) are shown in Table 4.11.

The data shows that in 1985 the foreshore between Tywyn and Afon Dysynni contained

occasional waterbird species including oystercatcher, dunlin and turnstone. Overall numbers

were relatively low and in total 43 birds were observed along 3.5km of coastline. In 1998 only

eight birds were recorded in the same area and of these, three individuals were waterfowl species

(1 red-throated diver and 2 wigeon) that were present on the water and not in the intertidal. There

were no survey notes to accompany the data so it is not clear whether the birds were actively

feeding or whether they were sub-roosting or resting. However, in view of the nature of the

habitat, the low abundance and diversity of invertebrate prey species (as described in the previous

section) and the low numbers of waterbird species recorded, this does not appear to be a valuable

feeding or roosting area. Of those species that were recorded, it is expected that the majority

(especially oystercatcher and turnstone) were feeding to the North of Tywyn where there is a more

favourable rocky shore habitat. It is concluded therefore that the Tywyn foreshore itself is of low

ornithological value.

To the North and South of Tywyn as well as inland, there are conservation sites designated for

their species of breeding and wintering birds. This includes the Broadwater SSSI to the North, the

Dyfi SSSI and Dyfi SPA to the South and the Craig yr Aderyn SPA inland. The number of birds

using these designated sites is likely to be greater that those recorded on the Tywyn foreshore.



70

Table 4.11 Low Tide Bird Counts between the Afon Dysynni and Afon Dyfi

Date 01-Jan-85

01-Jan-98

Sector Intertidal Total Land Sea Intertidal Total

370101 (6058m) - South of Tywyn to Mouth of Afon Dyfi

Cormorant 5 2 7

Common Scoter 38 38

Dunlin 21 21

Great-crested Grebe 3 3

Grey Plover 1 1

Oystercatcher 4 4 21 21

Red-throated Diver 68 68

Red-breasted Merganser 7 7

Ringed Plover 2 2

Sanderling 2 2

Shelduck 2 2

370102 (3460m) –Tywyn Foreshore and area North to Afon Dysynni

Curlew 1 1

Dunlin 2 2

Knot 1 1

Oystercatcher 34 34 5 5

Red-throated Diver 1 1

Sanderling 1 1

Turnstone 4 4

Wigeon 2 2

370103 (8154m) – The Afon Dysynni

Oystercatcher 6 6

Red-breasted Merganser 3 3

Ringed Plover 2 2

Source: ABPmer 2005


This section provides information on the potential impacts of the scheme on the flora and fauna

within the study area during construction. A summary of potential impacts on all of the adjacent

international designated sites is contained in Appendix E.

Hinterland Flora and Fauna

The hinterland habitat directly behind the proposed works is characterised by the settlement of

Tywyn, with no areas of biological interest. As such aspects of the construction taking place on

the immediate hinterland (promenade repairs, site compound) will have a neutral impact on the

hinterland flora and fauna.


During construction, the majority of the work will take place in the intertidal area and there will be

damage and disturbance to species and habitats within the immediate vicinity of the works.



71

Disturbance will result from the presence of plant and machinery on the beach, the stockpiling of

construction materials, unloading of delivery barges and the construction work itself (excavation,

removal of groynes, piling, etc. For more information on the construction methodology, see

Section 2.). This is likely to result in the mortality of some species from physical damage and

smothering. The majority of the species identified are considered common in the UK, are found in

low numbers on the beach and are likely to rapidly re-colonise the beach once the construction

period has ceased.

There will be damage to patches of Sabellaria alveolata reef, which is protected under Annex 1 of

the Habitats Directive and is one of the primary reasons for the designated of the Pen Llŷn a’r

Sarnau SAC. This loss will occur during the removal of groynes where it has been identified (see

baseline information in Section 4.5.2 above). There is also a risk that the contractors could

damage the area of reef found on boulders between groynes 27 and 30 (see Figure 8, Appendix

A for groyne layout). The SAC does not extend above MLW onto the beach area where the works

will be taking place. Tywyn is also not identified on CCW’s Indicative Map of Annex 1 Habitats as

an area of Sabellaria alveolata reef. The contractor will be instructed to avoid these areas with all

plant, machinery or boats (whichever Delivery Option is chosen – see Section 2.3. for details on

the construction methodology and possible delivery options) and not to stockpile material in this

area. The contractor will minimise use of beach area as much as possible and will agree site

traffic routes / no-go areas with CCW / CGC. Due to the general absence of any significant

habitats and species within the footprint of the works and the small patches of Sabellaria alveolata

reef, which can be avoided, the impact on losses of habitats and species is considered to be

minor adverse.

During the construction of the Warwick Place Breakwater, there will be movement of plant and

vessels within the SAC, which extends landward to mean low water. As shown on Figure 3 in

Appendix A, the Warwick Place Breakwater is not within the SAC and the contractors will, where

possible, construct the breakwater from its landward side, working backwards up the beach.

Should the contractor require access to the seaward side, this is likely to involve movement within

a maximum 10m x 50m wide strip to manoeuvre their machinery, thus keeping the working area

within the SAC to a minimum. As no SAC features have been identified within this area of the

SAC, the impacts of physical damage to SAC features are determined to be minor adverse.

All the construction work will be confined to the Tywyn frontage (between groynes 01 and 34) and

therefore there will be no impacts (neutral) on adjacent intertidal flora and fauna.


Delivery Option A will not result in any additional impacts to those set out above. The impact of

this option on losses of habitats and species is, therefore, considered to be minor adverse.


This Delivery Option will require the creation of a stockpile of rock near the Warwick Place

slipway, while the Warwick Place Breakwater, South Terminal Rock Groyne and improvements to

the Warwick Place Rock Revetment construction activities are taking place. It will also require the

movement of site traffic across the beach to transport rock from the site compounds at Bryn-y-mor

or Warwick Place to the areas where rock structures are being built (see Section 2.3 for more

details of the construction methodology).

These additional movements of site traffic and rock will result in greater impacts to the beach and

intertidal species, creating moderate adverse impacts on intertidal habitats and species. The

contractor will be instructed to avoid areas of Sabellaria alveolata reef. The use of protective mats

may be required in some areas. The need (or otherwise) for such measures should be agreed by

the contractor with CCW / CGC prior to selecting the routes across the beach for site traffic.



72

Given the general absence of any significant habitats and species within the footprint of the works

and agreeing any additional protection measures with CCW / CGC, the impact on losses of

habitats and species can be reduced to minor adverse.

Marine Flora and Fauna

As the majority of the construction work will be carried out on the beach (between MHW and

MLW), there will be no direct damage to any marine flora and fauna. Construction processes

taking place on the beach could impact on the marine environment indirectly through the release

and re-suspension of sediments into the water column and through the generation of underwater

noise.

Sediment release / re-suspension

Sediment could become released into the water column through the following construction

activities:

• Delivery of rock by sea and beaching of boats (Delivery Option A only – see Section 2.3

for details)

• Tracking of plant across the beach

• Excavation for rock structures

• Placement of rocks for the breakwater

• Beach re-nourishment

• Removal and piling of the groynes

• Seawall/step repairs

There is a risk that any sediment mobilised and released into the water column could be

transported offshore and/or along the coastline to the North and South, smothering any seabed

habitats. The longshore transport of sediment occurs in both a Northerly and Southerly direction.

Section 4.4 on coastal processes indicates that longshore movement of sediment is naturally low

and that the estuaries provide a natural barrier to the movement of sediment. The risk of transport

of mobilised sediment away from the Tywyn shorefront is, therefore, considered to be low,

however, a number of mitigation measures will also be put in place to reduce the risk of sediment

being released (see table 4.12). With these measures in place, any sediment released into the

sea is likely to be in small quantities and impacts on marine habitats are considered to be minor

adverse.

The potential release or re-suspension of sediment into the water column could also impact fish

and shellfish species. Any smothering of benthic habitats used by fish could limit available

feeding grounds (through the smothering of invertebrates on which fish feed). The seabed habitat

immediately offshore of Tywyn is most likely composed of sand and outcrops of rock, and subject

to natural mobilisation of sediments through wave action and currents. Given the absence of any

significant habitat for fish and shellfish species within the area of the works, and the measures

taken to reduce the risk of sediment release into the water, the impact is considered to be neutral.

An increase in turbidity in the water column could decrease the photosynthetic activity of plants

and algae. Increased suspended sediment levels could also cause the gill structures of fish to

become clogged. Due to the minimal amounts of turbidity likely to be released during

construction, as a result of the mitigation measures, this impact is considered to be neutral.



73

Table 4.12 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Sediment Release

Activity Mitigation Measure

Delivery Option A - delivery of large rock by

sea

Boats to beach as high up the beach as

possible.

Excavation for rock structures Excavation will take place at low tide and

material will be stockpiled off of the beach.

The material will either be re-used during the

construction or will be removed from site.

Placement of rocks for the rock structures A geotextile layer will be placed at the base of

all structures before rocks are placed on the

substrate. This will help reduce sediment

lost.

Beach nourishment To take place after the Warwick Place

breakwater has been constructed so that

material released is retained behind the

structure. Recharge will also take place at

mean low water.

Removal and piling of groynes To take place at MLW.

Seawall/step repairs Concrete will be broken out at MLW and will

be stored above MHW. Concrete repairs will

be either pre-cast or poured into formwork on

site. Poured concrete on site will be done at

MLW and will have a setting agent added to

increase the rate at which it sets.

Underwater noise / vibration

Although the work is taking place above MLW, there is the potential for noise and vibration to be

transmitted underwater, particularly during the piling operations for the construction of the groynes

(see Section 2 for more information on construction methods).

There is no direct information regarding the noise generated and the reaction of fish and

mammals to the dropping and settling of large objects on the shore, but it is recognised that

cetaceans (whales and dolphins) can exhibit behavioural responses to construction noise

(particularly noted in the harbour porpoise) such as pile driving for windfarms, over large distances

of to 7.4-10km (Tougaard et al, 2003 and Nedwell et al, 2004). Should the works result in any

increased underwater noise levels, this could lead to temporary displacement of fish and

mammals from the area as they swim away from the site to avoid disturbance, but it would not be

injurious. It is known that mammals are particularly sensitive to high and low frequency sounds,

such as those generated by sonar activities.

Sounds of this nature will not be generated during the works or by the equipment on board the

marine vessels. In addition, the majority of construction activities will be undertaken at low water,

reducing the risk of underwater noise. Dissipation of vibration is likely to be rapid, due to the

relatively soft nature of the underlying clay sediment which will absorb some of the vibration

generated. Impacts on marine mammals and fish from noise generated during construction are

considered to be neutral.

The impact of noise and vibration on residents and visitors is considered in Section 4.10.



74

Birds

The works are scheduled to take place over an 18 month period, occurring in both the over-

wintering season (November to March inclusive) and breeding season (March to August

inclusive). Although the immediate area of the works is not considered important for birds, the

works may cause some noise and visual disturbance to both breeding and overwintering birds

further along the coastline to the North and South, such as in and around the Broadwater SSSI,

Dyfi SSSI and Dyfi SPA.

The piling for the groynes is likely to be the loudest individual activity, however, this work is highly

localised and time limited and the piling is not expected to add significantly to existing site and

background noise levels. In the event that birds in the Tywyn foreshore area are disturbed, they

would be able to utilise the large areas of shoreline that extend further North and South along the

coastline. Any displacement would be temporary in nature for the duration of the works. The

impacts are considered to be minor adverse.

The construction will also cause disturbance to invertebrate communities living in the intertidal

area of the beach, which could provide a food source to birds. However, the Tywyn beach is not

considered to be an important source of food for birds and more likely feeding areas are the

estuaries to the North and South. Impacts on birds feeding areas are considered to be neutral.

4.5.4 Assessment and Mitigation of Effects Post Construction

Hinterland Flora and Fauna

Post construction the 2009 Scheme will deliver reduced risk from the impacts of coastal flooding

and erosion to the immediate hinterland. There is, however, a lack of flora or fauna in this area

and the impacts of the 2009 Scheme are considered to be neutral.


The scheme will result in direct loss of approximately 27,733m2 of the beach as a result of the

land take from the new structures and the beach nourishment (see table 4.13). This equates to

approximately 10.6% of the total intertidal area (taken as the area between groynes 01 and 34

and between MHWS and MLWS). The existing foreshore habitats that will be lost are ‘common’ in

the UK (JNCC 1997) and in terms of the invertebrate species that they support, they are all

considered relatively impoverished or are deemed to be ‘barren’ on the upper shore.

Table 4.13 Footprint of Rock Structures and Beach Nourishment

Rock Structure Area (m2)

Warwick Place Breakwater 7,410

South Terminal Rock Groyne 639

Pier Road Rock Groyne 769

Beach Nourishment 16,262

Warwick Place Rock Revetment 263

Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment 2,390

The removal of the timber groynes will also cause the permanent loss of small areas of Sabellaria

alveolata reef. However, the new rock structures and timber groynes will provide a replacement



75

substrate for re-colonising Sabellaria alveolata. The impacts are considered to be minor

adverse.

Following construction, the new rock structures will also provide new habitat that may be

colonised by a range of species such as limpets, barnacles and algae. These species are

commonly found on coastal defence structures in the UK and are already present on concrete

surfaces on the Tywyn foreshore. The particular composition of any colonising community will be

dependant on a range of factors such as physical disturbance by waves and the relative

proportion of grazers and algae. The colonisation of the rock structures will have a minor

beneficial impact in terms of enhancing the intertidal flora and fauna.

The new beach recharge behind the Warwick Place Breakwater, which will have a similar particle

size and type to existing, will also provide habitat for colonising invertebrates similar to those

found on the beach at present. The re-colonisation of the beach nourishment is considered to be

a neutral impact as re-colonising species will be essentially replacing those smothered by the

nourishment.

Changes to coastal processes in the area of the Warwick Place Breakwater are considered to be

neutral (see section 4.4). Impacts on flora and fauna from changes to coastal processes are

therefore also considered to be neutral.

Marine Flora and Fauna

Following construction, the new structures could become colonised by algae, invertebrates,

molluscs and crustacean, which could provide a food source to fish and other mobile species.

However, this food source would only be available at high tide. At low tide, the structures would

be fully exposed and fish would not be able to access the structure for food. The exposed nature

of the structures also means that it is unlikely that fish and large crustaceans and molluscs will use

the structures for shelter within the niches of the rocks. The impact on the use of structures by

fish would be neutral.

Changes to coastal processes are considered to be neutral (see section 4.4). Impacts on fish

and marine habitats from changes to coastal processes are therefore also considered to be

neutral.

Birds

The existing beach does not provide a significant habitat for birds and therefore the loss of beach

area caused by the footprint of the new structures is considered to have a neutral impact on birds.

It is possible that some birds will use the rock structures as a roost, which will have a minor

beneficial impact. The rock structures may also become colonised by macroalgal species which

will provide a food source for birds, also considered a minor beneficial impact.

4.5.5 Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA)

As described in Section 4.5.2, the scheme is located adjacent to a number of designated sites.

The sites fall under the EC Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds 1979 (79/409/EEC) and

the EC Directive Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora 1992 (92/43/EEC).

Both Directives are transposed into UK law through the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.)

Regulations 1994 and their amendments, referred to as the Habitats Regulations.

The Habitats Regulations require the ‘Competent Authorities’ to undertake ‘appropriate

assessments’ (now referred to as Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA)) for plans or projects

that are not directly connected with or required for the management of sites designated under the

Habitats Regulations, and are likely to have a significant effect on them. The purpose of an HRA



76

is to assess the implications of the proposal in relation to the conservation objectives set for the

European designated sites likely to be affected.

Both CGC and the Marine & Fisheries Agency, as the ‘Competent Authorities’, are required to

undertake an HRA when considering whether or not to grant consent for the scheme. Both

authorities will seek advice from CCW in reaching their decisions. In order to assist the two

consenting authorities in reaching a decision on HRA for this scheme, this Environmental

Statement includes specific information for HRA on the likely effects of the scheme in relation to

the conservation objectives of the designated sites. A summary of the results of the assessment

are contained below, with the full report contained in Appendix E. The assessment has

determined that the scheme will have no significant adverse effect on the integrity of the European

designated sites.

4.6 Landscape and Visual Amenity


A Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) was undertaken to determine the impacts of

the 2009 Scheme on the landscape and visual amenity in and around the area of the Scheme.

The methodology for the LVIA follows current guidelines contained in the “Guidelines for

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment” – (Institute of Environmental Assessment and the

Landscape Institute, 2002) as well as Landscape Assessment Guidance.

The assessment describes and considers all the potential detrimental and beneficial impacts of

the development on both the landscape resources and visual amenity of the area. Current

guidelines suggest the assessment of an impact on visual amenity resulting from a particular

development should take full account of the landscape (character) impacts as well as the potential

visual impacts. Although they are separate, in most cases it is difficult to isolate each category

and so both landscape and visual impacts are considered as part of the assessment process.

The definition of impact terminology is specific to this LVIA and has been developed to ensure

that, as far as possible, an objective and consistent assessment is made and to ensure that the

terminology used is appropriate to the development and landscape setting. Potential impacts on

landscape resources and visual amenity have been separated:

• Landscape impacts are changes in the fabric, character and quality of the landscape

as a result of a particular development. They can also be referred to as direct effects on

the landscape. In other words, the development may affect landscape resources by

altering them, introducing new features or removing them completely. There may also

be indirect effects upon the landscape resources whereby the direct physical changes

have subsequent effects; in the case of this scheme indirect effects will likely result from

the prevention of flooding or erosion of the beach

• Visual impacts are a subset of landscape effects and relate solely to the changes to

available views of the site and the impact of those changes on visual amenity

A desk study was carried out under the current guidelines set out within: “Guidelines for

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment”. This involved a review of published texts and maps

to develop an understanding of the site in terms of general landscape character, special values

and interests, local value and its wider landscape context.

Maps were also used to identify the likely Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) of the site with reference

to landform and tree cover. The ZVI provides an accurate mapping base of the extent of the

visual envelope from within which the development can be seen, significance of the views and

identification of landscape resources and visual receptors.



77

Baseline information on the landscape of the area was collected through a preliminary desktop

study of maps, plans and documents. Documentation used in the desk study included:

• LandMap Geographic Information System for the Countryside Council for Wales and

Welsh Assembly Government: On-line resource

• Supplementary Planning Guidance, Gwynedd County Council

• 1:10 000, 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 Scale Digital Ordnance Survey Maps

• Multi-Agency Geographic Information for the Countryside (MAGIC)

To identify those elements of the landscape that notably contribute to the character of the

landscape, an assessment of existing landscape features was carried out and analysed. Key

points identified through the assessment process were then adopted as guidance for the design of

the proposed development.

The desk study was followed by a field survey carried out in June 2009. Investigation of the site

and surrounding area sought to identify key issues and constraints in respect of the impact of the

development on views into the proposed site, effects on the landscape of the site and the

relationship between the development and the surrounding landscape to:

• Identify key visual receptors

• Validate and qualify the results of the desk study and ZVI study (Figure 19, Appendix

A)

• Provide a representative photographic record from typical viewpoints (Figure 20,

Appendix A)

• Record an assessment of the landscape on both an objective and subjective basis from

each of those viewpoints.

Due to time constraints, the assessment was based on a summer appraisal of the site. Where

possible, anticipated worst case scenario impacts – those resulting from winter time views – are

provided in the text based on the summer time field study. The site appraisal was undertaken

during daytime conditions and the existing condition of the site at night was not assessed. The

baseline night-time condition of the site was anticipated based upon the context and land use of

the site and surrounding area.

The assessment of potential landscape impacts and visual impacts is based on the likely changes

that the development proposal will bring to the existing site as well as the surrounding landscape.

Such changes may arise during project construction and operational phases.

Impacts are graded according to their scale and magnitude; this is otherwise referred to as their

‘severity’. Effects and impacts are rated to include three definable levels of severity; these are

substantial, moderate and slight. This terminology is slightly different to that used elsewhere in

this ES, but is specific to LVIAs and has, therefore, been retained for this section.

The nature of effects and impacts is assessed on the potential negative (adverse) and positive

(beneficial) consequences of the proposals. For the purposes of this assessment the

significance criteria are summarised as follows:

• Substantial adverse - where the scheme would likely cause an obvious deterioration in

the existing landscape resources/ visual amenity

• Moderate adverse – where the scheme would likely cause a noticeable deterioration in

the existing landscape resources/ visual amenity



78

• Slight adverse – where the scheme would likely cause a barely perceptible

deterioration in the existing landscape resources/ visual amenity.

