Typography in Graphic Design

7/30/2019 Typography in Graphic Design

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TypographyinGraphicDesign

TypographyisawordthathasitsoriginsintheoldGreeklanguage;typosmeans

formandgraphemeanswritinginGreek.Sotypographyisatechniqueandanartinthesametimethathelpsustocommunicatevisuallyourlanguage.

Inordertounderstandtypographywehavetoknowabouttypeface,pointsize,line

length,leading,tracking,kerning.ThereforIwillgiveashortdescriptionoftheseterms,bellow:

Typefaceisasetofcharactersthathaveasimilardesign.Theyaresomanytypefacesexistingonthemarkettodayandnewonesarebeingdevelopedcontinuously.

Theartandcraftofdesigningtypefacesiscalledtypedesignandthedesignersarecalled

typedesigners.Intheworldofdigitaltypography,whichissomuchdevelopedtoday,thetypedesignersarealsocalledfontdesignersorfontdevelopers.

Pointsize Linelengthisthewidthoccupiedbyablockoftypesettext;itismeasuredininches,

picasandpoints.Thetextinsidethelinecanbeflushleft(alignedtotheleftmargin)

andraggedright,flushrightandraggedleftorjustifiedalllinesareequalinlengthandthetextisalignedalongboththeleftandrightmargin.

Leadingisthedistancebetweenthebaselinesofsuccessivelinesoftype.Inourdays,especiallyinwordprocessingsoftware,leadingisknownaslinespacingor

interlinespacing.

Trackingmeansadjustingthespacebetweengroupsofletters. Kerningmeansadjustingthespacebetweenpairsofletters.

Letterformmeanstheshapeofaletter;alsomeansthestudyanddesignofindividualletters.Letterformsaredesignedformetalprintorcomputer.

TheoriginofletterformIntheancienttime,peopleusedpicturestotransmittheirmessagesorto

communicate.Theyarecalledpictograms.AseriesofpicturesfoundacoupleofthousandyearsagoBCdemonstratethat.

2600-1900BC

WritingsfromIndus

Valleycivilization

TheearliestscriptinIndia

sofarknownistheIndus

Valleypictographicscript.

Over4000symbolbearingsealshavebeendiscovered

intheIndusValley.


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Afterawhile,thepictogramswerereplacedbytheideographs.Thesearethesymbolsthatrepresentanidea,apictureoragroupofpictures.Theywereusedespeciallyby

theNativeAmericansandEgyptians.

SomesaythatChinesealphabetisbasedonideographsorpictographs.Butthisiswrongbecausemostcharacterscontainphoneticpartstoo.Thereforeitisrecognised

todaythatChinesecharactersevolvedfromearlierformofhieroglyphs.Formanyyearspeopleusedtocommunicatetheirideasbydrawingpicturescalled

pictograms.

ASan,orBushman,pictographsfoundintheTsodiloHillsofBotswana.Someofthepaintingshavebeendatedas24,000yearsold,makingthisoneoftheoldestsuch

sitesyetdiscovered.

300,000BC50,000BCPaleolithic

70,000BCAfricanPythonGod

70,000BCPythonWorship70,000BCAfricanreligionPredatesHinduism

38,000BC32,000BCtusk


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InSouthAfrica,intheremoteNgamilandregionofBotswana,itwasfoundtheoldestcultobject.Thiswasamysteriousrockthatlookedliketheheadofahugepythonandwas

sixmeterlongbytwo-metertallrock.Onittheydiscoveredalsothree-to-fourhundred

indentationsthatcouldonlyhavebeenman-made.HieroglyphswerefirstintroducedbyEgyptiansandtheyrepresentsobjects,ideasbutalso

sounds.

EgyptianhieroglyphstypicaloftheGraeco-Romanperiod,

sculptedinRelief.

Glyphs:owl,viper,3-strokes(plural),'breadbun',cloth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph


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InGreek,hieroglyphmeanssacredcarvingasthecharacterswereincravedinstones.Hieroglyphicsarefoundonthewellscaves,insidepyramids,crypts,burialchambers,on

papyrusscrolls.ItissaidthatthehieroglyphicswereusedintheAncientEgyptformore

than3,000years.However,theyweredifficulttomakeandlearnandbecauseofthis,mainlyroyalty,scribes,priestandpoliticiansusedthem.