• No change – no discernable deterioration or improvement in the existing landscape

resources/ visual amenity

• Slight beneficial – where the scheme would likely cause a barely perceptible

improvement in the existing landscape resources/ visual amenity

• Moderate beneficial – where the scheme would likely cause a noticeable improvement

in the existing landscape resources/ visual amenity

• Substantial beneficial - where the scheme would likely cause an obvious improvement

in the existing landscape resources/ visual amenity


The landscape is an important national resource and, though subject to natural evolution and

change, it must be considered in its current condition as a valuable resource for future

generations.

The assessment in this section describes the existing situation or baseline conditions, including

the presence of existing land use and protected landscape designations. These conditions are

taken into account in assessing the landscape quality, character and views.

To ascertain the potential and likely impacts of the proposals on the landscape and the visual

amenity of the area, it is important to consider the site in its present landscape context. This is

referred to as its ‘baseline condition’.

Landscape Context – The Site in its Broad Setting

Tywyn is a town on the Cardigan Bay coast of Southern Gwynedd, North Wales between the Afon

Dysynni and Afon Dyfi Estuary. It accessed by the A493, is 32 miles by road North of Aberystwyth

and is served by the Cambrian Line railway. The coastal frontage is 800m from the Tywyn town

centre and is in total 1.8km long, comprising the 465m Victorian promenade, with a 360m

additional walkway to the South and a 975m promenade to the North. The proposed

development site lies from Bryn-y-mor to the North west of Tywyn and Neptune Road to the

Southwest and covers the developed length of Tywyn’s coast (refer to Figure 15, Appendix A).

The existing defences were constructed and altered in stages resulting in the different periods of

development and variable states of repair that make up the coastal defences as detailed in the

following section. Tywyn’s beach, which lost its Blue Flag status this year, is a mixture of sand and

stone divided by now dilapidated timber groynes. Warwick Place slipway and concrete steps

allow access to the beach, however several of the bays are fenced off due to the poor condition of

the enclosing groynes and subsequent degradation of the beach.

The development area is bounded by existing groynes to the North and South. The Tywyn

seafront, comprising a range of public promenades, forms the eastern boundaries and the

development is open to the sea to the west. East of the scheme and Tywyn, the landscape opens

out to fields of pasture with a back drop of hills beyond them.

Settlement and Infrastructure

The coastal landscape consists of intertidal and coastal landforms including predominantly sand

beaches with areas of rock and shingle and extensive dunes to the South at Aberdyfi. To the



79

North is the mouth of the Afon Dysynni. The sparsely populated farmland of Bro Dysynn and the

hills of Craig y Barcud and Craig Fach-Goch lie to the East.

The urban core of Tywyn is to the East of the proposals which form the Western extent of the

conurbation. Pier Road connects the seafront to the town centre, running West to East from the

Northern end of Victorian Promenade turning into High Street after 500m. Tywyn comprises a

large, low density suburban development, with decreasing density to the outskirts and along the

coast. The town is mainly residential with local shops and a few businesses primarily located on

the High Street. Tywyn comprises a mixture of architectural styles; predominantly from between

the Victorian to 21st century periods. The Norman parish church of St Cadfan houses St Cadfan's

Stone which dates from the eighth or ninth century and is inscribed with the oldest known written

Welsh.

On the seafront the earliest developments were the Victorian Promenade in 1890 and of a similar

period a promenade to the North of Sandilands Road, which was destroyed by a storm in circa

1935. The remainder of Tywyn’s frontage has developed in an ad-hoc fashion. The first modern

phase of the coastal defences was built in 1966 between Pier Road and Sandilands Road: half

was a formal concrete sea wall and the remainder was rock armour – large boulders contained by

a bull head rail crib. Subsequent phases were constructed between Warwick Place and Neptune

Road in 1967 to 1969. The final phase from Sandilands Road stretching Northwards was built in

1977. The frontage was completed to its current state in the mid 1980s when the rock armour and

bull head rail to the North of Pier Road was encased in concrete to create a formal sea wall.

The adjacent Victorian Promenade currently comprises car park areas and open hard pedestrian

spaces completed in the 1980s and typical of that era with extensive areas of block paving. It

features paddling pools, raised brick planters, a Victorian style shelter and other shelters from the

1970s.

Marine Parade comprises residential properties and holiday lets in a mixture of styles and ages

from a four storey Victorian terrace to modern blocks of flats built in the 1980s and 1990s divided

by a large play park. Several occupied and unoccupied business units occupy the Southern end

of the Promenade to Warwick Place. The properties on Marine Parade will have views of the

proposals. Chainlink fences, gardens and the rear of modern two storey houses on Plas Edwards

back on to North Promenade. Static caravan holiday homes, typically finished in pale green

siding, make up the expansive Bryn-y-mor and Gwynedd Caravan Parks that dominate the land

East of the North and South ends of the promenades. Both of the caravan parks overlook the

adjacent promenades and beaches below with expansive sea views.

Suburban style residential development is the primary land use between the town centre and

coast, with associated facilities including a primary school. Due to the orientation of these

properties and the height of the development to the promenade there are limited opportunities for

views of the proposals.

Views of the site are predominantly limited to the properties along the promenades. Key potential

receptors therefore to be considered will be as follows:

• residential and business properties along Marine Parade

• the playground on Marine Parade

• residential properties at Plas Edwards backing onto North Promenade

• seafront static caravan holiday homes at Bryn-y-mor and Gwynedd caravan parks

Landcover and Topography

The town of Tywyn sits within a wide expanse of low, level farm land at between 5 and 10m AOD

with Western exposure to the Cardigan Bay coast line. To the North the topography rises sharply



80

up to the hills of Tal y Gareg which peaks at over 189m AOD. To the East are Craig Fach Goch at

over 198m AOD and Craig y Barcut at over 214m AOD.

The area is dominated by pasture fields that cover the relatively flat valley floor and the hillsides.

The irregular shaped field pattern is defined by a range of fences, hedgerows or sparse lines of

trees. There are areas of woodland throughout the wider landscape, however they do little to

counter the open character as combined they only cover a small proportion of the landscape.

The Afon Dysynni flows East to West in the Northeast of the valley opening out into the

Broadwater, a 700m wide salt water lagoon formed from the silted up estuary, before meeting the

sea. 1km to the East of the Broadwater is the village of Bryncrug, the largest settlement in the

area after Tywyn. There are no views of the proposed site due to the intervening built form of

Tywyn and the relatively flat topography. The hillsides are dotted with individual houses and

farms. To the North of Afon Dysynni, on the western face of Tal Y Gareg, quarrying works at

Tonfanau has left the face of the hill bare of vegetation with an expanse of exposed grey rock.

The study area itself roughly lies on two levels, the promenade level and the beach level. It is

contained by and exposed to the sea to the west and contained to the East by the properties on

Marine Parade, Plas Edwards and the static caravan holiday homes at the caravan parks. It is

exposed to the North and South to the Cardigan Bay coastline. The beach is contained and

sheltered to the East by the sea wall and coastal defences with openings at the Pier Road and

Warwick Place slipways.

North promenade is paved with concrete enclosed by grey painted railings to the west and

concrete revetments with rocks set in to the East. Intermittently, there are concrete benches and

lighting columns in poor condition on the western side of the promenade. There is an approximate

1m change of level between the promenade and the beach with a limited number of access

points. North of Plas Edwards, an approximate 10m wide stretch of loose gravel hardstanding

separates the promenade from the adjacent Bryn-y-mor caravan park.

As previously described, Victorian Promenade features large areas of block paving completed in

the 1980s divided by paddling pools, raised brick planters (mainly planted with grass) and shelters

of different styles and ages. The brown and charcoal brick, knee high sea wall was also

constructed in the 1980s. There is an approximate 3m change of level between promenade and

the beach with a single stepped access. Formal planting beds divide the car park areas from

Marine Parade whilst rows of cobbles set in concrete interspersed with timber bollards divide the

car parks from the promenade. Adjacent within the promenade stands a line of Victorian style iron

and wooden seating. By the sea wall several public beach telescopes allow views out to sea. At

each of end of Victorian Promenade, the slipways at Warwick Place and Pier Road comprise

concrete ramps down to the beach and sea. The dark brick and granite of the sea wall form their

backdrop.

The promenade South of the Victorian Promenade is also constructed of concrete with an

approximately 1m tall concrete wall rising up to the caravan park to the East and a low wall down

to the beach topped by a light grey railing to west. There is a consistency of furniture between the

North and South Promenades, however despite the colour matching there is a range of railing

types used. The change in level to the top of the beach is approximately 1m.

4.6.3 Landscape Designations and Public Rights of Way

Landscape Designations

Landscape designations are applied to areas of special value at international, national, regional or

local level in response to particular qualities or historical or cultural associations. These areas are

generally considered to be of a higher sensitivity to change and therefore the potential effects and

impacts of the proposals on designated landscapes must be considered independently; as



81

contributors to sensitivity; and in light of the tolerance to accommodate change within the wider

character area.

Landscapes which may be considered of higher sensitivity to the proposed development include:

• Pen Llŷn a’r Sarnau SAC

• Craig Yr Aderyn SPA

• The Dyfi Estuary SPA

• Broadwater SSSI

• Dyfi SSSI

• Dyfi National Nature Reserve

• Snowdonia National Park

Due to their size and the distance between them, these designations will not be affected by the

proposals.

Public Rights of Way

In addition to landscape designations, it was important to consider the potential effects and

impacts on public footpaths within the site and wider area. Apart from the proposed site itself

being a public space and footpath, research has identified there are several public rights of way

within the surrounding area (see Figure 16, Appendix A). Routes of the definitive footpaths and

bridleways were taken from the OS 1:25,000 scale map. The users of the footpaths set out below

do not have views across the proposed site:

• A public footpath runs South from Neptune Road behind Gwynedd Caravan Park. It

splits with the western fork running Southwards behind the sand dunes and the Eastern

fork running Southeast towards Escuan Hall

• 500m North of the proposed site, one public footpath runs North along the Eastern side

of the railway, and two run East following the Aber Dysynni

4.6.4 Landscape Character

It is character that makes each part of the landscape distinct and gives it a particular sense of

place. This section involves the identification of those features or combinations of elements that

contribute to the character of the landscape, thereby enabling the special character and qualities

of an area to be understood. It should be noted, however, that identification of character is not

intended to describe the quality of the landscape.

The fittingness of a landscape to the wider character area is rated to include five definable levels;

these are exceptional, good, ordinary, poor and damaged.

• Exceptional – areas that exhibit a strong landscape structure with valued features that

contribute to the wider landscape character. These are landscapes which may be

considered to be of particular importance to conserve and which may be sensitive or

very sensitive to change

• Good – areas that exhibit a recognisable landscape structure but which have some

evidence of alteration causing degradation or erosion of features resulting in areas of

more mixed character. These are landscapes that may be sensitive to change if



82

unsuitably dealt with, but generally sensitively planned change is unlikely to be

detrimental

• Ordinary – areas that exhibit a distinguishable landscape structure, but which is often

masked by land use with few if any valued features. These are landscapes which may

be sensitive to change if inappropriately dealt with, however there is some scope for

positive enhancement

• Poor – areas that exhibit a weak landscape structure, which is often masked by land

use, with frequent detracting features. These are landscapes where change is unlikely

to be detrimental and there is often scope for positive enhancement

• Damaged – areas that exhibit a degraded landscape structure with dominant detracting

features; often where a single land use dominates and disturbed or derelict land requires

treatment. Frequent scope for positive enhancement

Landscape character assessment in Wales has been undertaken by CCW in partnership with the

Unitary and National Park Authorities. Jointly, they have prepared detailed datasets broken down

into geographically distinct Aspect Areas, published on the LANDMAP website. There are five

LANDMAP Landscape Aspects: Geological Landscape; Landscape Habitats; Visual & Sensory;

Historic Landscape; and Cultural Landscape.

The following descriptions summarise the 13 LANDMAP Aspect Areas relevant to the proposed

site. Refer to Figure 17, Appendix A for mapped extents of the Aspect Areas.

Geological Landscape

There are four distinct Geological Aspect Areas which contribute to the wider landscape character

of the study area:

Aspect Area Name: Dyffrin Dysynni

Aspect Area Classification: Mountain and upland valley/Glaciated mountain terrain/Glacial mountain valley (Level 3)

Aspect Area Code: SNPGL040

Geographical and topographical character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:

“A glacial mountain valley with a broad U-shaped Dysynni valley floor and lower Tal-y-Llyn valley

and Towyn estuary. Alluvium, extensive peat and broad alluvial fan in lower Dysynni valley, and

boulder clay, glacial sand and gravel. Higher reaches with boulder clay, head & alluvial fans.”

The Aspect Area was evaluated to be of outstanding geological landscape value, in a good

condition, with high historic value, outstanding research value, outstanding rarity and uniqueness,

with the recommendation to conserve as existing.

Aspect Area Name: Mynydd Pencoed




“South-facing rounded slopes of Dyfi valley, with tributaries in cwms, in S-dipping Ordovician-

Silurian succession dominantly of mudstones, with some turbiditic sandstones. NE-SW U-shaped

Cwm Dwr valley, NW-SE V-shaped tributary valleys. Dip South overall, but folded into regional

synforms & antiforms with N-S to NE-SW axes. Major E-W faults bound area to South - Silwi



83

Fault along part of Cwm Maethlon, Pennal Fault. Boulder clay, head and alluvium in Cwm Dwr

valley floor, otherwise patchy boulder clay, moraine, peat, head. Disused adits, mines (e.g.

Caethle - Zn, Pb) and slate quarries.”


condition with partly wooded, steep valley slopes and Landslips at valley floor. There is high

historic value, outstanding research value and rarity and uniqueness, with the recommendation to

conserve as existing

Aspect Area Name: Mynydd Cedris




“Steep N & S slopes of fault-controlled, U-shaped Tal-y-Llyn valley, with tributaries from U-shaped

cwms into steep sided V-shaped valleys. Mainly Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill) mudstones

and siltstones, but some Aran Volcanic Group acid tuffs & mudstones in NE. NE-SW Tal-y-Llyn

and Bala Faults. Dipping overall S, with N-S to NE-SW folding and faulting. Patchy head, scree,

peat & boulder clay mainly on lower slopes and cwm floors. Head and scree on lower slopes S of

major landslip in valley. Disused quarries (slate) and tips.”


condition with partly wooded upland valley slopes, outstanding historic value, research value,

rarity and uniqueness, with the recommendation to conserve as existing.

Aspect Area Name: Moel Maesywerngoch




“S-facing slopes dissected by U-shaped Dysynni valley & tributary valleys (cwms) draining into

main NE-SW fault-controlled valley (Dysynni Fault). E-dipping Cambrian - Ordovician

volcaniclastics & siltstone succession; many regional synforms & antiforms with N-S axes, and

major NE-SW faults (e.g. Dysynni, Ceunant). Cambrian Mawddach Group mudstones & siltstones

overlain by Ordovician Aran Volcanic Group basalts, acid & basic tuffs, dolerites and siltstones,

and by Ceiswyn Fm siltstones. Boulder clay on valley floors, peat and head on slopes. Landslips.”

The Aspect Area was evaluated to be of high geological landscape value, in a good condition with

partly wooded upland valley slopes, high historic value, research value, rarity and uniqueness,

with the recommendation to conserve as existing.

Landscape Habitats

There are four distinct Landscape Habitat Aspect Areas which contribute to the wider landscape

character of the study area:

Aspect Area Name: Tywyn

Aspect Area Classification: Dry (Relatively) Terrestrial Habitats/Built Up Areas/Residential/Green Space (Level 3)

Aspect Area Code: SNPLH396

Landscape Habitats character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:



84

“The aspect consists mainly of an urban development with patches of improved and amenity

grassland and a caravan site. Habitat condition is unknown. There are no internationally

protected habitats or BAP habitats within this aspect area. The aspect is not located within a

designated site. There is no knowledge of any priority species within this aspect area.”

Aspect Area Name: Marshy Grassland (Dyffryn Dysynni)

Aspect Area Classification: Dry (Relatively) Terrestrial Habitats/Grassland & Marsh/Improved Grassland (Level 3)



“The site is dominated by improved grassland but there are also significant areas of marshy

grassland within this site dominated by purple moor grass and rushes. Other habitats which have

a patchy distribution are planted coniferous woodland, semi natural broadleaved woodland and

dry heath acid grassland mosaic. Habitat condition is un-assessed. Most of the aspect is

improved grassland which is of little ecological value, but the marshy grassland habitat is

important BAP habitat The UK contains about 56,000 ha of this habitat and it is thought to be

considerably more than survives in the rest of Europe, with the exception of Ireland. However the

aspect are is not situated within a designated area. There is no knowledge of any priority species

within this aspect area.”

Aspect Area Name: Conifer Plantation (Corris)

Aspect Area Classification: Dry (Relatively) Terrestrial Habitats/Woodland & Scrub/Coniferous Woodland (Level 3)



“The majority of the aspect is planted coniferous woodland with small patches of dry acid heath,

quarry, unimproved acid grassland and wet heath. Habitat condition is un-assessed. There is no

knowledge of any internationally protected habitats or BAP habitats within this aspect area.

However, about 5-10% of the aspect is located within the Cadair Iris geological SSSI. There is no

knowledge of any priority species within this aspect.”

Aspect Area Name: Dune System (Aberdyfi)

Aspect Area Classification: Coastal & Marine Habitats/Coastland/Sand dune (Level 3)



“The site is dominated by dune grassland, open dunes, shingle above high tide mark, and caravan

site. Sand dunes are internationally protected habitats and BAP habitats. This aspect area

contains high priority BAP habitat and internationally protected habitat. Sand dunes are listed on

Annex 1 of the EC Habitat Directive. Wales hold 60,406 ha of sand dune habitat. Most of the

aspect is located within a SSSI and SAC.”

Visual and Sensory


Aspect Area Classification: Development / Built Land/ Urban (Level 3)

Aspect Area Code: SNPVS003

Visual and sensory character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:



85

“Tourist orientated town on coast surrounded by low lying rough pasture with sharp urban edge.

Victorian houses on central promenade, surrounded by modern estates & caravan parks.

Groynes dominant feature of pebbly / sandy beach.”

The key qualities that should be conserved were defined as the heritage and the Victorian

buildings. The need for visual unity was highlighted as was the promenade as in need of

enhancement. The disparate built form should be changed. Other noted qualities were a high

level of night time light pollution and a weak sense of place / local distinctiveness.

Historic Landscape

There are two distinct Historical Aspect Areas which contribute to the wider landscape character

of the study area.


Aspect Area Classification: Built Environment. Settlement / Nucleated Settlement (Level 3)

Aspect Area Code: GWNDDHL101

Historical Landscape character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:

“The ecclesiastical origins of Tywyn probably date back to mid-6th century when Cadfan is said to

have founded a monastery here. The settlement was attacked by the Danes in 963 but

recovered. There are two early funerary stones here. The ''villa de Tywyn'' is recorded in 1283,

and small burgesses are recorded in 1284, when Tywyn had 209 taxpayers. By 1820 the town

comprised just a small cluster of houses around the church, although it was transformed after the

opening of the Cambrian Railway in 1863 with the development of the tourist industry.”

There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings, Registered Parks and Gardens or

Conservation Areas but it is within a Registered Landscape of Historic Interest.

Aspect Area Name: Dysynni valley

Aspect Area Classification: Rural environment/Non agricultural/Reclaimed land (Level 3)

Aspect Area Code: GWNDDHL430

Historical Landscape character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:

“Large area of flat, low-lying land stretching inland from Tywyn up past Abergynolwyn to Tal-y-

Llyn, and Castell y Bere. Much of the area was re-claimed and improved by Corbet

(Ynysmaengwyn estate) after 1788, who transformed inland waste and coastal marshes into

productive land.”

Cultural Landscape

There are two distinct Cultural Aspect Areas which contribute to the wider landscape character of

the study area.


Aspect Area Classification: Influences/Material expressions/Urban/Urban Settlement (Level 4)

Aspect Area Code: SNPCL047

Cultural Landscape character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:



86

“An early Welsh settlement which was developed by the Ynysymaengwyn estate in the mid-

nineteenth century and which transformed itself into a small seaside resort with the help of the

Aberystwyth and Welsh Coast Railway from 1863. An important twentieth-century influence has

been the revival of the Talyllyn Railway, from 1951 - originally built to bring slate from

Abergynolwyn to the main line. It was the first 'heritage railway' to be revived by volunteers and

has become a major tourist attraction. The memorial stone in the twelfth-century church is the

earliest example of written Welsh, and dates from between the seventh and ninth century. There

is considerable uncertainty as to its meaning.”

The town was considered to be of high cultural value for its railway associations and for its

medieval origins and in fair condition despite some unsympathetic new development, such as the

supermarket on the site of the goods yard.

Aspect Area Name: Dysynni valley-Afon Fathew-Abergynolwyn-Broad Water

Aspect Area Classification: Influences/Material expressions/Rural/Rural Settlement (Level 4)

Aspect Area Code: SNPCL045

Cultural Landscape character of this area as cited by LANDMAP:

“A multi-period and picturesque area, with a rich legacy of archaeology. Two important estates

were based in this aspect area, Ynysmaengwyn, the foremost 'improving' estate in the county in

the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and Peniarth, home to an important collection

of texts. Castell y Bere formed the last independent Welsh garrison during the Edwardian

conquest. Mary Jones, who made the journey to Bala to buy a bible which led to the

establishment of the British and Foreign Bible Society, lived all her life in this area. Strong farming

traditions survive here, though many farmers have diversified into tourism. Craig yr Aderyn (area

43) overlooks this area, and the Talyllyn Railway runs through it. Peniarth gardens are Grade 11.”

Baseline Landscape Character Assessment

Key characteristic features of the site of the proposed Scheme:

• Thin, long and linear, sand and pebble beach restricted by the varying hard line of

coastal defence, tracing the coast of the Cardigan Bay

• Flood defences comprising a range of measures, from a formal concrete sea wall to

dilapidated rock armour contained by a bull head rail crib, constructed in different

periods most of which are now in a poor condition

• Timber groynes predominantly in poor condition

• Beach accessed via concrete steps some of which are closed for health and safety

reasons due to the hazardous condition of the bull rail crib defences

• Adjacent to a medium density urban residential and tourist accommodation

neighbourhood

• Car parks and hard pedestrian areas at Victorian Parade with shelters and paddling pool

• Wide textured concrete footpath to North Promenade, with erosion control revetments

with small boulders set in concrete to the adjoining gardens

• A range of architectural styles from a four storey Victorian terrace to modern blocks of

flats along Marine Parade, predominantly residential but with a few business units and a

public toilet block



87

• Extensive caravan parks at either end of the site with static caravan holiday homes,

typically finished in green siding

The proposed site is not within or directly contributing to any nationally or locally designated areas

nor near any local historic features. However, within the wider setting there are landscapes of

national and scientific importance including a National Park and other conservation designations.

The local area comprises a medium density, low rise suburban environment with few distinctive or

‘special’ features. However, the proposals must also be considered in the context of the wider

landscape which may be considered to be of good landscape character due to the surrounding

hills and the Dysynni valley.

The proposed site comprises a beach which has regularly been awarded Blue Flag status in the

past and is a popular landscape resource for both the local population and seasonal tourist trade.

However, in its current condition with consideration to the lack of landscape structure and

degraded quality of the public realm the site may be said to be of poor landscape quality,

currently detracting from rather than contributing to the wider landscape character, with significant

scope for positive enhancement.

Sensitivity of Landscape Resources

The sensitivity of the landscape is an important issue in the assessment of the significance of an

effect. This sensitivity is based on the capacity of a landscape to accommodate change, due to a

particular development or land use change, without harm to its character. Landscapes vary in

their capacity to accommodate different forms of development and therefore sensitivity is not

absolute, but is likely to vary according to the existing landscape, the nature of ‘‘the proposed

development’’ and the type of change being considered.

The capacity of the landscape to accommodate change is not directly linked to the value of the

landscape; however, in general terms nationally designated landscapes will always have a greater

sensitivity than those of a local designation due to the importance of their special character and

limited ability to accommodate change without harm. The UK planning system expresses

sensitivity in terms of designations. These designations are as follows:

• International Importance: Very High Sensitivity (i.e. World Heritage Sites)

• National Importance: High Sensitivity (i.e. AONB)

• Regional Importance: Moderate sensitivity (i.e. County Landscape Designation)

• District Importance: Moderate to Low sensitivity (i.e. District and Local Landscape

Designations)

• Local Importance: Low Sensitivity (i.e. non-designated landscape)

It should be noted that a local non-designated landscape may have a great importance to local

people and thus be highly sensitive to change. Other factors to consider in the classification of

sensitivity of landscape resources include:

• The period of exposure to effects

• The degree of exposure to effects

• The function of resource



88

• The capacity of the landscape to accommodate change with regards to such factors as

existing land use, the pattern and scale of the landscape, the quality of the landscape

character and the scope for mitigation

The sensitivity of Landscape Resources is classified into three levels: low, moderate and high.

The defining criteria of these terms will necessarily vary according to the landscape and

development being assessed. For the purposes of this assessment, the sensitivity criteria for

Landscape Resources are summarised as follows:

• High – a distinctive or rare landscape where character features are well defined and

where change would likely substantially alter the overall character or function of the area

• Moderate – a definitive landscape of regional where character features are well defined

and where it would likely be tolerant of sensitive changes, though inappropriate

development would likely noticeably alter the overall character of the area

• Low – a landscape where character features are poorly defined with a high tolerance to

change

Sensitivity of Proposed Site

The proposed site is adjacent to a SAC of national importance and 1.5km from a National Park.

Although the site in its current condition can be considered to neither contribute nor detract from

the setting of the National Park, a do nothing scenario may result in direct physical effects on the

SAC in terms of run off and erosion of sand due to the continued deterioration of the coastal

defences.

Thus the role of the proposed coastal defences have a direct relationship with conserving both the

natural and anthropogenic features of the area. The condition of the existing defences detracts

from the character of the local area. The proposals would be likely to alter the character of the

site with both beneficial and detrimental effects. The refurbished / replacement of the timber

groynes, new stepped apron, improved slipways, pedestrian access etc will improve usability and

potential for enjoyment whilst conserving the beach areas and preventing storm damage.

However, the proposed breakwater will have an adverse effect on local character due to its size

despite its contribution to conserving the beach.

Therefore, it is considered likely that the scheme would serve to replace the existing incongruous

man-made features with better quality, sympathetically planned ones. The negative impact of the

breakwater would in terms of pattern and scale be counterbalanced by the proposals to reduce

the size and scale of the defences, thereby conserving the beach itself.

The current poor landscape quality, limited nature of views in from the wider area and the

containment of the site by surrounding buildings and the change in level from promenade to

beach, suggest a high ability to accommodate change. However the potential high footfall on the

beach and pedestrian areas, as well as the adjacent residential and tourist areas significantly

increase the local sensitivity to change. Thus, the proposed development area may be assessed

as having a low sensitivity with a moderate ability to accommodate change without harm.

4.6.5 Baseline Visual Amenity Assessment

Visual amenity of a landscape is determined by considering several factors. Visual appearance is

judged objectively based upon the visual harmony of the wider area, the visual harmony of the site

within itself and the site within the wider area, taking into consideration visually intrusive features

both on and off site and noting features that particularly enhance or detract from the overall



89

appearance. Subjectively, visual amenity is judged based upon natural beauty, considering the

overall balance and interest of the site, for example, in terms of colour and diversity, as well as the

pleasure derived from viewing the site.

Visual amenity is rated to include four definable levels of value; these are exceptional, good,

moderate and poor.

• Exceptional – areas of outstanding scenic value, with distinctive features that combine

to give the experience of unity, richness and harmony and create a strong sense of

place. These are landscapes which may be considered to be of particular importance to

conserve on an international or national scale

• Good – areas of pleasing scenic value with a strong sense of place, but occasional

detracting features. These are landscapes with some distinctive features which may be

considered worthy of conservation on a regional or national scale however sensitively

planned change is unlikely to be detrimental

• Moderate – areas of slight scenic value with a weak sense of place and frequent

detracting features. These are landscapes with few distinctive features which may be

considered worthy of conservation on a local scale however there is scope for positive

enhancement

• Poor – areas of no scenic value with dominant detracting features. These are

landscapes with significant scope for positive enhancement

The visual amenity of the proposed development site within the context of the wider area may be

summarised as follows:

• Former Blue Flag beach with prominent incongruous man made features visually in poor

condition

• The sea defences and promenade have limited features of distinction and their evident

deterioration detracts from the local visual amenity of beach and sea

• The site is visually well contained by the sea wall, rock armours, adjacent buildings and

mobile holiday homes; however, the timber groynes are visually prominent from the

beach to the North and South

• Visually balanced with the local area as the mix of construction techniques. and use of

materials within the coastal defences is in keeping with corresponding architectural

styles in the local architecture

• Limited contribution to the landscape character of the wider area

• The deterioration of the quality of the public realm detracts from the visual quality of the

area

The visual amenity of the site for the 2009 Scheme is considered in its current condition within the

context of the wider area. The landscape of the wider area, taking into account local and long

distance views throughout the region, may be said to be of good to exceptional scenic value,

exhibiting a strong sense of place. This is considered to be due to the striking topography of the

valley contrasting with the Cardigan Bay coastline and the harmony and balance of colour and

texture throughout.

Within the wider landscape, Tonfanau quarry is the main detractor from the overall visual amenity.

The railway is especially evident Northwest of the site, however the low lying topography screens

views of local roads.



90

Locally, the landscape may be considered to be of moderate baseline visual amenity in

consideration to the urban setting against the context of a wider landscape of good to exceptional

scenic value.

Due to the poor quality of the existing defences and public realm, the development area can be

considered to detract from the scenic value of the Cardigan Bay coast, though is fitting to the

urban context of Tywyn. Therefore the site can be considered to be of moderate baseline visual

amenity.

Long Distance Views

In long distance views, the potential visual impact of the proposed site is very limited as the site is

relatively well contained by the intervening topography and urban development of Tywyn.

However the beach and groynes are visible from Cardigan Bay coastline to North and South of the

proposed site. The sea wall is not visible from distance due to the change in levels and lack of

overlooking receptors.

Local Views (Short Distance)

The poor condition of the seawalls, rock armours, groynes and slipways are visually detracting

from the positive amenity of the beach and sea from local views and from the beach itself. Views

of the proposals will depend on angle of view, change in level and location of receptor, however in

general terms, due to the proximity of the proposals it is appropriate to consider all properties

abutting the beach and promenade as potential visual receptors.

4.6.6 Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI)

The ZVI is the geographical extent to which the development proposals are visible from

surrounding areas. In defining the ZVI, it is possible to identify the potential visual receptors of

any proposed development.

In order to establish the degree to which the site is visible, an initial study was carried out to

assess the extent of the ZVI of the existing features on site and an approximation of the ZVI of the

proposed development. Both were supplemented by checks in the field.

A photographic appraisal of the site and its visual envelope is shown in Figures 19 and 20,

Appendix A. These photographs were taken in early July 2009 using a digital SLR camera with a

50mm lens to represent a perspective similar to the human eye.

Due to the topography of the valley and intervening development of Tywyn, potential views from

the wider landscape of the proposed site are limited. The existing man made features are not

visible, however any development above the height of the existing structures may be visible. The

site is not visible from the town centre and a combination of topography and intervening buildings

screen the site from most of the surrounding neighbourhoods. Properties immediately adjacent to

the site are likely to have views of the proposals; these include residential and business properties

on Marine Parade, Plas Edwards, Bryn-y-mor and Gwynedd Caravan Parks. Users of the beach

within and adjacent to the proposed site, as well as users of the promenades will have the most

immediate views.

The various public rights of way in the area do not experience any views over the site due to

intervening sand banks and railway.

None of these visual receptors will experience a perceptible increased degree of exposure during

winter months due to the limited amount of seasonally affected tree and vegetation cover.



91

The prominence of the development proposals will be dependent upon a combination of land use

and topographic factors relative to the position of the visual receptor. It should be noted that while

the size of the site incorporating the scheme proposals is large, the proposals themselves

generally lie below the surrounding street level resulting in a relatively small ZVI. It should be

noted that the height of materials and plant to be stored in the site compounds during the

construction period were unknown at the time of writing and the extents of the ZVI may extend

further than assessed in the ES.

On the basis of the above, the ZVI described previously incorporates the full extent of the visual

envelope considering the site as a whole. Visual receptors have been identified for the entire ZVI

and checked through field survey; however, some that do not have direct views of the proposed

development area are also noted in the list below.

• Residential and business properties along Marine Parade on the first floors and above

have direct views of the proposed site

• Ground floor properties along Marine Parade will have glimpsed views of the proposed

site due to intervening planting, raised planters and shelters but will have views of

construction activities, traffic and the satellite site compound

• Residential properties at Plas Edwards that back on to the promenade

• Public toilet on Marine Parade

• Playground on Marine Parade

• Users of Marine Parade

• Gwynedd Caravan Park

• Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park

• The Cardigan Bay coastline including continued beachfront to North and South

• Users of the Cambrian railway line North of Tywyn, however the perceptibility of change

would be negligible due to the limited period of exposure and existing urban context. As

such this receptor has been scoped out for potential impacts

• Upper ground of Snowden National Park to the East of Tywyn where users will have

glimpsed, partially obstructed views, however the perceptibility of change would be

negligible due to the existing urban context

The Public Rights of Way in proximity to the sight were investigated through field survey and it

was determined that users would not have any exposure to views of the proposals.

Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

The sensitivity of the visual receptors identified is set out in table 4.14 below. The sensitivity of

visual receptors is an important issue in the assessment of the significance of an impact. This

sensitivity is based on the type of receptor, as well as the special nature or the rarity of the view.

Residential properties are considered to have a high sensitivity due to their nature. Additional

factors to consider in the classification of sensitivity of visual receptors include:

• The period of exposure to view

• The degree of exposure to view

• The function of receptor

• The nature of the view and the scope for mitigation



92

Table 4.14 Sensitivity of Visual Receptors

Visual Receptor Sensitivity of Receptor

Ground floor properties on Marine Parade High due to nature of receptor

Upper floor properties on Marine Parade. High due to nature of receptor

Public toilet users on Marine Parade. Low due to nature of receptor

Playground on Marine Parade. Medium due to nature of receptor

Gwynedd Caravan Park.

High due to the nature of the receptor.

Note: due to the seasonal nature of the caravan park, the sensitivity reduces to low-medium during off peak periods depending on vacancies

Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park. High due to the nature of the receptor.

Note: due to the seasonal nature of the caravan park, the sensitivity reduces to low-medium during off peak periods depending on vacancies

Users of the beach at and adjacent to the proposed site.

High due to proximity of the proposals


During the construction phase, it is anticipated that the construction works, which comprise the

demolition of existing defences and the construction of rock revetments, timber groynes and

breakwaters will result in significant changes in the landcover, character and use of the site.

There will be two site compounds: one at the Northern end of North Promenade between the

promenade and the caravan park; and a satellite compound in the car park at the Southern end of

Victorian Promenade.

Areas of beach will be fenced off with significant levels of vehicle movement and use of heavy

plant machinery.

Construction activities will also result in an increase in vehicular traffic along Marine Parade

including movement of construction vehicles, plant and equipment, as well as any necessary

traffic orders. Delivery Option B would result in greater numbers of HGV vehicle movements to /

from the site compounds and more site traffic than Delivery Option A (see Section 2.2. for more

detail on construction methods and Section 4.8 for detail of the TIAs for both delivery options).

Thus, it is likely that the character of the site would be dramatically altered during the active

phases of construction, due to the nature of a construction site which will form an incongruous

feature in the local established urban area.



93

Landscape Impacts

The potential impacts on landscape resources were identified as impacts on:

• Landcover and landform

• Landscape character

• Existing site use

Landcover and Landform

The temporary use of the two site compounds, the storage and use of construction equipment and

vehicles and the delivery of granite rock and other materials for construction of the proposed rock

structures would result in a change in the landscape resources of the site during construction.

These impacts are anticipated as being moderate adverse.

Landscape Character

The proposals would result in a detrimental change in the landscape character of the local area

due to the introduction of construction activities into a reasonably peaceful landscape. These

impacts will be of a temporary nature and considerate working practices and sensitive planning of

the works offer the potential to limit this impact. These impacts would have a limited degree of

exposure on the wider area due to the existing urban nature of the local area and the site’s visual

containment within it.

The impacts on the landscape resources throughout the construction phases using either Delivery

Option A or Delivery Option B (see Section 2.2. for details) are considered to be substantial

adverse given the proximity to the works.

Existing Site Use

The proposals may result in noticeable detrimental change in the land use of the site during

construction due to restricted access and potential inconvenience to the beach and promenade

areas. This is likely to have a subsequent detrimental impact on the tourist trade in the town,

especially if construction is ongoing during peak holiday season.

The impacts on the landscape resources throughout the construction phases using either Delivery

Option A or Delivery Option B (see Section 2.2. for details) are considered to be substantial

adverse given the proximity to the works.

Visual Amenity Impacts

Visual impacts may result from operations throughout construction phases, including construction

plant operations and traffic movements. Table 4.15 sets out the visual amenity impacts of the

2009 Scheme during construction.



94

Table 4.15 Potential Visual Impacts during Construction

Visual Receptor Potential Visual Impacts During Construction

Ground floor properties on Marine Parade

All properties would have slight adverse impacts from construction traffic and activity

Central and Southern properties would have moderate adverse impacts as a result of the close proximity of the Warwick Place site compound

Upper floor properties on Marine Parade

All properties would have slight adverse impacts from construction traffic and activity

Central and Southern properties would have moderate adverse impacts as a result of the proximity of the Warwick Place site compound

Public toilet users on Marine Parade

Moderate adverse impacts as a result of the Warwick Place site compound, construction traffic and activity

Playground on Marine Parade

Slight adverse due to the distance from and the view of the Warwick Place site compound and site traffic

Gwynedd Caravan Park

Moderate adverse due to proximity to the proposals and Warwick Place site compound

Construction works undertaken during off peak season would have a slight adverse impact due to limited potential visual receptors

Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park

Substantial adverse due to the proximity of the Bryn-y-mor site compound

Construction works undertaken during off peak season would have a slight adverse impact due to limited potential visual receptors

Users of the beach at and adjacent to the proposed site

Substantial adverse due to proximity of site


During the operational phase, it is anticipated that the scheme proposals would result in both

slight adverse and moderate beneficial changes to the landcover and use of the site due to the

proposed redevelopment of existing structures and the addition of a breakwater. Due to the

nature of the proposals to replace existing structures with similar or a better quality, impacts on

landscape character will be minimal. The likely source of landscape and visual impacts of the

Scheme proposals will be:

• Construction of a new granite breakwater at Warwick Place

• Beach nourishment

• Construction of the Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment 2m lower than the existing sea wall at

North Promenade

• Reconstruction of Warwick Place slipway

• Refurbishment, replacement and removal of timber groynes



95

• Construction of a new stepped apron to the base of the sea wall

The nature of the above impacts are anticipated to be a permanent change in the landscape

character and appearance of the site, and as such will have wider impacts on the overall character

and visual amenity of the area.

The Landscape Institute Guidelines for LVIA state; “The purpose of mitigation is to avoid, reduce

and where possible remedy or offset any significant negative (adverse) effects on the environment

arising from the proposed development”. Mitigation measures fall into two categories:

• Primary measures that intrinsically comprise part of the development design process

• Secondary measures are designed to specifically address the remaining (residual)

negative (adverse) impacts of the final development proposals

The detailed design proposals should consider primary mitigation through layout of buildings and

infrastructure, access, architectural style and colouration of the buildings and building materials,

design of ancillary structures and screen planting.

Secondary mitigation measures should be incorporated into the final design to specifically offset

residual negative impacts of the final development proposals. They also meet the formal

requirement to identify measures for the avoidance or reduction of negative effects. Secondary

measures may include off–site mitigation such as habitat restoration or planting; however, it is

important for these to be effective to demonstrate that long-term control and management is

secured.

The proposals have the potential to result in an increase of footfall and activity to the site as a

result of improved access and amenity thereby offsetting some of the adverse effects likely. As

the site is contained within an existing suburban area of mixed density and style, it is considered

that the negative aspects of the development will be minimised through sensitive site planning,

use of appropriate materials and design.

Primary Mitigation Measures

Due to the coastal conditions and characteristically sparse, low lying vegetation in the area,

mitigation through screening planting is not considered appropriate for the proposals. Therefore,

the detailed design proposals must incorporate primary mitigation through sympathetic selection

of materials in terms of type, scale and colour to the existing wider coastal landscape character

and suburban setting.