Inthe1stcenturyA.D.thehieroglyphicswerentusedanymore.In1799,duringtheNapoleonsreign,hisarmyfoundnearAlexandria,inapacecalled

Rosetta,abrokenpieceofrockwithcarvedtextwrittenin3differentlanguages,but

meaningthesamething.TwoofthoselanguageswereEgyptianlanguagesscripts-hieroglyphicanddemotic(a

cursivehieroglyphicstyleofwriting)andoneinclassicalGreek.ThisRosettaStonewas

createdin196BCandnotlongafteritwasdiscoveredbytheFrench,theEnglishtookittotheircountryin1802.TodayitcanbeseenattheBritishMuseuminLondon.Thebritish

scientistThomasYoungandtheFrenchscholarJean-FrancoisChampollionwerestydyingthehieroglyphicscravedonthisstone,tryingtodeciphertheprinciplesofhieroglyphs

writing.Thisstoneis114.4cm,72.3cmwideand27.9cmthick,weighingalmost760kg.It

wassupposedtobeinitiallyofgraniteorbasaltbuttodaytheysayitismadeofgranodioriteofadarkgrey-pinkishcolour.

ImageRosettastoneattheBritish

MuseumLondon

ImageRosettastonecloseup


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GreekAlphabet

BelowisatablelistingtheGreekletters,aswellas

theirformswhenromanized.Thetablealsoprovides

theequivalentPhoenicianletterfromwhicheachGreek

letterisderived.Pronunciationstranscribedusingthe

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet


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TheGreekalphabetisover2500yearsoldanditwasborrowedfromPhoenicians.WhileGreeksweretradingwithPhoenicians,theysawthemwritingthingsdownandthoughtthat

wasverycleversotheydecidedtoaddacoupleofvowelstothePhoeniciansalphabetand

startusingitthemselves.ThisishowtheGreeksstartedtheirwrittenlanguage.Theyhaveleftuswonderfulfables,mythsandlegends,hugeepics,storiesandplays.Theyusedtowrite

toeachotherletterstosharetheirdailylife.WhatweusetodayfromtheGreekalphabetarethevowels.

Eventhewordalpha-betismadeupofthefirsttwolettersoftheGreekalphabet:alpha

andbeta.Inourtimes,peoplechangedtheGreekalphabetsothelettersweusetodaydonotlookthe

sameastheoneoftheGreekalphabetandtheyarepronouncedinadifferentwaytoo.The

orderoflettersisalsodifferentfromtheoneoftheGreekalphabet.Lookatthepicturebellow:

FactsabouttheEvolutionofAlphabets

(fromHistoryoftheAlphabettaughtbyProf.RobertFradkinatUniversityofMaryland)

TheevolutionoftheCuneiformcharactersetSumerianpicturesevolvedintosyllabicsymbolsusedbymanylanguagesforalmosttwo

thousandsyearsbeforethePhoeniciansdevelopedthesingle-soundsymbolsweknowasanalphabet.

Thecuneiformscriptunderwentconsiderablechangesoveraperiodofmorethantwo

millennia.TheimagebelowshowsthedevelopmentofthesignSAG"head".

Stages:

1.showsthepictogramasitwasdrawnaround3000BC2.showstherotatedpictogramaswrittenaround2800BC3.showstheabstractedglyphinarchaicmonumentalinscriptions,fromca.2600BC

http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Ancient_Greek


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4.isthesignaswritteninclay,contemporarytostage35.representsthelate3rdmillennium6.representsOldAssyrianductusoftheearly2ndmillennium,asadoptedintoHittite7.isthesimplifiedsignaswrittenbyAssyrianscribesintheearly1stmillennium,anduntil

thescript'sextinction.

TheevolutionofThePhoeniciancharactersetfromtheProte-SinaiticglyphsTherearethepictographsfoundintheSinaipeninsula,ca.1500BCandareassumedtobe

thesourceofthesoundsymbolsdevelopedseveralcenturieslaterbythePhoenicians.

CuneiformtabletfromtheKirkorMinassiancollectionintheUSLibraryof

Congress,ca.24thcenturyBC.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform

AlistofSumeriandeities,ca.2400BC

AspecimenofProto-Sinaiticscriptcontainingaphrasewhichmaymean'to

Ba'alat'.Thelinerunningfromtheupperleftto

lowerrightmayreadmtlbclt.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bro

nze_Age_alphabets


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TheevolutionofTheGreekcharactersetfromitsPhoenicianroots1.TheeventualevolutionoftheArabicCharactersetfromitsPhoenicianroots

2.NotpicturedarethedevelopmentsofAramicandNabatean,whichledtothe

modernArabicscript.

ThePhoeniciancharacters,whichisGreekrotated90degrees,orthenon-symmetricalcharactersthatflippedhorizontallywhenthedirectionofGreek

switchedfromlefttoright.


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TheevolutionoftheSquareAramaic/HebrewcharactersetfromthePhoeniciancharacterset

WhatwecallsquareHebrewcertainly*was*theAramaicscript.http://www.ancientsudan.org/images/14_articles_ElephantinePa

rusCol6cmh. if

TheHebrewalphabetisadescendantoftheAramaicalphabet,whichisitselfadescendantofthePhoenicianalphabet.

http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/06/22/the-beauty-of-typography-writing-systems-and-calligraphy-part-2/


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TheevolutionoftheModernCyrilliccharactersetfromtheGreekcharacterset

CyrillicscriptspreadthroughouttheEastandSouthSlavicterritories,beingadoptedforwritinglocallanguages,suchastheOldEastSlavic.Itsadaptationtolocallanguages

producedanumberofCyrillicalphabets,discussedhereafter.

TheearlyCyrillicalphabet

TheevolutionoftheLatincharacterset

(http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~rfradkin/alphapage.html)

SomescientistsaidthatGreekadoptedthePhoenicianalphabetatthebeginningofthe8thcenturyB.C.,perhapsinEuboca.EubocaisthesecondlargestGreekislandinareaand

population,afterCrete.Itissaidthatthisislandwasoncepartofthemainlandandanearthquakeseparatedit.

TherewerefoundGreekinscriptionsfrom770750B.C.thatmatchedPhoenicianletter

formsofc.800750B.C.

Aneg.IstheDipyloninscriptionandtheCupofNestorbothfrom8thcenturyB.C.TheybelongedtoaprivatepersonandwerededicatedtoGod.

Z

Capitalandlowercaseletterswerenotdistinguishedinoldmanuscripts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script

Thetextoftheinscriptionruns:

Literaltranslation:

Whoeverofallthesedancersnowplaysmostdelicately,tohimthis...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylon_inscription


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Thisisaninscriptiononthispotteryvesseldatedtoca.740BC,isoneoftheoldestexampleoftheuseoftheGreekalphabet.

Itwasfoundin1871,intheancientDipyloncemetery,nearDipylonGate.TodaycanbefoundintheNationalArchaeologicalMuseumofAthens.

MoreaboutNestorsCup

ThisCupofNestorfromMycenaeisagoldengobletexcavatedbyHeinrichSchliemannin1876alongwithotherobjects,oneofgold.ItlooksliketheonefromTheIliadwhich

Homerdescribeditinthisway

Besidetheseshesetacup,

amagnificentworkNestorhadbroughtfromhome,

studdedwithgold.Therewerefourhandlesonit,aroundeachoneapairofgoldendoveswasfeeding,

belowweretwosupports.Whenthatcupwasfull,anothermancouldhardlyliftitfromthetable,

but,oldashewas,Nestorpickeditupwithease.

RomanInscriptions

BecauseGreekwasspokenintheeasternhalfoftheRomanempire,wehavelefttoday

almostthesamenumbersofRomaninscriptionsinGreekasinLatin.Oftentheofficialsputtedtheinscriptionsupinbothlanguages.SuchexamplesfoundinCyprusanditsonan

ex-slavewomanstombstone.HernamewasJuliaDonata.

The "Nestor's cup" from Mycenae

Theso-calledNestor'scupfromPithekoussai,

Ischia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor's_Cup


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Thisfuneraryplaqueisunusualinthatithasinscriptions(CILIII,6731=IGRIII,983)inbothLatinandGreek,eachofwhichfollowsconventionsappropriatetotherespective

language.ItreadsinLatinabove:"JuliaDonata,thefreedwomanofOlympus,lieshere,"andinGreekbelow:"GoodIouliaDonata,thefreedwomanofOlympos,farewell."

Plaquewith

bilingualinscription,EarlyImperial,1st

centuryA.D.