The proposed development should be planned to utilise the topography of the site to contain

visually intrusive or incongruous elements, such as the rock revetments, below the level of the

existing sea wall. Replacement elements such as the timber groynes should be similar or smaller

than the existing structures.

Reuse on site of the existing rock from the dilapidated rock armours should also be considered to

minimise removal and importing of material. Wherever possible, lower impact construction

methods should be used to minimise intrusive excavation / filling or change in level.

Secondary Mitigation Measures

Due to the nature of the proposals and the character of the local and wider landscape area,

traditional secondary mitigation measures could be considered for potential future regeneration of

the area.



96

The promenades would benefit from improvements to the existing layout and use of space;

introducing high quality paving materials and furniture suites; creating a more vibrant series of

spaces connected by the pedestrian walkway whilst maximising the sea views. Links to the town,

local interests, coastal walks and cycle paths would benefit from integrated wayfinding to aid and

encourage pedestrian footfall and enjoyment. There is also the potential to incorporate

sustainable drainage solutions, such as SUDS (sustainable urban drainage system) paving to filter

and manage site run off.

Landcover Impacts

Due to the nature of the site there is limited existing vegetation that will be affected by the

proposals. The beach will benefit from areas of ‘beach nourishment’. This, along with the

removed, refurbished and replaced timber groynes to prevent erosion and displacement of the

beach itself, plus the ability to reduce the impact of overtopping at Marine Parade by the proposed

rock revetment and breakwater, will help counteract the adverse impacts of their presence. As

such, the effects on the landscape resources in the operational phases are expected to be slight

adverse.

Landscape Character Impacts

The introduction of a breakwater and rock revetments will have a slight negative impact on the

local landscape character due to the introduction of incongruous elements into the area. However,

as a result of the sensitive scheme planning and detailed design, the implementation of the

proposals would also result in a positive change during operation due to the remedying of the poor

condition of the existing coastal defences and improving their functionality and therefore helping to

reduce the impact of future flooding events. Thus, the impacts on the landscape character of the

area throughout the operational phases are expected to be slight beneficial.

Land Use impacts

The proposals have the potential to have a favourable impact on the land use of the site during

operations due to the improved amenity of the beach areas. The new timber groynes and rock

structures, plus the improved beach access and new stepped apron will likely result in increased

footfall to the area in addition to the improved functional ability of the structures themselves. As

such, the effects on the landscape resources throughout the operational phase are expected to be

moderate beneficial.



97

Visual Amenity Impacts

Table 4.16 sets out the visual amenity impacts of the 2009 Scheme post construction.

Table 4.16 Potential Visual Impacts Post Construction

Visual Receptor Potential Visual Impacts Post Construction

Ground floor properties on Marine Parade

Properties to the North of Marine Parade would experience no change as their views of the site are screened by the intervening planting on the East side of the adjacent car park

The central properties would have slight beneficial impacts due to the proposed shortened groynes counterbalanced by the moderate adverse impacts of the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater resulting in slight adverse impacts

The properties to the South of Marine Parade would have moderate adverse impacts due to views of the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater

Upper floor properties on Marine Parade

Properties to the North of Marine Parade would have the beneficial impacts of the shortened groynes counterbalanced by the adverse impacts of the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater resulting in slight benefit due to distance from the Warwick Place Breakwater – overall neutral impact

Central and Southern properties would have beneficial impacts of the shortened groynes counterbalanced by the adverse impacts of the proposed breakwater resulting in slight adverse due to proximity of the breakwater– overall neutral impact

Public toilet users on Marine Parade

Moderate adverse impacts due to views of the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater

Playground on Marine Parade

Slight beneficial due to proposed shortened groynes

Gwynedd Caravan Park Users would experience notable adverse impacts due to proximity of the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater counterbalanced by the slight beneficial impact due to refurbished / replaced / removed timber groynes resulting in a slight adverse impact

Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park Slight beneficial due to the refurbished / replaced / removed timber groynes

Users of the beach at and adjacent to the proposed site

Adverse impact of the proposed Warwick Place Breakwater counterbalanced by the beneficial impact of new stepped apron, beach nourishment and the refurbished / replaced / removed timber groynes resulting in a slight beneficial impact

Through considerate design and site planning, the 2009 Scheme may be developed to enhance

both the functionality and the visual amenity of the local area providing an improved beach

environment with coastal management structures that help reduce the impact of flooding and

erosion to the local area and the beach.

As such, through diligent consideration and rationalisation of all the elements of the development

design within the context of the wider landscape, the severity of the overall predicted potential

effects on landscape resources and impacts on visual amenity is anticipated to be of slight to



98

moderate benefit. This assessment of the potential impacts is envisaged as applicable to the

site, local surrounding area and wider historic landscape as a whole.

Future regeneration of the Tywyn seaside and promenades offers the potential to significantly

improve the landscape quality and visual amenity of the area. Such works would likely bring about

the additional indirect benefits of raising the public perception and reputation of Tywyn in

particular as a seaside tourist destination.

Implementation of these secondary mitigation measures would likely result in the proposals having

a moderate to substantial beneficial impacts on the local area.

4.6.9 Summary of Landscape and Visual Amenity Impact and Mitigation Measures

The overall impact on landscape and visual amenity during construction is considered to be

moderate to substantial adverse.

Mitigation measures during construction are limited, as screening is unlikely to mitigate these

impacts, due to the low lying nature of the landscape. These impacts are, however, time limited to

the duration of the works.

The overall impact on landscape and visual amenity post construction is considered to be slight

to moderate beneficial.

Mitigation measure to ensure these impacts are not exceeded are:

• Sympathetic selection of materials – type, colour

• Visually intrusive elements (rock structures) to be contained below the level of the sea

wall

• Replacement elements (e.g. timber groynes) to be similar or smaller to existing

structures

• Re-use of existing rock / materials to minimise removal and importing of material

• Use of lower impact construction methods where possible

4.7 Water and Sediment Quality


The assessment of the scheme on water and sediment quality has been undertaken by reviewing

existing available data, particularly from EAW. Water and sediment quality have been considered

concurrently due to their interrelationship and ability to affect the quality of one or the other.


The baseline conditions of the existing water and sediment quality are detailed under the following

headings:

• Bathing Water Quality

• Shellfish Water Quality

• Nutrients and Contaminants

• Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen

• Suspended solids



99

Bathing Water Quality

Tywyn is a designated bathing beach (meaning that it meets mandatory standards set out under

the EC Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC)) and as such is monitored every two weeks during

the bathing season (May to September). The concentration of faecal coliforms is variable

throughout the year and is typically highest during the summer months (Environment Agency

2004).

The beach at Tywyn has been classified as ‘excellent’ 65% of the times it has been sampled since

2000 (www.environment-agency.gov.uk). Current figures for 2009 indicate that an ‘excellent’

classification will be achieved for 2009.

Tywyn has also until recently, been awarded a Blue Flag (between 2005 and 2008). The Blue

Flag is an internationally recognised quality mark which means that the bathing water quality has

met certain standards set by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). This includes

water quality standards (which in EU countries must meet with ‘excellent’ status as set by the

Bathing Water Directive), environmental management and the provision of safety and services on

beaches. Tywyn was one of ten beaches in Wales to lose Blue Flag status in 2009. The loss is

considered to be a result of the heavy rainfall during the summer of 2008, leading to a drop in

water quality around the UK coast. Regaining Blue Flag status is considered to be beneficial to

the local tourism industry.

CGC’s Maritime Officer has confirmed that although it would not be possible to suspend works

during the Bathing Waters season, CGC will ensure that the beach is managed in such a way that

the best possible recreational use is achieved during the summer of 2010.

Shellfish Water Quality

There are no designated shellfish waters in the vicinity of the beach at Tywyn. The closest

shellfish waters are located within the Dyfi estuary, at Aberdyfi approximately, 7.5km South of the

proposed site (Food Standards Agency, 2003).

Nutrients and Contaminants

There are no specific data relating to the nutrient and contaminant concentrations in the vicinity of

Tywyn. The 2005 Scheme Environmental Statement (ABPmer, 2005) identified that the National

Monitoring Programme of the quality of UK waters has a sampling location within Cardigan Bay

(National Monitoring Programme, 1998). At this site, nutrient, organic compound and trace metal

concentrations are all defined as low, or very low, and are below Environmental Quality Standards

set by the EAW. There is no evidence that the beach sediment at Tywyn or offshore is

contaminated. In addition, the nature of the existing sediment (sand) does not attract/retain

contaminants. Sand does not act to bind particles together and gets washed easily by waves.

Temperature, Salinity and Dissolved Oxygen

ABPmer (2005) also identified that the EAW undertake monitoring at a site immediately offshore

from the Tywyn foreshore to determine water temperature and the concentrations of dissolved

oxygen and salinity. The water samples are collected from here and other sites along the

coastline between May and September each year. The salinity at the monitoring point ranges

from 21 to 34. Freshwater input from precipitation and estuaries is assumed to have caused

salinities of below 30. The seasonal range in temperature is 9 to 22oC respectively, with the

highest temperatures recorded in July, August and September. Dissolved oxygen at Tywyn has

been measured and categorised as medium (7.5 mg/l) which is above the level at which impacts



100

to fish species are observed (Coe et al., 1999). Significant adverse dissolved oxygen sags (typical

of estuarine areas) are not expected at such an open coastal location.

Suspended Solids

Suspended sediment concentrations are also determined at three other EA sampling points

across the wider coastal areas (ABPmer, 2005). The ranges in suspended solid concentration at

these points were 3-37mg/l, 9-33mg/l, and 3-33 mg/l, while the average concentrations were

between 10.1mg/l and 14.9mg/l. The peaks in suspended sediment concentrations were

recorded during the spring in most years between 1998 and 2004.

Sediment Composition and Quality

A number of boreholes were taken on the beach at Tywyn in 2009. The majority of sediment

found at Tywyn is of medium grade sand. Particle size changes with tidal height, with the upper

beach areas being mostly comprised of medium or course gravel. No samples of metal

contamination levels were available to describe the quality of the sediment from this shoreline but

given the particle size grade of sediments and the generally good water quality conditions the

level of contamination is expected to be low (ABPmer, 2005).


During construction there is a risk of the release and re-suspension of sediment, which could

increase levels of suspended sediments in the water column reducing the water quality in the

area. This could impact on marine habitats and fish (as described in section 4.5). The activities

that could affect turbidity are:

• Delivery of rock by sea and beaching of boats (Delivery Option A only – see Section 2.3

for details)

• Tracking of plant across the beach

• Excavation for rock structures

• Placement of rocks for the breakwater

• Beach nourishment

• Removal and piling of the groynes

• Seawall/step repairs

Mitigation measures that will be undertaken throughout construction to reduce the risk of sediment

being released are set out in table 4.17. With these measures in place, any sediment released

into the sea is likely to be in small quantities which will dissipate within the water column and

therefore the impacts on water quality in terms of suspended sediments are considered to be

minor adverse.



101

Table 4.17 Measures to Reduce Release of Sediments

Activity Mitigation Measure

Tracking of plant across beach Contractor to minimise use of beach area as much as

possible – agree site traffic routes / no-go areas with

CCW / CGC

Excavation for rock structures Excavation will take place at low tide and material will be

stockpiled off of the beach. The material will either be re-

used during the construction or will be removed from site

Placement of rocks for the rock

structures

A geotextile layer will be placed at the base of all

structures before rocks are placed on the substrate. This

will help reduce sediment lost

Beach nourishment To take place after the Warwick Place breakwater has

been constructed so that material released is retained

behind the structure. Recharge will also take place at

mean low water

Removal and piling of groynes To take place at MLW

Seawall/step repairs Concrete will be broken out at MLW and will be stored

above MHW. Concrete repairs will be either pre-cast or

poured into formwork on site. Poured concrete on site

will be done at MLW and will have a setting agent added

to it to increase the rate at which it sets

Delivery Option A

Delivery of rock by sea

Boats to beach as high up the beach as possible.

Barges not to be unloaded 24 hours prior to the date of

sampling

Delivery Option B

Use of protective mats to spread load of exceptionally

heavy plant when operating on the beach – to be

discussed / agreed with CCW / CGC prior to construction

beginning

There is also a risk that the sediment released could contain contaminants, which could reduce

water quality. There is no evidence that the existing beach sediment at Tywyn contains

contaminants. The risk of contaminants from in-situ material is therefore determined to be

neutral.

There is a risk that contaminants could be brought to the site, particularly during the beach

nourishment phase as material will be imported from an external source. Prior to construction,

testing of this material will be undertaken to confirm its suitability specific to this site. Should the

material be determined to contain harmful contaminants, an alternative source would be found.

The risk of contamination released from the imported material is considered to be neutral.

As with many construction schemes near the water, there is also a risk of pollution from spills and

leaks of fuels and chemicals. To reduce the impacts on water quality from pollutants, the following

best practice measures will be implemented:

• Refuelling of vehicles or machinery will take place away from the beach and within a

designated refuelling area. Vessels will return to a nearby port for refuelling

• Vehicles, vessels and machinery will be well-maintained to ensure there are no leakages

of fuel or engine oil



102

• The contractor will be required to have an emergency response procedure in the event

of a chemical leak or spill both on land and at sea. All staff on site will be briefed on the

emergency procedures before commencing works

• Oils or chemicals used on land and sea will be stored in suitable bunded containers

• Machinery and equipment stored in the site compound will be locked away at night and

when works are not being undertaken to minimise the risk of vandalism

The adoption of appropriate working practices and following the Environment Agency Pollution

Prevention Guidance 21 will minimise the risk of adverse impacts by encouraging good working

practice and reducing the risk of pollution.

The Contractor will also be requested to include details on the management of pollution risk both

on land and at sea (if using Delivery Option A) in the CEMP.

The potential impact on water quality from spills and leakages from construction plant is therefore

determined to be minor adverse.

Bathing Water Quality

Consideration has been given to the impact of the scheme on the designated Bathing Water

status of the beach and the ability for the beach to regain its Blue Flag status in 2010 and retain it

in 2011. During consultation for this scheme, EAW recommended that no work take place

between the May to September Bathing Water season. The implication is that any reduction in

water quality caused by the construction could reduce the likelihood of the beach meeting Bathing

Waters Directive (BWD) quality standards and hence retaining / regaining Blue Flag status. In

addition, the sampling point is opposite Corbett Avenue, in the centre of the frontage.

EAW advise that mitigation measures are taken wherever possible to reduce any reduction in

water quality. The final decision on works on the beach is the responsibility of CGC, as the beach

manager. Mitigation measures are set out in 4.17 above. In addition, during the Bathing Waters

season the following will also be implemented:

• Where possible, works will be scheduled to take place away from the sampling point

prior to the sampling being carried out to allow time for any increases in turbidity to

dissipate. The contractor and CGC will liaise with EAW to determine sampling dates

• During sampling, the sampling officer must have full and safe access to the sampling

location (the sampling location has been notified to the EU and can not be re-located to

ensure comparative annual sampling is carried out consistently and fairly)

It is determined that with these measures in place, the construction works will have a neutral

impact on Bathing Water quality and will not adversely impact on the ability of the beach at Tywyn

to meet BWD standards or retain / regain its Blue Flag status.


During operation some of the sediment from the beach nourishment behind the Warwick Place

breakwater will be released into the water column from the natural washing and sorting of the

beach recharge material. However, the amount released would be too small to cause any

significant impacts on water quality through turbidity. The impact is therefore considered to be

neutral.



103

4.8 Traffic and Transport


A Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) was carried out by Gwynedd Consultancy to assess the

impacts of both rock Delivery Options (see Section 2.3 for details). The results of these TIAs are

set out in this section of the ES. The TIAs and ES only consider the heavy goods vehicle (HGV)

movements associated with the construction of the coastal defences as the level of all traffic using

the proposed route is relatively small.

The following documents were used as guidance in carrying out the TIAs and assessing the

impacts on traffic and transport:

• The Institution of Highways and Transportation. Guidelines for Traffic Impact

Assessment, 1994

• Department for Transport, Guidance on Transport Assessments, 2007

• Welsh Assembly Government: Planning Policy Technical Advice Note 18: Transport,

2007


Existing traffic count data was available for three sites along the proposed delivery route (Figure

21, Appendix A):

• on the B4405 at Dolgoch (February 2007)

• on the A493 North of Tywyn (January 2007)

• on the A493 at Rhoslefain (September 2008)

The results of the traffic count are set out in table 4.18, which shows that commercial vehicles,

including the type of which will be used in the delivery of construction materials for the scheme,

represent 10.2%, 5.6% and 7.2% of the 5 day average at each of the count sites respectively.



104

Table 4.18 Traffic Count Data for locations along proposed delivery route to Tywyn

Traffic Count on the B4405 at Dolgoch (Feb 2007)

Day Cycles Motorcycles Cars LGVs Commercial

Vehicles Total

Mon 3 4 399 692 121 1219

Tues 3 2 416 643 131 1195

Wed 4 3 402 721 119 1249

Thurs 2 5 337 578 115 1037

Fri 3 4 398 644 117 1166

Sat 7 8 328 600 41 984

Sun 6 14 333 555 15 923

5 Day

Average 3 4 390 656 120 1173

Traffic Count on the A493 North of Tywyn (Jan 2007)


Vehicles Total

Mon 5 11 1437 876 148 2477

Tues 2 7 1374 903 138 2424

Wed 7 6 1512 925 152 2602

Thurs 4 17 1467 895 143 2526

Fri 5 14 1692 1083 140 2934

Sat 6 39 1573 1135 68 2821

Sun 4 30 1165 707 24 1930

5 Day

Average 5 11 1496 936 144 2592

Traffic Count on the A493 at Rhoslefain (Sept 2008)


Vehicles Total

Mon 2 6 817 576 108 1509

Tues 1 6 725 527 110 1369

Wed 1 7 776 534 105 1423

Thurs 1 11 812 583 102 1509`

Fri 1 12 840 572 100 1525

Sat 0 37 836 590 53 1516

Sun 0 51 697 464 28 1240

5 Day

Average 1 8 794 558 105 1466



105


The proposed route follows the A487 Eastwards on the trunk road network from Porthmadog

before joining the A470 to the South of Gellilydan (Figure 22, Appendix A). At Cross Foxes, to

the South of Dolgellau, the route heads South on the A487 before leaving the trunk road network

and joining the B4405 at Minffordd. The route follows the B4405 through the village of

Abergynolwyn and joins the A496 at Bryncrug before continuing on to Tywyn. The B4405 at

Abergynolwyn passes through the centre of the village, although there is a primary school

adjacent to the B4405 its main access is via a side road and therefore the normal operating of the

school does not directly impinge on traffic on the B4405 (Figure 25, Appendix A). Due to the

restricted carriageway width at the river bridge in the village centre, a priority system has been

established with priority going to Tywyn-bound traffic.

In Tywyn the route turns right at the western end of the High Street on to Idris Villas leading to

Sandilands Road and then to the coast access, where it is proposed to locate the site compound

and storage area. The Warwick Place slipway at the Southern end of Marine Parade is also a

likely destination for material deliveries. Warwick Place would be accessed from the High Street

via Pier Road and Marine Parade passing under the Cambrian Coast rail bridge.

There are a number of locations on the B4405 where the carriageway is less than 5 metres in

width, has a poor horizontal alignment and limited forward visibility. At these locations HGVs

travelling from opposite directions have difficulty passing each other. This could involve vehicles

being stationary for a period of time or reversing on the highway; both of which have significant

safety and traffic disruption implications.

To mitigate some degree of the problem of lorries travelling in opposite directions delaying each

other and other road users, lorries on the return trip to the quarry could be directed to use the

A493 via Llwyngwril and thence to the A470 at Dolgellau, (Figure 24, Appendix A). This

arrangement was successfully employed for the importation of stone for the sea defence of the

Cambrian Coast railway line. This route also has locations where the carriageway narrows and the

alignment is poor, especially through the village of Llwyngwril where it passes in front of

Llwyngwril Primary School. There are issues regarding the carriageway alignment at Arthog,

again due to a narrow carriageway and poor alignment. However, utilising a different route for the

return journey has the advantages of reducing the likelihood of two large vehicles meeting each

other at one of the narrow sections and also halving the number of additional vehicles on the

B4405.