Roman,Cypriot;saidtobefromLarnaca

(Kition),Cyprus,

Limestone

Statuetteofatemple

boy,3rdcenturyB.C.;

HellenisticCypriot;Saidtobefromthetempleof

ApolloHylatesatKourion

Terracotta


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Some300statuettesofseatedchildren,likethisone,havebeenfoundinsanctuariesonCyprus.Thegreatmajoritydepictsboysabouttwoyearsold,usuallyseatedwithoneleg

bent,andshownnudeorwearingashorttunicthatallowsthegenitaliatobeseen.Manyare

bedeckedwithearrings,fingerrings,andpendantamuletsacrossthechest.Thesignificanceoftheseseatedchildrenisnotknown,althoughtheyareconventionallyreferredtoas

"templeboys"inscholarlyliterature.Ithasbeensuggestedthattheyrepresentchildrenconsecratedasservantstoadivinity,acustomwellattestedinEasterncivilizations.More

likely,however,theywereplacedintemplestomarkariteofpassageinaboy'slifeandto

secureforhimdivineprotection.ThisterracottastatuetteissaidtobefromthetempleofApolloHylatesatKourion.Herakleswouldhavebeenaparticularlyaptprotectorforayoung

boy,havingfirstdisplayedhisgreatphysicalstrengthasaninfant,whenhestrangledtwo

serpentsinhiscradle.

TherewerefoundsomeinscriptionsinotherlanguagestooliketheonefoundongrovestoneinPalmyrene,whichisanancientformofAramaic.Oneofalltheselanguages

continuedtoflourishduringtheRomanEmpire.ThatoneistheHebrewlanguage.

Thesefragmentsofgoldglass,datingfromthefourthcentury,originallyformedthedecorativebaseofabowlorcup.Thebasewascreatedbyaffixingapatterningoldleafto

thebottomofthevesselandthencoveringthedecorationwithanotherlayerofglass.Theuseofthisgold-glasstechniqueflourishedinthethirdandfourthcenturiesinRome.This

fragmentedbaseisamongthefewsurvivingworksthatdepictJewishobjects;most

remnantsofsuchdrinkingvesselsaredecoratedwithChristianorsecularmotifs.Themajorityofthesurvivingexampleswerefoundintombs,especiallyinthecatacombsin

Rome.

Thedecorationofthisbase,likethatofotherHebrewexamples,isdividedintotwosemicircularregisters.TheupperregisterdepictssymbolsofJewishculture.Inthecenteris

anopenTorahshrine.ThegableofthearkissupportedbytwocolumnswithCorinthian

capitals.Thedoorsoftheshrineareopen,revealingfourshelvesholdingsixscrolls.Seven-branchedmenorotsitoneithersideoftheark.Tothefarrightstandsashofar,orram's

horn,andtotheleftaroundobjectwhichmaybematzoh,theunleavenedbreadeatenattheJewishfestivalofPassover.Surroundingtheleftmenorahareascrollandtheremainsofan

BowlFragmentswith

Menorah,Shofar,and

TorahArk,4thcenturyRomanorByzantine

Glass,goldleaf


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etrogafruitusedintheharvestfestivalofSukkothwhichcanbeseenontheedgeofthefragment.Althoughlittleofthelowerregisterremains,itdepictsabanquethallwith

garlandsonthewallsandcushionssurroundingatableuponwhichrestsasmallerthree-

leggedtableholdingafish.SuchbanquetingscenesarealsoseeninChristianandpaganfuneraryart.Theyaresymbolicoftheagape,orfellowshipmeal,honoringthedeceased.

Boththeupperandlowerregistersaresurroundedbyaninscription,readingIBIBASCVMEVLOGIACOKP(ARARE)Drinkwithpraisetogether.Theinscription,thesymbolsinthe

upperregister,andthebanquetscenebelowsuggestthatthisfragmentofgoldglassmay

havebeenthebaseofadrinkingvesselusedduringthePassoverfestivalandburiedwithitsownertoblesshimintheafterlife.

Ayouthwiththeinscription"live"inLatinissurroundedbyimagesofmiracles.ChristappearswithawandbesidetheThreeHebrewsintheFieryFurnace,attheWedding

atCana,andCuringtheParalytic.Tobiaspullstheliverfromthelargefishtocurehisfather.

BowlBasewithOldand

NewTestamentScenes,

ca.350400

Byzantine,saidtohavebeenfoundin1715inthe

RomancatacombofSaintCallisto

Glass,goldleaf

LampwithJewishSymbols,

made350450

Byzantine;Terracotta

Thisisoneofthefewsurvivinglamps

decoratedwithJewishsymbols.It

displaysamenorahflankedbyanetrog(citron)andalulav(palm

branch),bothindistinct.


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BowlBasewithSaintsPeter

andPaulFlankingaColumn

withtheChristogramof

Christ,madelate300sByzantine,fromRome

Glass,goldleaf

SaintsPeterandPaul,

identifiedbytheinscriptionsinLatin,are

shownwiththeshort

curlyhairandpointed

beardtypicallyassociatedwitheachman.AccordingtoChristiantradition,they

werebothmartyredin

Rome.

HexagonalBottle,500629Byzantine;PossiblyfromSyria,Glass,mold-blown

Glassvesselssuchas

theseweremadeforJews

andChristians,possiblyas

tokensforpilgrimsvisitingtheholysitesin

Jerusalemorforuseinburialrites.Theyappear

tohavebeenmass-producedinasingle

workshop,sincethe

vesselsforthetworeligionscloselyresemble

eachotherinshapeandstyleanddifferonlyinthe

symbolsdecoratingthem.Thisvessel,intendedforaJewishpatron,showsa

menorah,ashofar,anda

lulavinrelief.RitualelementsusedinJewish

festivalsinsynagoguesweretypicallyusedto

representJudaisminthis

periodratherthanthe

StarofDavid,whichappearsmuchlater.


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PicturewithTheRomanRepublic

NotmanyinscriptionssurvivedfromtheRomanRepublic.Morewehavefrom

Imperialperiodthetimeofthe1stemperorAugustus(27B.C.14A.D.)untilthethirdcenturyA.D.

TheremustbehundredofthousandofRomaninscriptionsfoundbythe

archaeologists.TheyalltellusaboutthelifeintheRomanWorld.Theseinscriptionshadthreedifferentsizesandweremadeonvariousmediasuchas

stone,metal,pottery,mosaic,fresco,glass,wood,andpapyrus.

Thelargestonewerededicatedtothegodsoremperors,wereofficialdocumentssuchasimperiallettersanddecrees.

Themiddlesizeonesweredoneoncoinsandrepresentedthenames,titlesofrulers,theirportraits

sometimeswefoundthisinscriptionsonbronze

tablets.OnthestreetwallsatPompeiitherewere

foundatypeofcasualinscriptionscalledgraffiti.ThesmallsizeRomaninscriptionswereseen

onpapyrusletters.Itwasfoundoneinparticularthat

containashoppinglist.AnotherinterestingfactisthatRomansused

toliketowritedownalotofdetailsaboutaperson

whodied,suchastheirage,occupationandlifehistory.Thesethingswereinscribedonfunerary

monumentsandarecalledepitaphs.

AnexampleofthiskindofartcalledfuneraryartisthealtarmadeofmarbleofCominiaTyche.

MarblefuneraryaltarofCominiaTyche


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identifiedbytheLatininscriptionbelowher.Itreads:Tothespiritsofthedead.Lucius

AnniusFestus[setthisup]forthemostsaintlyCominiaTyche,hismostchasteandlovingwife,wholived27years,11months,and28days,andalsoforhimselfandforhis

descendants.Cominiawearsanelaboratehairstylethatreflectsthehighfashionadoptedby

ladiesoftheimperialcourtinthelateFlavianperiod(A.D.6996).Theinscription,ontheotherhand,emphasizesherpietyandchastity,virtuesthatRomanmatronswere

traditionallyexpectedtopossess.Thejugandpatera(shallowbowlwithhandle)onthe

monumentssidesalludetothecommonpracticeofpouringofferingstothedead.ThealtarisknowntohavebeeninahouseneartheForuminRomeinthesixteenthcenturyandto

haveenteredthecollectionofCardinalFrancescoBarberiniduringtheseventeenthcentury.(http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/130014064)

CarvingsTheRomanslettersderivedfrostonecarvings,areupright,withserifandvariation

ofthickandthinstrokes.