A calculation was carried out to estimate the number of vehicle trips likely to be required to

transport the approx. 30,000 tonnes of stone and 3,440 m3 of concrete to the site (Gwynedd

Consultancy, 2009) using 6 to 8 wheel 20 tonne capacity wagons. It is assumed that rocks of 6

tonnes or greater will be imported by sea directly to the site (approx. 2/3 total rock requirement).

See Section 2.3 for more detail on the construction methodology.

The greatest number of daily vehicle movements will be in February and March 2010 with 417 and

388 return trips respectively. Using these, maximum values and assuming 20 working days a

month and an 8 hour working day, up to 21 vehicle return trips with vehicles every 22 minutes in

each direction would result. Over the 18 month construction period, more than 10 vehicle trips per

day can be expected over 8 months (between January 2010 – March 2010 and between

November 2010 – March 2011).

The number of HGV movements (as estimated above) was added to the available traffic count

data and the percentage change calculated in table 4.19 below. This shows the scenario in

February 2010, using the B4405 for both outward and return journeys. The percentage change in

commercial vehicle numbers is significant and if permanent would warrant further investigation in



106

terms of long term environmental considerations. The figures in table 4.19 relate to the worse

case scenario which would only be of one month duration.

Table 4.19 Predicted increase in commercial vehicle numbers

Location

Commercial vehicle numbers from traffic count (5 day average)

Predicted heavy goods vehicle numbers due to proposed scheme

Change in commercial vehicle numbers

Percentage change in commercial vehicle numbers

B4405 at Dolgoch

120 42 162 +35%

A493 Tywyn 144 42 186 +29%

A493 Rhoslefain

105 0 - 0%

Table 4.20 shows the change in vehicle numbers if the B4405 is used for the outward journey and

the A493 is used as the return route to the quarry. This shows the worst case scenario in

February 2010.


Location

Commercial vehicle numbers from traffic counts (5 day average)


Change commercial vehicle numbers


B4405 at Dolgoch

120 21 141 +17.5%

A493 Tywyn 144 42 186 +29%

A493 Rhoslefain

105 21 126 +20%

The implementation of the project will generate significant temporary impacts to traffic levels along

the route, especially if the B4405 is used for both outward and return journeys.

It is important to note that the traffic figures used in this assessment are for the worse case month

of February 2010, of the remaining 17 months of the project, only the figures for March 2010

approach the February 2010 levels. Therefore the greatest impacts of the project are very short

term and overall the impact is considered to be moderate adverse if the A493 is used for the

return leg of the journey.

Other mitigation measures include:

• Provision of wheel cleaning facilities at the site exits

• That routes are stipulated within any contract

• Ensure that the maximum vehicle size is restricted to 20 tonnes for the transportation of

materials.

• That adequate temporary signing and road markings are placed at the site access and

egress



107


A calculation was carried out to estimate the number of vehicle trips likely to be required to

transport the approx. 48,314 tonnes of stone and 3,440 m3 of concrete to the site (Gwynedd

Consultancy, 2009) using 6 to 8 wheel 20 tonne capacity wagons or flatbed lorries.

The greatest number of daily vehicle movements will be in April 2010 and July 2010 with 526 and

474 return trips respectively. Using these, maximum values and assuming 20 working days a

month and an 8 hour working day, up to 26 vehicle return trips with vehicles every 18 minutes in

each direction would result. Over the 18 month construction period, more than 10 vehicle trips per

day can be expected over 14 months (between January 2010 – September 2010 and between

November 2010 – March 2011).

The number of HGV movements was added to the available traffic count data and the percentage

change calculated in table 4.21 below. This shows the worst case scenario in April 2010, using

the B4405 for both outward and return journeys. The percentage change in commercial vehicle

numbers is significant and if permanent would warrant further investigation in terms of long term

environmental considerations. The figures in table 4.21 relate to the worse case scenario which

would only be of one month duration.


Location

Commercial vehicle numbers from traffic count (5 day average)


Change in commercial vehicle numbers


B4405 at Dolgoch

120 52 172 +43%

A493 Tywyn 144 52 196 +36%

A493 Rhoslefain

105 0 - 0%

Table 4.22 shows the change in vehicle numbers if the B4405 is used for the outward journey and

the A493 is used as the return route to the quarry. This shows the worst case scenario in April

2010.


Location

Commercial vehicle numbers from traffic counts (5 day average)


Change commercial vehicle numbers


B4405 at Dolgoch

120 26 146 +21.5%

A493 Tywyn 144 52 196 +36%

A493 Rhoslefain

105 26 131 +25%

It is important to note that the traffic figures used in this assessment are for the worse case month

of April 2010, of the remaining 17 months of the project, only the figures for June 2010 and July

2010 approach the April 2010 levels. The greatest impacts of the project are short term. The



108

overall impact is considered to be moderate adverse if the A493 is used for the return leg of the

journey, although this impact should be recognised as greater than that for Delivery Option A.

Other mitigation measures include:

• Provision of wheel cleaning facilities at the site exits

• That routes are stipulated within any contract

• Ensure that the maximum vehicle size is restricted to 20 tonnes for the transportation of

materials

• That adequate temporary signing and road markings are placed at the site access and

egress

In addition, given the sustained increase in HGV traffic for most of the 18 month construction

period the following additional mitigation measures should be implemented, in consultation with

CGC Highways:

• Carrying out pre- and post-construction survey of roads at particularly vulnerable / weak

locations

• Notifying residents / businesses at key locations along the route where congestion may

result or where parking of vehicles could impede delivery lorries


Following completion of the works, Marine Parade and the car parks at each end of the road,

directly behind the promenade, will be provided with greater protection from flooding as a result of

the coastal defence improvements. This will maintain the primary vehicular access route to and

from the Tywyn frontage and private properties along Marine Parade whereas previously road

closures occurred as a result of the flood events.

During any maintenance operations, there may also be impacts on traffic (see Section 2.4 for

details of monitoring and operation). These will be short term in duration and of significantly less

duration than the construction impacts. Mitigation measures will, however, be implemented to

reduce any impacts throughout the maintenance works and will include similar measures as for

the capital construction.

Overall, the impact of the scheme on traffic and transport, post construction, has been assessed

to be minor beneficial.

4.9 Recreation and Amenity


Baseline conditions were determined through consultation with local organisations and interest

groups. Potential effects were then assessed using past experience and specialist knowledge of

the issues.


The seafront at Tywyn provides a significant, free resource for leisure and is a popular destination

for both local residents and tourists who enjoy using the beach, water and promenade. The



109

beach is used all year round and a lifeguard operates during the bathing season which is between

May and September.

A study carried out by eftec (as part of ABPmer, 2003) showed that many local residents visit the

seafront on a regular basis. Almost half of the respondents (48%) visit the seafront on a daily

basis in the spring and summer. This drops slightly to 39% during the autumn and winter. In

addition to local visits to the seafront, it is estimated that there could be up to a further 153,000 to

188,000 tourist visits to Tywyn each year (Gwynedd Council unpublished data in ABPmer 2004a)

and it is likely that a high proportion of these people will visit the seafront.

The beach at Tywyn was awarded a Blue Flag five years in a row from 2004 to 2008, inclusive, as

a mark of the high water quality, environmental management, safety and services available at the

beach. The Blue Flag is an internationally recognised quality mark for beaches.

Beach Recreation

The eftec study (as part of ABPmer, 2003) highlighted the most popular beach activities to be

walking, sunbathing, sitting, picnicking, walking the dog and paddling. Some limited angling also

takes place from the beach. Beach recreation is only possible when the tide is fully or partially

out, as at MHW, the water extends up to the existing sea defences along the full length of the

Tywyn frontage. Visitors also like to use the shelter of the groynes as windbreaks while sitting on

the beach and the concrete steps running the length of the promenade seawall provide seating

areas. There are access steps down to the beach at regular intervals along the promenade.

The existing groynes running the length of the beach and extending between 60 m and 120 m

seaward, have compartmentalised the beach and present an obstruction to easy access along the

beach, particularly the upper areas. Many of the groynes are passable by stepping over them.

However, some of them, particularly towards the Northern end are much higher in relation to

existing beach levels (approximately up to 2m above the beach) and can only be passed safely by

walking around them. The groynes are also in a state of disrepair, with broken / missing timber

planks.

The face of the seawall and its concrete steps are also degraded, with cracks and voids visible

and the underlying steel reinforcement exposed in places. Many of the access steps from the

promenade down onto the beach are in a similar state.

Water Recreation

Watersports are also a popular pursuit at Tywyn, with swimming, boating, surfing and windsurfing

popular, with activity levels increasing during the spring/summer season.

There are four slipways along the frontage which are used for the launching of boats. The

Warwick Place slipway is the largest of the slipways and most frequently used. The other

slipways are situated at the Northern end of the frontage at Bryn-y-mor (at groyne 28 – see Figure

8, Appendix A for groyne layout), Sandilands Road, Pier Road (at groyne 17) and Neptune Road

(between groynes 02 and 03). All four slipways are in a state of disrepair, particularly the Warwick

Place slipway.

To the South of Tywyn is the Aberdyfi harbour. Boats sailing from the harbour can sometimes

seen offshore from the beach at Tywyn.

Promenade Recreation

The promenade extends approx. 1.8km along the Tywyn frontage. Residents and visitors enjoy

walking along the promenade and stopping to look at the sea views.



110

During winter storms beach material is often overtops the seawall onto the promenade. Due to

the frequency of this overtopping, CGC does not clear the shingle during the winter months.

Parking Facilities

The town provides good car parking facilities for visitors, with the largest car park situated to the

North of the Warwick Place slipway. Other parking areas along the frontage are at the Northern

end of Marine Parade and at Pier Road. These car parks are affected by wave overtopping and

deposition of sand and shingle during storms, particularly throughout the winter months.


During construction there will be some impacts on recreation and amenity due to the presence of

plant and machinery on the beach, vehicles moving to and from site compounds, and the loss of

recreational area on both the beach and the promenade. The 18 month construction will include

the 2010 summer tourism season.

Beach Recreation

The majority of the construction work will take place on the beach or at access points to / from the

beach. There will therefore be areas of the beach that will be restricted for recreational use. To

reduce the impact on recreational use, whilst safeguarding public safety and construction

efficiency, the construction will be phased. Construction activities will be programmed so that only

one section of the beach is undergoing construction at any one time, leaving the remainder

available for recreation. The areas of beach to the North and South of the Tywyn frontage will be

unaffected and will continue to be available for visitors (see Figures 1 and 2, Appendix A for site

location and scheme layout).

Access along the beach will be maintained at all times, although beach users may have to walk

around the phased work areas. However, this is similar to the existing situation whereby the long

groynes create a barrier to alongshore access and beach users have to walk around their

seaward end. The impact on access along the beach is considered to be neutral.

Repairs to access steps will also be phased to ensure that access to the beach is maintained at all

times. The impact on access to the beach is therefore considered to be minor adverse.

Throughout construction, working areas will be clearly defined through the use of signs to inform

the public on working areas and to advise maintaining a safe distance from the works. Signage

will conform to the requirements of the Welsh European Funding Office (WEFO) requirements for

EU funded projects. The contractor is advised to appoint beach marshals to be present on site to

inform the public of plans and progress and to keep them out of dangerous areas where

machinery is working.


Delivery Option A will require delivery barges to access the beach at high tides in order to offload

rock. At these times, access to the areas of the beach where unloading is taking place will be

restricted. Rock will be delivered as close as possible to areas where it will be required (i.e. the

construction locations) to minimise disruption to beach users (see Section 2.3 for more detail on

the construction methodology).

The impact on beach-related recreation and access is considered to be minor adverse.



111


This Delivery Option will require the creation of a stockpile of rock near the Warwick Place

slipway. It will also require the movement of site traffic across the beach to transport rock from the

site compounds at Bryn-y-mor and Warwick Place to the areas where rock structures are being

built. Access to / from the beach will be via the Pier Road and Warwick Place slipways, which

may mean that one or both may not be available for use by the public (see Section 2.3 for more

details of the construction methodology).

Stockpiled rock will be placed in areas where work is being undertaken to contain potential

disruption to discrete areas.

The contractor will endeavour to ensure that either the Bryn-y-mor or Warwaick Place slipway is

available for public use at all times. When this is not possible, the contractor will endeavour to

ensure that both slipways are not available for the shortest time possible.

The contractor will aim to minimise the beach area used by site traffic and routes will be agreed

for site traffic with CGC prior to construction starting. Banksmen will be on site to ensure public

safety is maintained at all times and fences / signage will be erected around stockpiled rock and

site compounds to reduce the health and safety risks to beach users.

The impact on beach-related recreation and access is considered to be moderate adverse.

Water Recreation


The delivery of rock by sea will require a large barge to be moored offshore and a smaller barge to

deliver rock to the shore (see Section 2.3 for more details).

A notice to mariners will be issued to alert boat users to the construction vessels and signs will be

erected at all three slipways. Signs will also be erected at access points to the beach informing

visitors of vessel movements offshore.

Beach marshals will ensure that swimmers and people engaging in watersports are aware of and

not in the vicinity of approaching vessels. Throughout the Bathing Waters season the contractor

will liaise with lifeguards on duty on the beach.

With these measures in place, the impact on water users is likely to be minor adverse.

Repairs to the slipways will be phased so that only one slipway will be undergoing construction at

any time. The impact on slipway use is considered to be minor adverse.


No vessels are required for Delivery Option B and swimmers and people engaging in watersports

will not be impacted. The impact on water users is likely to be neutral.

This Delivery Option will require the creation of a stockpile of rock near the Warwick Place slipway

and the use of both the Pier Road and Warwick Place slipways for site traffic to access the beach

to / from the site compounds. One or both slipways may not be available for use by the public

(see Section 2.3 for more details of the construction methodology).

The contractor will endeavour to ensure that either the Bryn-y-mor or Warwaick Place slipway is

available for public use at all times. When this is not possible, the contractor will endeavour to

ensure that both slipways are unavailable for the shortest possible time. The impact on slipway

use is considered to be moderate adverse.



112


Although there will be some plant and machinery on and moving up and down the promenade, it

will remain open for access throughout the duration of the construction period. Areas undergoing

repairs will have fencing and signs, but will not unduly obstruct the movement of pedestrians along

the promenade. The impact on promenade users is considered minor adverse.

Parking Facilities

The location of one of the site compounds in the car park near Warwick Place slipway will result in

a reduction in the number of available parking spaces. There are, however, two additional car

parks along the frontage, one at the Northern end of Marine Parade and one at Pier Road which

will remain fully open for use. Liaison will be carried out with CGC to agree the number of spaces

taken in the Warwick Place car park for the site compound and signs will be erected in the car

park advising of alternative parking areas. The impact on parking availability is determined to be

minor adverse.

General Construction Disturbance

Visitors will experience some disturbance from the presence of the construction activities through

noise and visual means. Signs will be erected in advance of the construction works as well as

during the works providing information to visitors on the programming and nature of the works.

Contact details will be provided on all information sources in the event of public complaints and or

requests for further information.

It is possible that visitors may be attracted to the area to observe the works taking place, as

previous experience has shown that coastal construction projects generate a high level of local

interest. Further details on noise and visual disturbance are contained in section 4.10 and

section 4.6 respectively. Overall, the impact on recreation and amenity from general construction

disturbance is considered to be minor adverse.


Beach Recreation

Following construction, there will be some loss of beach area available for recreation as a result of

the new rock structures. The total landtake of the new structures is approx 10,000m2 (not

including the area of beach nourishment). This is considered to be a minor adverse impact.

The scheme has been designed to ensure that access along the beach is not significantly

obstructed by any of the new structures. The largest structure is the Warwick Place Breakwater

which will represent an obstacle to access along the beach in the middle and lower shore. Visitors

will not be able to walk around the seaward side of the structure as MLW will meet the base of the

structure. However, the scheme will improve beach access in the upper shore area landward of

the new breakwater by removing the existing groynes at this location. The impact of the Warwick

Place Breakwater on beach access is therefore determined to be minor adverse.

Both the Pier Road Rock Groyne and the South Terminal Rock Groyne will be built at the location

of existing groynes, which will be removed to make way for these new structures. Although both

structures will have a greater land take than the existing groynes they are replacing, they will be

shorter, improving access along the shore. The impact of these structures on beach recreation is,

therefore, considered to be minor beneficial.

The Bryn-y-mor revetment will cause small loss in upper beach area at the Northern end of the

beach. However, there are already six groynes within this area which interrupt access along the



113

beach. The extent to which the revetment which will extend seaward is minor in comparison to

the 60m length of these existing groynes. The impact of the revetment is, therefore, considered to

be neutral.

The new rock structures described above will be accessible to the public from the beach at low

tide. There is therefore a risk of injury from people climbing on the structures which could result in

people losing their footing and falling or getting their feet trapped in between the rocks, particularly

as the rocks may be slippery. To mitigate this, signs will be erected advising the public not to

climb on the rocks. This impact is considered to be moderate adverse.

The beach nourishment proposed behind the Warwick Place Breakwater will be at an increased

crest level than the existing beach. The Warwick Place Breakwater will also provide this area with

increased shelter, creating a minor beneficial impact.

The replacement of 27 of the existing timber groynes will provide not only provide a visual

improvement and health and safety improvement to visitors, but they will be made significantly

shorter, reducing their existing obstruction to beach access and improving the openness of the

beach for recreation. The new shorter groynes will be approximately 30m long, in comparison to

the existing groynes which extend seaward between 60m and 120m. In addition, the groynes will

be approximately 1m lower in height than the existing ones, reducing visual intrusion but still

enabling people to use them as windbreaks. The shortening and refurbishment of the groynes will

have a moderate beneficial impact on alongshore beach access.

The repairs to the stepped concrete seawall will enhance the seating areas for visitors and the

improvements to the beach access steps will improve access and reduce the risk of accidents.

This is considered a moderate beneficial impact.

Water Recreation

The location of all the new rock structures will not impact on existing water sports such as surfing,

windsurfing and sailing/boating activities as these occur further offshore, beyond the MLW mark.

As described in section 4.4, the scheme will not alter offshore wave patterns. The impact on

watersports is therefore neutral.

The scheme could encourage swimming around the Warwick Place Breakwater during high tides.

Breakwaters are known to generate eddies and strong currents. Although there will be some

secondary currents generated, these are unlikely to be strong enough to pose a risk to swimmers

and the impact is assessed to be neutral.

There is a risk that recreational and commercial boats could collide with the new rock structures,

particularly at night or during strong current and wave conditions. Navigational aids will be

provided on the seaward extent of the Warwick Place Breakwater, Pier Road Rock Groyne and

South Terminal Rock Groyne to reduce this risk in consultation with Trinity House. The impact is

assessed to be minor adverse.

The repairs made to all three slipways will improve the launching and recovery of boats. Although

the Warwick Place Breakwater and beach nourishment will be constructed in front of the Warwick

Place slipway, these elements of the scheme will not restrict the use of the slipway. Both the Pier

Road and Warwick Place slipways will benefit from increased shelter from the new rock

structures. Overall, the impact of the scheme on the three slipways is considered to be minor

beneficial.


The repairs made to the promenade will enhance the amenity experience of visitors using the

promenade both visually and in terms of health and safety. The new structures will reduce the



114

frequency and severity of wave overtopping and will reduce the disruption to access caused by

sediment overtopping the seawall. The new viewing platform at Pier Road will provide an amenity

asset, allowing visitors to enjoy the seaviews from a dedicated viewing area (see Section 4.6 for

details on the landscape and visual amenity impacts). Overall, the scheme will have a moderate

beneficial impact on the use of the promenade by visitors and local residents.

Parking Facilities

Following construction, the site compound will be removed from the car park adjacent to the

Warwick Place slipway and the parking spaces reinstated to their existing condition. As with the

promenade, the scheme will reduce wave overtopping and disruption to parking from sediment

carried by waves into the car park, creating a minor beneficial impact.

4.10 Noise


A qualitative assessment of potential impacts has been made, based on professional experience

and judgement. This section only considers the impact of noise on people. Impacts on birds and

fish are described in section 4.5.


Background levels of noise include those generated by local traffic (including the Cambrian line

railway, which runs through the town centre, approx 1km from the seafront) and sounds

associated with coastal settlements (wind, waves, birds and amenity users (including dogs)).

Immediately behind the promenade and running the full length of the frontage are residential

properties, as well as two caravan parks. To the North of Tywyn are open fields, with the next

nearest settlements being a sewage treatment plant situated approx 350m to the North and the

village of Tonfanau, approximately 3km away (to the North of the Dysynni). The nearest

settlement to the South of Tywyn is Ynyslas at the mouth of the Dyfi, 5km South of Tywyn.