TheTimesNewRomanfontweusetodayisaRomantypefaceandhasalsolowercaselettersaddedtotheromanuppercaseletterswehaveinheritedfromourancestors.

http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/mjodonnell//cojo256/pdf/type1.pdf


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IIIndustrialandtechnologicaladvances

printingpress,linotype,moveabletype,fonts,hotmetalpress,desktoppublishing,

internet

Part of the series on theHistory ofprinting

Woodblock printing 200

Movable type 1040

Intaglio 1430s

Printing press 1454

Lithography 1796

Chromolithography 1837

Rotary press 1843

Flexography 1873Mimeograph 1876

Hot metal typesetting 1886

Offset press 1903

Screen-printing 1907Dye-sublimation 1957

Phototypesetting 1960s

Photocopier 1960s

Pad printing 1960s

Laser printer 1969

Dot matrix printer 1970

Thermal printer

Inkjet printer 1976

3D printing 1986

Stereolithography 1986Digital press 1993

Historyofprinting

Aprintingpressisamachineforprintingtextorpicturesonpaperorclothsby

applyingpressuretoaninkedsurface.Theinkistransferredintothatpaperorcloth.

Itisknownthatthisinventionisoneofthemostrevolutionizingonceofthesecondmillennium.

In1440,theGermanJohannesGutenberginventedtheprintingpress.Hisinventionwasbasedonscrewpressthatexistedbefore.Ascrewpressisatypeofmachinepressin

whichtheramisdrivenupanddownbyascrew.

ThescrewpresswasinventedbyromansinthefirstcenturyC.E.anditwasusedformakingthewineandoliveoil.

Ball-drivescrewpress

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_press


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ThepressinventedbyGutenbergin1436waswoodenanditwasthefirstformof

printingtousemovabletype.

In1440Gutenbergwasabletoprintslipsofpaper,whichweresoldbytheCatholicChurchtoremittemporalpunishmentinpurgatoryforsinscommittedinthislife.

Onlythewealthyclassofpeopleboughttheseindulgences.HereisabriefhistoryofJohannesGutenbergslifefromthislink:

http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/gutenberg.htm

Inventoroftheprintingpress,HenneGnsfleischzurLaden,commonlycalled

JohannesGutenberg,wasbornabout1400anddiedin1468atMainz,Germany.GutenbergwasthesonofFriele(Friedrich)GnsfleischandElseWyrich.Johanneslastnamewas

derivedfromthehouseinhabitedbyhisfatherandhispaternalancestors"zuLaden,zuGutenberg".

888TheDiamondSutra,aBuddhistscripture,wasthefirstdatedexampleofblockprinting.1041BiShenginChinainventedmovableclaytype

1400JohannesGutenbergborninMainz,Germany1423Europeansusexylography(artofengravingonwood,blockprinting)toproduce

books.

1430GutenbergmovedfromhisnativetownofMainztoStrasburg1436Gutenbergbeginsworkonhisprintingpress.

1437Gutenbergwassuedfor"breachofpromiseofmarriage"byayoungladyofStrasburg

1440Gutenbergcompletedhiswoodenpresswhichusedmovablemetaltype.1440LaurensJanszoonKoster(Coster)iscredited,bysome,withinventingmovablemetal

type1444GutenbergreturnstoMainzandsetsupaprintingshop

1446Gutenbergprintsthe"PoemoftheLastJudgment"

1448Gutenbergprintsthe"Calendarfor1448"1450Gutenberg'formedapartnershipwiththewealthyJohannFust

1450GutenbergbeginsworkonaBible,thefirstis40linesperpage.

1452Gutenbergbeginsprintingthe42-lineBibleintwovolumes.1454Gutenbergprintsindulgences(notessoldtoChristiansbythePope,pardoningtheir

sins)1455Firstblock-printedBible,theBibliaPauperum,publishedinGermany.

1455Gutenbergcompletedworkonwhatisestimatedtobe200copiesoftheBible

1455Gutenbergwaseffectivelybankrupt.InvestorJohannFaustgainscontrolofprintbusiness

1457Firstknowncolorprinting,aPsalter(acollectionofPsalmsfordevotionaluse)byFaust.

1460GutenbergreestablishedhimselfintheprintingbusinesswiththeaidofConrad

Humery1461AlbrechtPfisterprintedthefirstillustratedbookEdelsteinwhichfeaturedanumberof

woodcuts.

1465GutenbergisappointedtothecourtofArchbishopAdolfofNassau1458JohannesGutenbergdiedFebruary3,inMainz,German

1499Printinghadbecomeestablishedinmorethan2500citiesaroundEurope.

1499Anestimated15millionbookshavebeenpressprinted,representingthirtythousandbooktitles

CAPs:JohannesGutenberg,JohannGutenberg,BiSheng,LaurensJanszoonKoster,JohannFaust,PeterSchoffer,AlbrechtPfister,ConradHumery,ArchbishopAdolfofNassau,William


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Caxton,GutenbergBible,42-lineBible,MazarinBible,DiamondSutra,PoemoftheLast

Judgment,Calendarfor1448,Psalter,Aesop'sFables

(Moreinfoat:www.gutenberg.de/english/erfinder.htm)

Lynotypeisamachineusedinprinting.Itwasalsocalledalinecastingmachine.Thismachinemakesonelineatatime.

LinotypemachineModel6,builtin1965(DeutschesMuseum),with

majorcomponentslabeled.

Typeslug-Printside

Typeslug,sideview


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www.brtitanica.com-ausefulsiteforlinotypeetc watchedavideoonvimeo

http://vimeo.com/43462615

Linotypefilm.com

Watchedavideoaboutlinotypeathttp://archive.org/details/typesett1960

Morevideowww.linotypefilm.com/resources.htmlAddtheposterfromTheMuseumofprinting,NorthAndover

www.museumofprinting.org/MOP_poster.pdf

(Ihaveprinted3pageposter)

IvewatchedonYoutubemorevideosaboutmanualtypesettingwww.youtube.com/watch?v=5LCESWE1jw0

Thelinotypemachineismadeoffourmajorsections:

1. magazine2. keyboard3. castingmechanism4. distributionmechanism

Letsdescribethesecomponentsnow:

Thekeyboardhas10characters,hasntgotashiftkeyanduppercaselettersareseparatedfromlowercaseletters.Thelower-caselettersareontheleftandarein

black;theupper-caselettersarelocatedontherightandareinwhite.Betweenthem

therearethebluekeysforpunctuationanddigits.

MatricesAnotherimportantcomponentsofthismachinearethematrices.Theyaremoldsfor

theletterforms,inaline.Eachmatrixcorrespondstooneletterformforaparticularcharacterofafontoftype,whichisengravedintoonesideofthematrix.Thecharacterssizecanbeupto14pointsoreven16to24points.Thematrixhas

twoletterformsonitandtheyaretwopositionsinwhichtheycanbeplaced:

normalorauxiliarypositions(theslantedformofthecharacterknownasItalic)(theuprightformofacharacterknownsRoman)

Onceallthematricesareassembledtogethertoformaline,thenthelineiscastedasasinglepiece,calledaslug.Aslugisapieceofmetal.Thisprocessisknownashot

metaltypesetting.

Magazinethisistheplacewhenthematricesarekeptwhennotinuse.Oncetheoperatorspressacertainkeyonthekeyboard,itscorrespondingmatriceisrelated.

TheyaremanymagazinesforoneLinotypemachinebecausesomehaslargerfontsandothernormalfonts.

Themagazineisaflatboxwithverticalseparatorsthatformchannels.Eachchanel

correspondtoasinglecharacterofafonttype.Ingeneral,themagazinehasgot90channelsbuttheyaresomewith28channelsalso.

[ExtractfromWikipedia]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/linotype_machine

MovabletypeMovabletypeisasystemusedinprintingandtypography.Itusesmovable

componentstorecreatelettersorpunctuationofadocument.Around1040ADinChina,duringtheSongDynasty,BiSheng(990-1051)createdthe

firstmovable-typesystemintheworld.


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22Around1230,inKorea,duringtheGoryeo Dynastyappearedthefirstmetalmovable

typesystemforprinting.

In1377wasprintedJikjiabookusingthesamemovabletypesystem,just78yearspriorto

JohannesGutenbergs42timeBible(1452-1455).ThisbookisaKoreanBuddhistdocumentanditstitlemeansAnthologyofGreatBuddhistPriestsZenTeachings.In

September2001UNESCOconfirmedJikjiasbeingtheworldsoldestmetalloidtypeandincludeditintheMemoryoftheWorldProgramme.

Thesemovable-typesystemswasveryexpensivebecausethethousandofceramicormetal

tabletsneededforthescriptswerehardtocarry,especiallyinthecaseofChinesewritingsystemthathasthousandsofcharacters.