For reference, noise level is measured in decibel units (dB); a quiet office would have an average

sound level of 55dB and a busy street 80dB. Coast protection work currently taking place at

Aberaeron on the Welsh coastline has recorded peak noise levels of 70dB (at source), but it is

recognised that noise levels are highly site specific.


During construction, noise will be generated from the works taking place on the beach,

promenade and from the site compound. Noisy activities will include the general movement of

plant and machinery (including excavators, bulldozers and dump trucks), delivery of rocks by road

or marine vessels, the placement of rocks, piling for the timber groynes, beach nourishment and

delivery of other smaller materials by road. It is anticipated that the loudest activities will be the

placement of the rock for the rock structures and the piling for the groynes.

During the piling works for the replacement groynes, two piling methods will be used; hammering

and vibro-piling. The timber piles will initially be hammered into the ground. Hammering creates

more noise than vibro-piling but the initial hammering action gets the timber piles securely pushed

into the underlying sediment. They can then be vibro-piled to the correct depth. Although piling is

often considered a particularly noisy activity, this is often in relation to steel piles and piling into

hard ground. Piling the timber piles into the softer beach sediment will generate much less noise



115

than steel piling into hard ground would. More detailed information on the construction

methodology can be found in Section 2.3

Local residents living in properties immediately behind the promenade and near the site

compounds at Bryn-y-mor and Warwick Place will be most affected by the construction period as

they will directly face the main working areas. During the spring/summer tourism season, the

caravan parks at Bryn-y-mor and Neptune Road will also be impacted by construction noise as

they also face directly on to the back of the beach. Increased noise levels will also be

experienced by beach and promenade users.

The contractor will reduce noise impacts by phasing the work along the beach so that only one

section of beach is undergoing construction at any one time. This will limit the area in which noise

will have an impact.

Throughout construction, the contractor will implement best practice methods to reduce noise

levels. Noise will be minimised by adherence to relevant British Standards, including

BS5228:1997, Part 1, Annex B ‘Noise Control and Open Sites’. All machinery will be well-

maintained and fitted with appropriate muffling or silencing equipment and turned off when not in

use. The Contractor will be expected to include provisions for these mitigation measures.

Information on working hours and the duration of the construction period will be provided to local

residents and visitors in advance of the works as well as throughout the construction period. This

will include the provision of notices and signs along the promenade. Contact details will be

provided on all information sources in the event of public complaints and or requests for further

information. The Contractor will also erect signs around the site providing details of the work as

well as contact names and numbers. Beach marshals will also be on site to answer questions

from the public.

Consultation with the CGC’s Environmental Health Officer will be undertaken prior to construction

to confirm acceptable working hours and any other measures required to minimise disturbance to

the public.

The settlements to the North and South of Tywyn are a significant distance away from the works

to experience any significant noise disturbance. The sewage treatment works to the North will

experience some noise disturbance, but due to the industrial nature of the premises, the impacts

are not considered significant.


The delivery of rock by sea will involve the delivery and offloading of rock from the barge over a 24

hour period, as the barge can only deliver rock to the beach on the high tides. These 24 hour

working periods will be intermittent and will last for periods of approx. 7 days with unloading

activity taking approx. 3 hours. During night-time working hours (between 7pm and 7am),

reversing sirens will be replaced with hissers and workers will use either cars or light goods

vehicles to/from the site.

All other deliveries and all construction activities will take place only during daylight hours (7am –

7pm) (see Section 2.3 for details of construction methods).

With these mitigation measures in place, the impacts of noise on local residents and visitors are

considered to be moderate adverse.


The movement of HGVs through the town to deliver rock and other materials will generate noise,

as will the tipping / unloading of rock at the site compounds and the loading of site vehicles.

Tipping of rock from delivery vehicles will generate a significant amount of noise. This could occur



116

at least 10 times per day (and peak at over 20 times per day) whilst rock is being delivered, which

will extend throughout most of the construction period.

Residents in properties along the proposed traffic route to / from the site will be impacted by the

movement of construction vehicles to and from the site, experiencing over 10 vehicle movements

per day for most of the construction period. Residents (permanent and temporary) close to the

site compounds will also be impacted by the movements of site traffic to / from the site

compounds. Site traffic movements will be approx. three times greater under Delivery Option B

than Delivery Option A. More information on the traffic impacts is in Section 4.8.

To reduce the impacts of noise on local residents and visitors, construction and delivery activities

will be restricted to between the hours of 7am and 7pm (see Section 2.3 for details of construction

methods).

Given that these impacts could extend for the majority of the construction period, the impacts of

noise on local residents and visitors are considered to be major adverse.

Noise impacts could be reduced to moderate adverse if delivery lorries were unloaded by

excavators picking up rocks individually instead of lorries tipping their load. This may, however,

increase the length of time it takes to deliver and unload rock, increasing other impacts on local

residents, such as from traffic nuisance, vehicle emissions and visual impacts.

4.10.4 Assessment and Mitigation of Effects Post Construction

Following construction there will be no impacts to noise levels. The impact is therefore considered

to be neutral.

4.11 Air Quality


Air Quality describes the levels of atmospheric pollutants, particulate matter and odour. Local

Authorities, under the Environment Act 1995, have a statutory duty to review and assess air

quality on a regular basis. CGC produces annual Air Quality reports on all air quality activities

within which are highlighted Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs). These are areas suffering

the worst air quality in the district, followed by the setting out of priority work items for the year

ahead. No AQMAs were declared in the most recently available 2007 report for Gwynedd.

There is no primary industry and limited traffic in the area. The location of the works is set on the

coast and is very exposed and it is expected that air quality is very good.


Air quality impacts will be temporary and restricted to the immediate vicinity of the site. The key

sources of these impacts will be vehicle emissions and sand from the movement of plant and

materials around the site as well as from the excavation, rock placing and beach nourishment

operations.

Vehicle emissions will be minimised by the contractor ensuring that all vehicles and machinery are

well-maintained, and that engines and machinery are not left running unnecessarily when not in

use. The contractor will also be responsible for ensuring that all public roads, during the delivery

of light materials, are kept free from mud and dust, which can be achieved by the following actions

where necessary:

• Washing wheels of vehicles when leaving the site



117

• Ensuring vehicles are kept clean

• Damping down roads and construction areas if conditions become dry and sandy


The impact on air quality during construction is considered to be neutral.


The greater number of HGVs required to deliver materials and the need for more vehicle

movements on site (between site compounds and construction areas) will result in more vehicle

emissions and the potential to stir up more sand from the beach than under Delivery Option A.

There are no additional mitigation actions to counter these impacts. The impact on air quality

during construction is considered to be minor adverse.


There will be no impacts on air quality as a result of the long term operation of the scheme,

including during any maintenance works. The impact on air quality post construction is

considered to be neutral.

4.12 Historic Environment


A review of the Archaeological Assessment undertaken by Gwynedd Archaeological Trust (GAT)

as part of the 2005 Scheme EIA was carried out see Appendix H for a full copy of the report). A

high level rapid assessment of the following resources was also performed, with the specific aim

of identifying any new information which may have been published since the GAT Assessment

was completed in 2004;

• GAT Historic Environment Record

• Core Archaeological Record Index for Wales

• Royal Commission On The Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales

• National Monuments Record of Wales.

GAT were consulted during the drafting of this Environmental Statement. Their responses are in

Appendix C.


Previous studies (ABPmer 2004, GAT 2004) have found that there are relatively few

archaeological or historic environment features in the general area of the scheme in particular and

Tywyn seafront in general.

The GAT Assessment (see Appendix H) identified thirteen archaeological/historic interest

features within their 1km survey area, which are listed below in Table 4.23.

The features are assigned one of five categories of importance, A-E.



118

A: National Importance

B: Regional or County Importance

C: District or Local Importance

D: Minor or Damaged Sites

E: Sites needing further investigation

Of the thirteen interest features identified within the GAT survey area only three (features 6, 7 & 8)

are known to be within the study area:

• Bronze Spearhead findspot (feature 6)

• Bronze Age Crematorium Urn (feature 7)

• Tywyn Promenade (feature 8)

In addition, two other features (features 9 & 10) may extend in to the study area or be at risk

during the construction of the scheme:

• Ancient peat beds (feature 9)

• Turbary (feature 10)



119

Table 4.23 Archaeological and Historic Interest Features within a 1km radius of Tywyn

Feature No. Feature Name OS Grid

Reference

Period Category

1 Afon Dysynni Entrance

Wall

SH 5614 0320 20th Century C

2 Dysynni Marshes Sea

Bank

SH 5724 0160 –

SH 5670 0260

19th – 20

th

Century

C

3 Afon Dysynii Low Level

Tidal Gate and Culvert


4 Afon Dysynii Low Level

Outfall


5 Cambrian Coast

railway embankment

SH 5734 0154 –

5670 0270

19th Century C

6 Bronze spearhead

findspot

SH 5770 0095 Early first

millennium BC

B

7 Bronze Age

Crematorium urn

SH 5800 0000 Early second

millennium BC

B

8 Promenade, Tywyn

sea-front.

SH 5792 0010 –

5775 0058

19th Century B

9 Ancient peat-beds SN 5810 9960 Prehistoric B

10 Turbary SN 5818 9932 18th – 19

th

Century

B

11 Afon Dyffryn Gwyn

Outfall

SN 5825 9935 19th – 20

th

Century

C

12 Afon Dyffryn Gwyn

Tidal Gate and Culvert

SN 5835 9940 19th – 20

th

Century

C

13 2nd

World War coastal

defences, Pill Box

SN 5853 9886 20th Century B

Source: GAT Archaeological GAT Assessment, 2003


The assessment of the impacts of the scheme is separated in to impacts within the study area and

impacts adjacent to the study area.

Impacts Within the Study Area

No significant features of heritage interest that could be directly affected by the scheme were

identified in the study area.

There are three features of interest in or near Tywyn (features 6, 7 & 8) but they are not on the

foreshore itself. GAT concluded that features 6 and 7 were wrongly attributed to the Tywyn

frontage and that they were in fact discovered some distance from the study area. Therefore, it is

unlikely that the proposed scheme will result in any impacts on these features.



120

It is possible that the construction of the scheme could have a negative impact upon the

promenade since heavy plant will be operating close to the promenade and may be required to

traverse directly over it. Such actions could result in damage occurring to the promenade. In

order to reduce the potential impacts a suitable construction methodology will need to be agreed

by the contractor with CGC / GAT (e.g. use of banksmen during operation of heavy plant).

A summary of the potential impacts upon features 6, 7 and 8 as well as GAT’s recommended

mitigation measures is presented in Table 4.24.

Table 4.24 Summary of Effects within Study Area and Mitigation Measures

Feature

No.

Feature Name Nature of Impact Impact Mitigation Measures

6 Bronze spearhead

find-spot

N/A Neutral None Required

7 Bronze Age

Crematorium urn

find-spot

N/A Neutral None Required

8 Promenade,

Tywyn sea-front

Direct Damage

from heavy

machinery on or

adjacent to the

promenade.

Collision of

plant/machinery

with the

promenade

Minor

Adverse

Watching Brief and

agreement of suitable

construction methodology

with contractor


GAT suggested that the peat beds and associated turbary to the South of the study area may

extend beneath the surface of the sand in to the study area. It was also recognised that in the

area directly in front of the promenade any peat beds may have already been eroded following the

promenade’s construction (GAT 2004). The results of trial pit investigations commissioned for the

2005 Environmental Statement showed most of the pits (especially those at Bryn-y-mor and Pier

Road) contained only sand and or cobble/shingle in the top 1.5 to 2m of the beach within which

the toe of the structures is likely to be placed (sediment below this depth will be unaffected). At

Warwick Place a clay layer was recorded at around 1 – 1.1m below the surface but no further

information for sediment below this depth was available.

Further ground investigations carried out in summer 2009 for the 2009 Scheme also showed no

evidence of peat beds within the study area. The results of these investigations will be made

available to GAT to determine if they believe there are any historically important peat deposits in

the area. Potential impacts and possible mitigation actions that GAT may consider necessary,

after viewing the 2009 ground investigation results are presented in Table 4.25.



121

Table 4.25 Summary of Effects on Peat Deposits within Study Area and Mitigation Measures

Feature No.

Feature Name Nature of Effect Impact Mitigation Measures

9 Ancient peat beds Direct damage from plant/machinery when excavating and from tracking of lorries over exposed or shallow peat deposits

Minor Adverse

Trial Pit excavations (awaiting results) Watching Brief and detailed recording Use of protective mats to spread load of exceptionally heavy plant when operating on the beach (if peat deposits are found at any stage in the construction) Contractor to minimise area of beach for vehicle movement

10 Turbary Direct damage from plant/machinery when excavating and from tracking of lorries over exposed or shallow peat deposits

Minor Adverse

Trial Pit excavations (awaiting results) Watching Brief and detailed recording Use of protective mats to spread load of exceptionally heavy plant when operating on the beach (if peat deposits are found at any stage in the construction) Contractor to minimise area of beach used for vehicle movements


With these mitigation measures in place the residual impacts are considered to be minor

adverse.

Impacts Adjacent to Study Area

The construction of the scheme will involve the movement and use of heavy plant on the

foreshore. If the peat beds or turbary to the South of the study area are exposed or only slightly

covered by sand, significant damage could be caused by machinery or plant crossing over them.

It is recommended that all machinery / plant be limited to the study area and do not work or move

across any area South of groyne 1, in order to minimise potential impacts to any nearby peat

deposits. A summary of the potential impacts and suggested mitigation measures is presented in

Table 4.26. With these mitigation measures in place the residual impacts are considered to be

minor adverse.



122

Table 4.26 Summary of Effects Adjacent to Study Area and Mitigation Measures

Feature

No.


9 Ancient peat beds Direct damage from

plant/machinery

tracking over

exposed or shallow

peat deposits

Minor

Adverse

Plant/machinery limited to

study area

10 Turbary Direct damage from

plant/machinery

tracking over

exposed or shallow

peat deposits

Minor

Adverse

Plant/machinery limited to

study area



The assessment of the potential impacts following construction of the scheme has been separated

in to impacts within the study area and impacts adjacent to the study area.

Impacts Within the Study Area

The purpose of the scheme is to provide improved coastal protection to the Tywyn frontage and

reduce erosion directly in front of the promenade. One impact of the scheme following its

construction will be the defence of the Tywyn frontage which has been assessed as moderately

beneficial. Table 4.27 summarises the impact of the scheme during operation upon the features

known to be within the study area.

Should additional trial pit investigations find peat deposits within the study area, the increased

size/depth of the Tywyn beach/foreshore, resulting from the scheme, will provide additional

protection to the deposits from erosion. This should prevent any potentially valuable

archaeological records from being washed away.

Table 4.27 Summary of Effects and Mitigation Measures within Study Area

Feature

No.

Feature

Name

Nature of Effect Impact Mitigation Measures

6 Bronze

spearhead

find-spot

N/A Neutral None required

7 Bronze Age

Crematorium

urn find-spot

N/A Neutral None required

8 Promenade,

Tywyn sea-

front

Provision of

protection from wave

energy. Reduction in

risk of

subsidence/collapse

Moderate

beneficial

None required




123

Any future maintenance works (e.g. beach recharge / re-profiling) may require the tracking of

heavy plant across the Tywyn foreshore which could cause disturbance to peat deposits buried

beneath the surface of the sand. The use of protective mats (e.g. Eve Trakway) could be used to

spread the load and reduce the disturbance to underlying peat.

A summary of the potential impacts to peat deposits within the study area during operation and

suggested mitigation measures is presented in Table 4.28 with these mitigation measures in place

the residual impacts are considered to be neutral.

Table 4.28 Summary of Effects and Mitigation Measures within Study Area

Feature

No.


9 Ancient peat beds

Accumulation of beach

material over already

buried peat deposits

Direct

damage/disturbance from

plant/machinery tracking

over buried peat deposits

during maintenance work

Neutral Use of protective mats to

spread load of exceptionally

heavy plant when operating

on the beach (if peat

deposits are found at any

stage in the construction)

10 Turbary Accumulation of beach

material over already

buried peat deposits

Direct

damage/disturbance from

plant/machinery tracking

over buried peat deposits

during maintenance work

Neutral Use of protective mats to

spread load of exceptionally

heavy plant when operating

on the beach (if peat

deposits are found at any

stage in the construction)


Impacts Adjacent to Study Area

The results of numerical modelling (Section 4.4) have shown that the scheme is not predicted to

have an impact at other points along the coast and in light of this it is unlikely that there will be

impacts on archaeological interest features outside of the study area during operation or post

construction. Impacts are, therefore, considered to be neutral

4.13 Navigation


Information on navigation in the waters offshore of Tywyn and the surrounding area has been

obtained by reviewing the ES carried out for the 2005 Scheme (ABPmer, 2005). No major

navigation interests were identified in the review.



124


Very little vessel activity takes place offshore of the Tywyn frontage. This is due to the exposed

nature of the shoreline, making it difficult to launch boats from the three available slipways

(Warwick Place, Pier Road and Neptune Road), particularly when the tide is in. Of the activity that

does take place, this takes the form of small leisure boats and jet skis. Approximately 8-10 jet skis

are regularly used on the Tywyn sea front has been established to keep jet skis and boats

separate from swimmers and other water users (ABPmer, 2005).

There are also very few fishing vessels navigating offshore. As described in section 4.14, a single

fishing boat (14-16 feet in length) occasionally launches from available slipways (ABPmer, 2005).

There is also some local fishing activity off the reef to the North of Tywyn.

Approximately 5km to the South of tywyn is Aberdyfi harbour. CGC is the Harbour Authority (as

empowered by the Aberdyfi Harbour Empowerment Order 1972) and all activities within the

harbour area are controlled by the CGC Harbour Master (CGC, 1998). Information described

throughout this section with respect to the number and type of vessels that use the harbour at

Aberdyfi and operate in the Afon Dyfi and adjacent coastal areas were supplied to ABPmer (2005)

by the Assistant Harbour Master and are set out in table 4.29.

Table 4.29 Occupancy Details for Aberdyfi Harbour

Year Personal Watercraft Power Boats Annual Moorings Visiting Yachts

1995 N/A 40 102 171

1996 N/A 38 95 192

1997 N/A 41 105 220

1998 41 37 101 124

1999 41 48 110 135

2000 68 67 99 130

2001 57 77 110 140

2002 32 73 102 90

2003 50 89 104 125

Average 48 57 103 147

Source: ABPmer, 2005

Most vessels at Aberdyfi are visiting yachts and boats owned by people with annual moorings.

Since 1998, the number of visiting yachts has remained relatively constant at approximately 130,

with a dip in 2002. The number of annual moorings has remained constant over the period 1995

to 2003 (ABPmer, 2005). In terms of other water users, jet skis are launched from the Aberdyfi

harbour slipway on a daily basis and the Aberdyfi Sailing Club has around 20 boats of varying

size. Typically there are approximately 20 jet skis being launched on a Bank Holiday (ABPmer,

2005). The majority of these boats operate within the Afon Dyfi, rather than the open coast, and

the estuary is particularly busy in July and August due to the annual ‘Dinghy Fortnight’ event and

summer holidays (ABPmer, 2005).

The number of fishing vessels at Aberdyfi is very low in comparison to other harbour users. There

are only five fishing vessels and only one of these is regarded as being a full time commercial

operator, along with 8 day boats that are privately owned and used for sea angling (ABPmer,

2005). The Aberdyfi and Borth Lifeboat Stations also operate offshore in the area around Tywyn.



125



Delivery Option A will require the presence of vessels in the water immediately offshore of the

Tywyn frontage during the delivery and offloading of the rock, which is estimated to take

approximately 3 months. More detail on the delivery of rock and construction method is contained

in Section 2.

The delivery of the materials by sea could impact on navigation routes for both recreational users

and fishermen. However, due to the limited number of vessels that will be used (main ship, barge

and tug) the increase in vessels in the water will be minimal. In addition, the waters in the vicinity

of the works are not regularly used by vessels.

Nevertheless, there will be a need to manage vessel movement to ensure that any risks of

collision or accidents are minimised. The shipping contractor will be responsible for vessel

management and will be required to have an appointed pilot (or ‘Barge Master’) on the delivery

vessel that will oversee and direct all barge movements. The Barge Master will be required to

liaise with the CGC Harbour Master with whom working practices will be agreed in advance. A

Notice to Mariners will also be issued.

Efforts will also be made to minimise the disruption to boat users launching craft from the slipways

(including during the movement of plant on the beach) and to ensure that navigation in the

nearshore zone remains safe (see Section 4.9 for impacts on water recreation).

Given the implementation of the required vessel management measures as well as the placement

of appropriate shoreline signage and the spatial extent and location of the proposed structures it is

expected that the proposal will have a minor adverse impact on navigation immediately offshore

of Tywyn. Impacts further South in the vicinity of the Aberydyfi Harbour and on lifeboats are

considered neutral.


The impact on navigation is considered to be neutral (see Section 4.9 for impacts on water

recreation).


Following construction, the position of the Warwick Place Breakwater could pose a navigational

hazard through the risk of vessel collisions with the structure. However, the structure is located

just above MLW and as it will only be partially submerged at MHW will not be in the direct path of

vessels. Navigation marks will be positioned on the seaward edges of the Warwick Place

Breakwater, the Pier Road Rock Groyne and the South Terminal Rock Groyne to reduce any

risks. These are likely to comprise a green pole surmounted with a green conical shaped top

mark. The navigational aid will be agreed in consultation with Trinity House. Given the location of

the rock structures and the navigation aids proposed the scheme will have a neutral impact on

navigation.

Although the Warwick Place Breakwater and beach nourishment will be constructed in front of the

Warwick Place slipway, these elements of the scheme will not restrict the launching of boats from

this slipway. The imported beach sediment will be similar to existing therefore not impacting on

the ability for boats to be manoeuvred to the water’s edge. Both the Pier Road slipway and the

Warwick Place slipway will also benefit from increased shelter from the Pier Road Rock Groyne

and Warwick Place Breakwater respectively. Overall, the impact of the scheme on navigation

from the beach is considered to be minor beneficial due to the improved shelter offered by the

scheme. The scheme will not impact (neutral) on existing RNLI navigation routes.



126

4.14 Commercial and Recreational Fisheries


Information on fisheries offshore of Tywyn and the surrounding area has been obtained by

reviewing the ES carried out for the 2005 Scheme (ABPmer, 2005). No major fishing interests

were identified in the review.


The North Western and North Wales Sea Fisheries Committee (NWNWSFC) is the Sea Fisheries

Committee for the Tywyn area. The fishing industry in Cardigan Bay focuses primarily on shell

fishing, with additional recreational fishing also taking place. There are presently around 35-40

commercially registered boats between Bardsey Island and Aberdyfi (CGC, 1998). There are no

major fishing ports situated close to Tywyn, although Aberdyfi is regarded as a small coastal

fishing port. The fishing methods utilised include potting, ‘musseling’, netting, rod and line and

recreational angling (Table 4.30). Cockling takes place, but not commercially (NWNWSFC, 2004)

and the closest designated shellfish waters are located in the Afon Dyfi, located 5km South of the

proposed works. Netting from boats represents a minor part of the industry whilst coastal fixed

netting is increasing (CGC, 1998).

Table 4.30 Fishing Effort Data for the Llyn Area

01/10/02 – 28/02/03 01/03/03 – 30/06/03

Fishing People Boats People Boats

Full Time 57 43 56 42

Part Time 105 81 105 81

Anglers 1017 687 1017 687

01/07/03 – 31/10/03 01/11/03 – 29/02/04

Fishing People Boats People Boats

Full Time 59 47 59 47

Part Time 108 70 108 70

Anglers 1122 627 647 367

Source: ABPmer, 2005

Commercial and recreational species caught in the coastal area extending from Barmouth to the

North of Tywyn to Cemaes Head to the South (referred to as the Llyn area) are shown in Table

4.31. There are no recorded fish species that spawn in the waters close to Tywyn although the

coastal area is used as a nursery ground by plaice and sole. The overall fishing effort for

demersal (living on or near the seabed) fish species is low and there is no fishing effort for pelagic

(open water) species. There is moderate fishing effort using static gear, low fishing effort for

beam trawlers, and no fishing effort for Nephrops / shrimp trawlers. There is no international

fishing effort in this area (Coull et al 1996).

Sea angling does occasionally take place along the Tywyn foreshore area since 15% of the

respondents approached for the review of recreational activities (see Section 4.9) said that they

undertake fishing/angling.



127

Table 4.31 Fisheries Species Caught within the Llyn Area

Main Commercial

Species

Minor Commercial

Species Potting Bycatch Angling Species

Lobsters Mussels Spider Crab Spotted Dogfish

Prawns Herring Velvet Crab Bass

Bass Mullet Whiting

Scallops Codling Ray

Turbot Pollack Tope

Spotted Dogfish Whelks Black Bream

Ray Mackerel

Source: CGC, 1998

Shellfish

There are no designated shellfish waters in the vicinity of the foreshore and hence no commercial

shellfish harvesting in the vicinity of the proposed scheme at Tywyn. The closest shellfish waters

are located within the Dyfi estuary, at Aberdyfi approximately 7.5km South of the proposed site

(Food Standards Agency, 2003). The locations of the closest activities are listed below:

• Aberdyfi slipway: Ostrea edulis (native or flat oyster)

• Coed y Gofer: Cerastoderma edule (common edible cockle)

• Picnic Island: Mytilus edulis (blue mussel)

Salmon

Salmon fishing takes places on the Afon Dysynni to the North of Tywyn and the Afon Dyfi to the

South of Tywyn. Fishing on both rivers takes place using commercial net fishing (seine nets) and

rod and line fishing. Both rivers have failed to reach compliance for their current conservation

limits since 1995 (limit at which stocks should not be allowed to fall below) (CEFAS and

Environment Agency, 2002). A Salmon Action Plan for the Afon Dyfi has been prepared by the

EAW as part of its National Salmon Management Strategy (Environment Agency, 2003).


The impacts on fish biodiversity (noise, water and sediment quality) are detailed in Section 4.5.


The delivery of materials by sea could disturb fishing activities that take place in the area (see

Section 2.3 for construction methodology details). There is a risk that the navigation routes of

local fishermen could be disturbed during the delivery of the rock to the Tywyn frontage.

However, little fishing takes place offshore of Tywyn in the vicinity of the works and the impacts to

fishermen in terms of access to fishing sites is considered to be neutral.

See Section 4.13 for impacts on navigation and Section 4.9 for impacts on water recreation.

A Notice to Mariners will, however, be issued to alert fishermen of works taking place. One

fisherman operates a boat from Tywyn itself and uses available slipways. During the construction

phase access to some of the slipways may be prohibited. However, the construction will be

phased in such a way that at least one slipway will remain useable at any time during the

construction. Overall any effects on fish or fishing activities are considered to be neutral.



128


The impact on commercial and recreational fisheries is considered to be neutral (see Section 4.9

for impacts on water recreation).


Due to the absence of fishing within the footprint of the scheme, the scheme and its new

structures will have no adverse impact (neutral) on existing fishing practices.

Full access to the foreshore will be resumed for anglers. However, some of the foreshore area

will be taken up by the new structures. However, the area lost to the new scheme is small and no

impacts (neutral) on angling post construction have been identified.

The repairs to the existing slipways and the improved shelter provided by the rock structures will

improve the launching of fishing vessels from these slipways. Although this could be seen as a

minor benefit, as only one fisherman is known to launch from the slipway, this benefit is not far-

reaching. The overall impact on fishermen using the slipways is therefore considered neutral.

4.15 In-Combination Impacts

There are no other coastal protection schemes known to be taking place along the Tywyn

Frontage or the adjacent coastline which could contribute to and increase the magnitude of the

impacts described above.

There are no other coastal schemes known to be taking place on the adjacent shores North or

South of the Tywyn frontage, managed by Network Rail and EAW respectively.

A coast protection and improvement scheme is planned on the Ceredigion coast at Borth, to the

South of the Dyfi estuary. The Dyfi estuary is a natural break / headland preventing the transport

of sediment from North of the Dyfi Southwards, or vice versa (see Section 4.4). In-combination

impacts are, therefore, considered to be neutral (see Section 4.9 for impacts on water

recreation).

The combined impacts of the 2009 Scheme are not considered to be significant if the mitigation

actions set out in this ES are followed. Delivery Option B would result in slightly greater combined

impacts, given the additional numbers of HGVs, increased site vehicle movements needed and

the increased noise generated by tipping rock when unloading vehicles. These impacts are,

however, time limited to the construction period (18 months duration). The combined impacts of

the 2009 Scheme post-construction are not considered to be significant.



129

5. Conclusions and Recommendations This section contains a summary of all the environmental impacts on the baseline conditions of

the environmental receptors considered throughout this ES using the assessment criteria as

detailed in Section 4.1. Table 5.1 provides a summary of all of these effects for both the

construction and post-construction phases of the scheme.

‘Significant’ effects are considered to be those identified as ‘minor’, ‘moderate’ or ‘major’ and

either adverse or beneficial. Impacts that have been identified as ‘neutral’ and/or ‘negligible’ are

not considered to be significant.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the summary presented in table 5.1 and the assessment undertaken in Section 4, the

2009 Scheme is considered to provide benefits to the residents and visitors to Tywyn by reducing

the impacts of coastal flooding and erosion and maintaining or improving the amenity value of and

access to the beach for the next 20 years.

Adverse environmental impacts are predominantly localised (within the area of the 2009 Scheme)

and time limited (during the 18 month construction period), providing the mitigation measures

proposed are followed. No adverse impacts to the coastal processes outside the site have been

identified.

5.2 Recommendations

Recommendations for managing construction to mitigate environmental impacts have been made

within the ES. The implementation of these measures will minimise any adverse environmental

impacts.

A copy of the Environmental Action Plan (EAP) that accompanied the tender documents for

prospective contractors is in Section 6. It should be noted that this only considered mitigation

measures for Delivery Option A. If the 2009 Scheme receives required planning permission and

FEPA / CPA consent, the EAP will need to be revised based on the successful contractor’s

delivery methodology and any conditions imposed by the decision making authorities.



130

Table 5.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts

Environmental Receptor During Construction Post Construction

Coastal Processes

Sediment Budget / Transport Neutral – insignificant increase in sediment budget resulting from minimal release of sediment during construction

Minor beneficial – beach nourishment considered beneficial to the sediment budget in the first SMP2 epoch (0-20 years)

Neutral – impact of Warwick Place Breakwater on longshore sediment drift

Neutral – South Terminal Rock Groyne, Pier Road Rock Groyen and new timber groynes prevent movement of beach nourishment to adjacent frontages

Neutral – no impact upon the dune system – the 2009 Scheme does not interrupt the linkage between the foreshore and the dunes

Neutral – impact of Bryn-y-mor Rock Revetment on longshore sediment drift

Minor beneficial – beneficial stabilising effect of scheme on beach morphology, however no change in behaviour of the coastline is anticipated. Minimal increases in sediment budget as a result of beach nourishment

Coastal Processes / Shoreline Evolution

Neutral – negligible impact on overall coastal processes since complementary structures will be built at similar times

Neutral – minor adverse impact on coastal processes within the site in the first SMP2 epoch (0-20 years) reduced to neutral by the placement of Warwick Place Breakwater at an embryonic headland and the use of beach nourishment, which speeds the adjustment to a new system (by not drawing down material from other areas)

Neutral – no impact from the 2009 Scheme in comparison to natural processes within the site in the second SMP2 epoch (20 – 50 years)

Neutral – no impact outside of the site in the first SMP2 epoch in comparison to natural processes

Neutral – no impact on coastal processes outside of the site in the the second SMP2 epoch in comparison to natural processes

Neutral - no impact to the north of the site in the first SMP2 epoch

Neutral - no impact anticipated on the Dyfi geological SSSI to the south in the first SMP2 epoch

Neutral – no impacts on the SAC

Flora & Fauna



131


Hinterland Flora and Fauna Neutral – no areas of biological interest to the landward side of the Scheme site

Neutral – no areas of biological interest to the landward side of the Scheme site

Neutral – no impacts on the dunes in adjacent areas

Intertidal Flora and Fauna Minor adverse – minor loss of non-SAC feature habitat / species by plant movement inside the SAC (10m x 50m area).

Neutral – no activity outside of Scheme site area impacts on adjacent areas


Minor adverse – minor loss of habitat / species by plant movement and construction activities


Minor adverse – minor loss of habitat / species by plant movement and construction activities if site traffic routes are agreed with CCW/CGC prior to construction. The use of protective matting may also be required in some areas

Minor adverse – minor loss of habitat / species caused by footprint of new structures / loss of old groynes

Neutral – no impacts on flora and fauna in adjacent dune areas

Minor beneficial – provision of additional hard substrate for sessile species

Neutral – impact from beach nourishment – replaces lost substrate

Marine Flora and Fauna Minor adverse – small release of sediment resulting in minor smothering of any local vulnerable species

Neutral – impact on fish / shellfish from sediment release and noise

Neutral – impact on turbidity

Neutral – impact on marine mammals from noise

Neutral – no loss of SAC area

Neutral – no impacts from structures on fish species

Neutral – no impacts from beach nourishment on fish species

Birds Minor adverse – disturbance of birds in surrounding areas

Neutral – impact on bird beach feeding areas

Minor beneficial – provision of additional roosting / feeding source for birds

Neutral – no impacts on birds caused by footprint of new structures

Landscape & Visual Amenity

Landcover and Landform Moderate adverse – presence of site compounds will result in temporary change in landscape resources during construction

Slight adverse – effects of presence of rock revetment and breakwater upon landscape resources

Landscape Character Substantial adverse – construction activities within the normally peaceful landscape will result in a detrimental change to landscape character throughout the construction period

Slight beneficial – remedying of poor coastal defences and improvement in functionality, including reduction in future flood events offset introduction of incongruous elements into the area

Existing Site Use Substantial adverse – restricted access to beach and promenade will have detrimental impact on the tourist trade

Moderate beneficial – improved amenity of beach areas, including better access to the beach and new stepped apron



132


Visual Amenity Impacts Slight adverse – construction traffic and activity will have slight impact upon properties on Marine Parade

Moderate adverse – proximity of the satellite site compound will impact properties on Marine Parade

Moderate adverse – users of public toilets on Marine Parade impacted as a result of construction traffic and activity

Slight adverse – users of the playground on Marine Parade will be impacted due to distance from the satellite site compound and site traffic. In addition to this the view from the playground will also be interrupted

Moderate adverse – proximity of works and satellite site compound to Gwynedd Caravan Park

Slight adverse – during off peak season construction works will have a slight disturbance upon Gwynedd Caravan Park

Substantial adverse – proximity of the site compound to Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park

Slight adverse – during off peak season construction works will have lesser impact upon Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park

Substantial adverse – proximity of site to areas of beach still in use

Neutral – views from ground floor properties at Northern end of Marine Parade screened by intervening planting on the East side of adjacent car park

Slight adverse – ground floor properties in centre of Marine Parade will have views of the Warwick Place Breakwater, however this will be offset by the improved view resulting from the new shortened groynes

Moderate adverse – ground floor properties at South of Marine Parade will have views of the Warwick Place Breakwater

Neutral – upper floor properties along Marine Parade look out upon the Warwick Place Breakwater, however this will be offset by the benefit from the shortened groynes

Moderate adverse – views of Warwick Place Breakwater impacts on users of public toilets on Marine Parade from

Slight Beneficial – improved view from the play ground on Marine Parade resulting from shortened groynes

Slight adverse – notable adverse impacts to Gwynedd Caravan Park resulting from Warwick Place Breakwater will be counterbalanced by replaced/removed timber groynes

Slight beneficial – positive impact upon Bryn-y-mor Caravan Park from renovation of groyne field

Slight beneficial – users of beach will experience a benefits from the new stepped apron, beach nourishment and refurbishment of groyne field, these will be offset by the Warwick Place Breakwater

Water and Sediment Quality

Water and Sediment Quality Minor adverse – any release of sediments will be limited to very small quantities

Neutral – no evidence that in-situ sediment contains any contaminants

Neutral – imported sediment will contain no contaminants

Minor adverse – potential impact from spills and leakages from construction plant

Neutral – very small increase in turbidity due to natural washing of recharge material – time limited

Traffic and Transport

Volume of Traffic Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea

Moderate adverse – predicted increase in volume of traffic of up

Minor beneficial – increase in functionality of defence structures will provide increased protection to Marine Parade from flooding. This is offset by the occasional access required by vehicles/plant to maintain



133


to 30% for the period of February 2010 – time limited


Moderate adverse – predicted increase in volume of traffic for most of the 18 month construction period – time limited – consideration to be given to pre/post construction road surveys in vulnerable areas and to alerting residents in areas where congestion may arise(in consultation with CGC Highways)

defence structures

Recreation and Amenity

Beach Recreation Moderate adverse – during construction some areas of the beach will be off limits to the public

Negligible – passage along the beach at MLW will remain unchanged

Minor adverse – when steps to the beach are under repair, access to the beach will be available using adjacent steps


Minor adverse – overall impact of works on beach recreation – time limited


Moderate adverse – overall impact of works on beach recreation – time limited

Minor adverse – loss of beach area due to footprint of rock structures

Minor adverse – impact of Warwick Breakwater on beach access

Minor beneficial – shorter rock groynes will improve passage along beach

Neutral – impact resulting from presence of the Bryn-y-mor revetment

Moderate adverse – people climbing on/over the rock structures

Minor beneficial – beach nourishment behind the Warwick Place Breakwater

Moderate beneficial –new timber groynes will improve along shore passage

Moderate beneficial – enhanced seating area as a result of repairs to concrete steps and seawall

Water Recreation Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea

Minor adverse – impact on water users from approaching and moored vessels

Minor adverse – impact resulting from repairs to slipways


Neutral – impact on water users from approaching and moored vessels

Moderate adverse – impact resulting from unavailability of slipways – time limited

Neutral – no change to offshore wave patterns

Neutral – risk of scheme to swimmers

Minor Adverse – risk of collision with structures from recreational and commercial boats

Minor Beneficial – impact to three slipways

Promenade Recreation Minor adverse – impact on promenade users from presence of plant and machinery

Moderate beneficial – overall impact upon the promenade as a result of scheme (e.g. viewing platform, improved protection)

Parking facilities Minor adverse – impact on parking space availability Minor beneficial – provision of greater protection to frontage from wave overtopping



134


Noise

Construction Noise Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea

Moderate adverse – overall impacts of construction noise on local residents and visitors


Major adverse – overall impacts of greater level of delivery and construction noise on local residents and visitors

Neutral – no impacts on existing noise levels

Air Quality

Air Quality Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea

Neutral – overall impacts upon air quality during construction


Minor adverse – overall impacts upon air quality during construction

Neutral – no impacts from structures on air quality

Historic Environment

Archaeological features of interest Minor adverse – impacts of construction work upon and adjacent to the promenade

Minor adverse – potential impacts upon possible peat deposits (turbary and peat beds) within the study area

Minor adverse – impacts upon possible peat deposits (turbary and peat beds) adjacent to the study area

Moderate beneficial – impact of scheme upon promenade through the provision of increased protection from waves

Neutral – no impacts resulting from the scheme upon peat deposits (turbary and peat beds) within study area

Neutral – no impacts resulting from scheme upon peat deposits (turbary and peat beds) adjacent to the study area

Navigation

Navigation Delivery Option A – delivery of large rock by sea

Minor adverse – impacts upon navigation immediately offshore of Tywyn

Neutral – no impacts expected upon navigation to the South of Tywyn (Aberdyfi Harbour)


Neutral – impacts upon navigation immediately offshore of Tywyn

Neutral – no impacts expected upon navigation to the South of

Neutral – impacts of the scheme upon navigation

Minor beneficial – increased shelter provided to the slipways by Warwick Place Breakwater will be beneficial to navigation from the beach

Neutral – no impact upon RNLI navigation routes



135


Tywyn (Aberdyfi Harbour)

Commercial and Recreational Fisheries

Fishing Neutral – access to fishing sites will not be interrupted

Neutral – there will be no impacts upon fish biodiversity

Neutral – access to a slipway to enable launching of vessels will be possible throughout construction

Neutral – overall impacts upon fishing activities

Neutral – new structures will have no impact upon existing fishing practices

Neutral – some loss of foreshore available for anglers

Neutral – repairs/replacement of the slipways will benefit the launching of fishing vessels from Tywyn, however there is only 1 fisherman launching from Tywyn currently



136

6. Environmental Action Plan 6.1 Introduction

This Draft Environmental Action Plan (EAP) was produced to accompany the tender documents

for prospective contractors as part of the procurement process by CGC. At the time of production,

the possibility of delivering all materials by road was not considered.

The EAP will, therefore, need to be updated to take account of the preferred contractor’s delivery

methodology (by sea, by road or a mix of both methods) and the associated impacts and

proposed mitigation methods set out in this ES, along with any specific planning or licensing

conditions that may be applied if consents are granted for the 2009 Scheme. Updating of the EAP

will be undertaken in consultation with CGC, EAW and CCW when a contractor has been

appointed and will be reviewed throughout the construction period.


Tywyn Coastal Improvement Scheme

137

Table 6.1 Draft Environmental Action Plan

ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN

Ref.

No. Objective Action Target Responsibility

Reference

to further

information

Monitoring

and

Observation

Further Action

Required

(Y/N)

PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION

Pr1 RECREATION AND AMENITY

Pr1.1 Ensure local residents and tourists visiting the Tywyn frontage are aware of when and why the works are being undertaken

Signs and notices to be erected along the frontage prior to construction. Contact details will be provided on all information sources in the event of complaints and requests for further information

No valid complaints regarding lack of information prior to construction

CGC

Pr2 FLORA AND FAUNA

Pr2.1 Reduce risk of damage to adjacent designated conservation sites

Environmental Site Supervisor to be appointed and to make Contractors aware of designated conservation sites and environmental constraints

Contractors fully informed of location of designated sites and the environmental constraints

CGC/

Contractor

Pr3 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY

Pr3.1 Ensure imported recharge material does not contain contaminants harmful to human health and the marine environment

Contamination testing to be carried out of sourced material prior to construction. Should harmful contaminants be found, an alternative source of beach material is to be identified

Beach material to be sourced from an uncontaminated source. Evidence of contamination testing to be produced

Contractor

Pr3.2 Ensure no water pollution from leaks and spills from construction plant and machinery

All staff on site to be briefed on the emergency procedures before commencing works

Staff fully briefed on emergency procedures

Contractor

Pr4 CULTURAL HERITAGE & ARCHAEOLOGY



138


Ref.


Reference

to further

information

Monitoring

and

Observation

Further Action

Required

(Y/N)

Pr4.1 Reduce disturbance and damage to peat deposits

Trial-pits for evidence of peat deposits to be carried out prior to construction. The results may require the development of a mitigation programme, which may include an archaeological watching brief

Surveys carried out prior to construction and Contractor to be informed of any mitigation measures requiring implementation

CGC

Pr4.2 Reduce the risk of damage to the Promenade

Condition survey to be carried out prior to construction

Weak/vulnerable points identified and mitigation measures where necessary identified and implemented. No damage to promenade as a result of construction

Contractor

Pr5 LANDSCAPE & VISUAL AMENITY




CGC

Pr6 NOISE



No valid complaints regarding lack of information prior to construction.

CGC

Pr7 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT



139


Ref.


Reference

to further

information

Monitoring

and

Observation

Further Action

Required

(Y/N)

Pr7.1 Minimise the risk of accidents from any construction traffic through the town

Access routes to be defined in contract documents

Access routes clearly specified in contract documents

CGC

Pr8 NAVIGATION

Pr8.1 Ensure safe navigation Notice to Mariners to be issued prior to commencement of works

Signs to be erected by slipways informing of works

No valid complaints of lack of information prior to construction No valid complaints of lack of information prior to construction

Contractor

CGC

Pr9 FISHERIES

Pr9.1 Ensure navigation routes used by local fishermen are maintained

Notice to Mariners to be issued prior to commencement of works

Fisheries Liaison Officer to be appointed to agree navigation routes and working methods with local fishermen prior to construction

No valid complaints of lack of information prior to construction

Contractor

Pr9.2 Reduce disruption to angling activities

Signs to be erected along frontage, including the car parks prior to construction informing of work

No valid complaints of lack of information prior to construction

CGC



140


Ref. No.

Objective Action Target Responsibility Reference to further information

Monitoring and Observation

Further Action Required

(Y/N)

DURING CONSTRUCTION

D1 RECREATION AND AMENITY

D1.1 Ensure minimal construction disturbance to local residents, tourists and beach users

Signs and notices to be erected along the frontage, site compound and working area during construction providing information of the works. Contact details will be provided on all information sources in the event of complaints and requests for further information Contractor to employ beach marshals to be on site to provide information to the public

Contractor to produce a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) which will detail the management of the site and working procedures in accordance with best practice guidelines

Any valid complaints regarding construction disturbance to be satisfactorily resolved

No valid complaints regarding persons unable to obtain information of the works.

CEMP produced and management measures implemented

CGC/

Contractor

Contractor

Contractor

D1.2 Minimise the risk of accidents to recreational and amenity users from presence and movement of plant and machinery on the beach and in the water

Signs and notices to be erected along the frontage, site compound and working area during construction providing information of the works

Good working practices to be adhered to such as ensuring the site is kept secure (e.g. with fencing) and in good order


Site is secure at all times

Contractor

Contractor



141


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

Contractor to employ beach marshals to be on site to provide information to the public and to keep people away from potentially dangerous areas

CEMP to include working practices to reduce risk of accidents on site

Contractor to obtain contact details of RNLI and Coastguard and Contractor’s contact details to be provided to RNLI and Coastguard

Beach marshals present on site and people kept away from potentially dangerous areas


Contact details circulated

Contractor

Contractor

Contractor

D1.3 Reduce disruption to recreational beach activities



No valid complaints regarding lack of information

Beach marshals present on site and people kept away from potentially dangerous areas

Contractor

Contractor

D2 FLORA AND FAUNA

D2.1 Minimise damage to adjacent designated conservation sites

Environmental Site Supervisor to liaise with Contractor to ensure that mitigation measures are adhered to (including actions from Environmental Statement and Habitats Regulations Assessment)

No damage to features of designated sites All measures implemented

Contractor

D3 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY



142


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

D3.1 Ensure no significant increase in turbidity levels as a result of construction

Environmental Site Supervisor to liaise with Contractor to ensure that mitigation measures are adhered to (including actions from Environmental Statement and Habitats Regulations Assessment)

All measures implemented

No significant decrease in water quality resulting from construction

Contractor

D3.2 Ensure no pollution of the water

Refuelling of vehicles or machinery must take place away from the beach and within a designated refuelling area. Vessels will return to a nearby port for refuelling

Vehicles, vessels and machinery will be well-maintained to ensure no leakages of fuel or engine oil

Oils or chemicals used on land or at sea will be stored in suitable bunded containers

Machinery and equipment in the site compound will be locked away at night and when works are not being undertaken to minimise the risk of vandalism

The Contractor will adhere to the Environment Agency Pollution Prevention Guidance 21 and the Government’s Planning Policy Statement 23

Contractor to have an emergency response procedure in place in the event of a chemical leak or spill both on land and at sea

No pollution incidents

No significant decrease in water quality resulting from construction

Contractor



143


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

The Contractor will include details on the management of pollution risk both on land and at sea in the CEMP

D3.3 Reduce the risk of cement entering the water during slipway construction

Contractor to follow best practice guidelines relating to reducing concrete losses during marine construction

No significant concrete pollution of marine waters

Contractor

D4 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY

D4.1 Ensure no disturbance and damage to peat deposits

Any mitigation measures identified from the pre-construction surveys to be implemented (see Pr4.1)

Construction vehicles and machinery to remain within foot print of the scheme

No disturbance or damage to peat deposits as a result of construction

Contractor

D4.2 Ensure no damage occurs to promenade

Use of banksmen during construction adjacent to promenade

No damage to promenade as a result of construction

Contractor

D5 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACTS

D5.1 Ensure minimal disruption to landscape character and views

CEMP to be produced which will detail the management of the site (keeping it tidy and contained by fencing), including waste management

Signs to be erected informing the public of the works and providing contact details in the event of complaints or requests for further information

Mitigation measures outlined in Landscape & Visual Impact

No valid complaints of disruption to landscape character and views

Contractor



144


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

Assessment to be adhered to

D6 NOISE

D6.1 Ensure disturbance from noise is minimised

Contractor to adhere to relevant British Standards, including BS5228:1997, Part 1, Annex B ‘Noise Control and Open Sites’

All machinery to be well-maintained and fitted with appropriate muffling or silencing equipment

During night-time working hours (between 7pm and 7am), reversing sirens to be replaced with hissers (only applicable to the plant used to unload rock from barges)

Shift workers accessing the site during night-time hours to use cars or light goods vehicles

Land-based construction traffic travelling to and from the site to be limited to travelling between the hours of 7am and 7pm

Signs and notices to be erected along the frontage, site compound and working area during construction providing information of the works. Contact details will be provided on all information sources in the event of complaints and requests for further information

No valid complaints of noise disturbance

Contractor



145


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

Contractor to employ beach marshals to be on site to provide information to the public

CEMP to include noise reduction measures in accordance with best practice guidelines

D7 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

D7.1 Minimise disruption to traffic and transport

Access routes as defined in contract documents to be adhered to

Delivery vehicles to travel between 8am and 7pm and to adhere to best practice guidelines regarding speed

CEMP to detail the management of construction traffic in accordance with best practice guidelines

Workers arriving and leaving the site outside of these hours to use either cars or light goods vehicles

Access routes clearly specified in contract documents

No valid complaints of deliveries of materials outside of specified hours or at excessive speeds


No valid complaints regarding traffic and disruption disturbance

Client

Contractor

Contractor

Contractor

D7.2 Minimise disruption to fishermen navigation

Fisheries Liaison Officer to liaise and agree with fishermen regarding access routes to and from the site

No disruption to fishing activities

Contractor

D8 AIR QUALITY

D8.1 All roads used by construction traffic to be kept free from mud and dust

Washing wheels of vehicles when leaving the site

Ensuring vehicles are kept clean

Damping down roads and

No valid complaints of poor road quality resulting from construction traffic

Contractor



146


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

construction areas if conditions become dry and dusty

D9 NAVIGATION

D9.1 Minimise disruption to recreational vessels

Signs to be erected by slipways informing of works

Beach marshals present on site to provide information to boat users using the slipways

No valid complaints Contractor

D9.2 Ensure navigation routes of local fishermen are maintained

Fisheries Liaison Officer to liaise with fishermen throughout construction

No disruption to existing fishing practices

Contractor

D10 FISHERIES

D10.1 Ensure navigation routes of local fishermen are maintained

Fisheries Liaison Officer to liaise with fishermen throughout construction

No disruption to existing fishing practices

Contractor

D10.2 Reduce disruption to angling activities



No valid complaints regarding lack of information

Contractor

D10.3 Ensure no damage to fishing nets

Any large objects dropped into the water during construction are to be recovered

No damage to fishing nets as a result of construction

Contractor



147


Ref. No.




(Y/N)

POST CONSTRUCTION

Po1 RECREATION AND AMENITY

Po1.1 Ensure minimal disruption to local residents and tourists from future maintenance work

Same as Pr1.1 and D1.1

No valid complaints of lack of information and any valid complaints regarding construction disturbance to be satisfactorily resolved

CGC/

Contractor

Po1.2 Ensure public safety with regards the presence of new rock structures and the risk of people becoming injured from climbing on them

Signs to be erected advising the public not to climb on rocks

Signs erected and public informed of risks

CGC

Po1.3 Ensure the safety of swimmers with regards the risks of swimming close to the new rock structures

Signs to be erected advising of dangers

Signs erected and public informed of risks

CGC

Po2 FLORA AND FAUNA

Po2.1 Minimise damage to adjacent designated conservation sites during maintenance work

Same as Pr2.1 and D2.1 No significant adverse impacts on conservation sites

Contractor

Po3 WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY

Po3.1 Ensure no significant increases in turbidity levels during maintenance operations

Same as D3.1

All measures implemented

No significant decrease in water quality resulting from maintenance works

CGC/

Contractor

Po3.2 Ensure no pollution of the water during maintenance

Same as Pr3 and D3.2 No pollution incidents as a result of maintenance

CGC/



148

operations

operations

No significant decrease in water quality resulting from maintenance works

Contractor

Po4 CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY

Po4.1 Ensure no disturbance and damage to buried peat deposits during maintenance works

Same as D4

No damage to peat deposits

CGC/

Contractor

Po5 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL AMENITY

Po5.1 Ensure minimal disruption to landscape character and views during maintenance works

Same as Pr5 and D5

No valid complaints of disruption to landscape character and views

CGC/

Contractor

Po6 NOISE

Po6.1 Ensure disturbance from noise is minimised during maintenance works

Same as Pr6 and D6

No valid complaints of noise disturbance

CGC/

Contractor

Po7 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

Po7.1 Minimise disruption to traffic and transport during maintenance works

Same as Pr7 and D7

No valid complaints regarding disruption to traffic and transport

CGC/

Contractor

Po8 NAVIGATION

Po8.1 Ensure safety with regards navigation during maintenance works

Navigational aids to be provided on new structures in consultation with Trinity House Signs to be provided at the slipways along the frontage informing of safe navigational requirements

Navigation aids installed

Signs erected and boat users informed of risks

Contractor

CGC

Po8.2 Maintain navigation routes for local fishermen during maintenance work

Same as Pr8.1 No valid complaints of lack of information


CGC/

Contractor

Po9 FISHERIES



149

Po9.1 Ensure minimal disruption to anglers from future maintenance work

Same as Pr9.2 and D10.2

No valid complaints of lack of information

No disruption to angling activities

CGC/

Contractor

Po9.2 Maintain navigation routes for local fishermen during maintenance work

Same as Pr9.1 and D10.1 and 10.3

No valid complaints of lack of information


CGC/

Contractor



150

7. References ABPmer, 2004a. Tywyn Coast Protection Review.

ABPmer, 2004b. Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme: Physical Model Tests.

ABPmer, 2004c. Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme: Engineering Design Guidance. Draft Report

ABPmer 2004d. Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme: Scoping Study. Draft Report for Consultation

ABPmer 2005. Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme: Environmental Statement. Final Report

Atkins, 2009. Tywyn Coastal Processes Report (in preparation for Gwynedd Council)

Atkins, 2008. Tywyn Coastal Strategy: Strategic Prioritisation of Preferred Scheme and Cost Breakdown of Phased Approaches. Doc. Ref. 5074421/1/DG

Atkins, 2009, Tywyn Coastal Defence Scheme, Flood Consequences Assessment

Bray, M; Carter, D. & Hooke, J. 2004. South Coast Sediment Transport Study. Report to SCOPAC. Five Volumes, 1200p. and CD-ROM. especially Volume 3 Hurst Castle Spit to Chichester Harbour Entrance.website version: www.scopac.org.uk/scopac%20sediment%20db/preface.htm

Cardigan Bay Coastal Group, 2002. Cardigan Bay Shoreline Management Plan Overview, http://www.ceredigion.gov.uk/external/shoreline/english/adobe/North%20Cardigan%20Bay%20SMP%202003%20-%20English/North%20Cardigan%20Bay%20SMP%20%202003%20Stage%203.pdf

CCW, 1997. Phase 1 Intertidal Habitat Survey, Aber Dysynni to Aber Dyfi.

CCW, 2003. Guidance for Coastal Defence Design in Relation to Their Landscape and Visual Impacts, Environmental Consultancy University of Sheffield (ECUS) report for the Countryside Council for Wales.

Civil Engineering Solution (CES), 2006. Tywyn Headland Breakwaters Project Appraisal Report.

CGC, 2003a. North Cardigan Bay Shoreline Management Plan.

CGC, 2003b. Tywyn Coast Protection Scheme. Independent Consultants Brief.

CGC, 1998. North Cardigan Bay SMP Stage 1 Volume 1.

CGC, 2001. Trial holes. Tywyn Sea Front. 7-8 march 2001

CGC, 2004a. Introduction. The Unitary Development Plan [online]. Available from: http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=3089&doc=12822&Language=1

CGC, 2004b. Policy Statement on Flood and Coastal Defence

CGC, 2004c. Biodiversity in Gwynedd [online]. http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=3416&doc=9497

Coastal Geomorphology Partnership, 2000. Pen Llŷn A’r Sarnau cSAC: Coastal Processes Surveillance and Research Requirements. Report for Cyngot Cefn Gwlad Cymru (CCW).



151

Defra, 2003. UK Climate Impacts Programme 2002 Climate Change Scenarios: Implementation

for Flood and Coastal Defence: Guidance for Users. R&D Technical Report W5B-029/TR, pp46.

Defra, 2006a. Flood and Coastal Defence Appraisal Guidance FCDPAG3 Economic Appraisal Guidance. Supplementary Note to Operating Authorities – Climate Change Impacts. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environ/fcd/guidance/pagn/Climatechangeupdate.pdf

Defra, 2006b. Shoreline Management Plan Guidance Volume 2: Procedures, Defra, London

Department for Transport, 2007, Guidance on Transport Assessments pub. 2007

Environment Agency, 2003. Annual Assessment of Salmon Stocks and Fisheries in England and Wales 2003.

Environment Agency Wales (2004a) Penllyn Marshes Afon Dyffryn an Gwyn Outfall Chambers Issue 3 environmental Report project Ref. P.D. 023

Environment Agency Wales (2004b). Concise Register of Gauging Stations. http://www.nwl.ac.uk/ih/nrfa/station_summaries/op/EA-Wales2.html

Halcrow, 2001. Futurecoast study (prepared for Defra).

HR Wallingford, 1999. Afon Dysynni to Aberdyfi Coastal Defence Scheme Second Opinion. Report EX 3491

Institution of Highways and Transportation, 1994. Guidelines for Traffic Impact Assessment pub.1994

Marine Pollution Monitoring Management Group, 1998. National Monitoring Programme: Survey of the Quality of UK Coastal Waters.

MNCR 1995. MNCR data moved to http://www.searchnbn.net/ and http://www.searchmesh.net/mermaid

MNCR 1997. MNCR data now moved to http://www.searchnbn.net/ and http://www.searchmesh.net/mermaid

Nedwell, J, Langworthy, J and Howell, D, 2004b. Underwater Noise and Offshore Wind Farms. Presentation at BWEA, 2004. Reference 544R0502.

NWNWSFC, 2004. Fisheries statistics for Southern Area, Barmouth to Cemaes Head.

National Statistics Online, 2009. Statistics about Tywyn. 2007 census [online]. Available from: - http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination

Pethick, J., 1996. Shoreline Intervention Proposals: Afon Dysynni to Aberdyfi. The Dyfi Estuary and the Aberdyfi Coast. Report to the Countryside Council for Wales.

K Pye and Associates Ltd, 2005. The Geomorphological response of Welsh Sand Dunes to Sea Level Rise over the next 100 years and the management implications for SAC and SSSI sites. CCW Contract Science Report Number 670.

Shoreline Management Partnership, 1995. Afon Dysynni to Aberdyfi Shoreline Management. Project Appraisal Report. For Meirionnydd District Council.

Shoreline Management Partnership, 1994. Shoreline Management – Afon Dysynni to Aberdyfi. Intervention Appraisal Report. For Cardigan Bay Coastal Group.



152

Shoreline Management Partnership, 1993 Meirionnydd Coastal Management Study

Tougaard, J, Carstensen, J, Henricksen, JD, Skov, H, Teilmann, J, 2003. Short Term Effects of the Construction of Wind Turbines on Harbour Porpoises at Horns Reef. Technical Report Techwise A/S.

UK Climate Impacts Programme. 2009. UK Climate Projections 09. Available from: - http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk

UKHO, 1972. Tidal Diamond Admiralty Chart

UK Met Office, 2009. UK Waters Wave Model for the year 2003.

WAG, 2002. Planning Policy Wales, 2002 [online]. Available from: - http://www.wales.gov.uk/subiplanning/content/planningpolicy/planningpolicy-e.pdf

WAG, 2007a, New Approach to Flood Defence in Wales, Press Release 23 July 2007, http://wales.gov.uk/news/topic/environment/2007/1589616/?lang=en

WAG, 2007b, Flood Risk Management in Wales, Written Cabinet Statement 17 September 2007, http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetstatements/2007/1680136/?lang=en

WAG, 2007c, Planning Policy Technical Advice Note 18: Transport pub. 2007.

TYWYN COASTAL DEFENCE SCHEME …4.4 Geology and Coastal Processes 47 4.5 Flora and Fauna 60 4.6...

Documents

Transcript of TYWYN COASTAL DEFENCE SCHEME …4.4 Geology and Coastal Processes 47 4.5 Flora and Fauna 60 4.6...