ThegreatinventionofJohannesGutenbergaround1450oftheprintedpresswasagreat

help.AfterthatthemovabletypesystemspreadinwholeEuropeandinmanycountriesthetypewascastedbasedonamatrixandhandmould.Gutenbergwasthefirsttocreatehis

typepiecesfromanalloyoflead,tinandantimony.

Lead(asoft,malleablepoormetal,Pb,plumbum,aheavymetalusedinbuildingconstructions)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lead

Tin(Sn,stannum,silvery,malleablepost-transitionmetal,noteasilyoxidizedinair,usedtocoatothermetalstopreventcorrosion)

Galena,lead

Metallic, gray, lead

Asampleofrecentlysolidifiedlead(fromamoltenstate)

Silvery (left, beta) or gray (right, alpha) Dropletofsolidifiedmoltentin


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Antimony(stibium,Sb,atoxicchemicalelement,alustrousgraymetalloid;inancienttimeswasusedforcosmetics)

Woodblockprintingwasaslowprocessespeciallyforalphabeticscriptswhereasmovable-

typeprocesswasquicker,moredurableandtheletteringwasmoreuniform,leadingto

typographyandfonts.IfwethinkofthelowpriceoftheGutenbergBibleandofitshighquality,wewillunderstandwhythemovabletypeandprintingpressspreadsoeasilyinEurope.

Sampleofcassiterite,themainoreoftin.

A21stcentury

reproductionbarnlanternmadeof

punchedtin.

Antimony,silvery,lustrous,gray Nativeantimonywithoxidationproducts

Stibnite


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TheHotmetaltypesettingInthe19thcenturyanewinventioncalledthehotmetaltypesettingmademovableto

decline.

Hotmetaltypesetting(1886)Thismethodinjectsmoltentypemetalintoamoldthathastheshapeofoneormoreglyphs.

Theresultingsortsandslugsarelaterusedtopressinkontopaper.

Inthe19th

centurytheyweretwodifferentsystemsoftype-settings:- monotypecompositioncastersystem- super-caster

Monotypecompositioncastersystemmeansthatthelinesoftextsarecastedanddelivered

withtheaidofperforatedpaper-ribbonsproducedonthekeyboardandallcharactersarecastseparate.Thetextsproducedcouldbeupto36pointsinlarge-composition.

TheSuper-caster,anothermachineproducedbyMonotype,wassimilarinfunctiontothe

Thompson,bath,pivotalandotherscastersbutdesignedtoproducesingletype(includingevenlargersizes)forhandsetting.

Anotherwayofprintingthetextswastocastawholelineasoneslug.Thissystemwasused

byatleastfiveenterprises:

- Linotype- IntertypeCorporation- theTypograph,producedinGermania- TheMonoline,averybasicmachine

DesktoppublishingTheabbreviationofDesktoppublishingisDTP.In1983,JamesBessendevelopedaprogramcalledTypeProcessorOne,thatrunonaPC

usingaGraphiccardforWYSIWYGdisplay.In1984thisprogramwassoldonthemarketbyBestinfo.

In1985ApplecreatedtheLaserWriterprinterwhomadeDTPflourishevenmore.SoonAldusintroducedPageMakersoftware,whichbecametheDTPindustrystandardsoftware.BeforeDTPappear,weknowthatpeoplecouldproducetypeddocumentsonlywitha

typewriterwhichwaslimitedintermsofthesizeandtypeoffontthatcouldbeused.Astep

aheadwasmadewhenwiththehelpofdesktoppublishing;peoplecouldprintpageswithtextandgraphicelementsat300dpiresolution.Thiswasarevolutionforboththe

typesettingindustryandthepersonalcomputerindustry.In1980mostnewspapersandprintcompaniesstopusingsystemslikeAtexandstart

workingwithDTPbasedprograms.

TheuseofthePageMakerLaserWriter-Macintosh512ksystemwasatatimeanimportantdiscoverybutithadalsoitsfaultslike:sufferedmanycrashes,thedisplayonthe

Macstiny512x3421-bitmonochromescreenwasntgood,couldntcontrolwelltheletterspacing,kerning(thespacebetweencharactersinproportionalfont).TheAmericanmultinationalcomputersoftwarecompanyfoundedin1982,havingits

headquartersinSanJose,California,USwasstartedtodevelopreallygoodtechnologiesthattookDTPevenfurther.NowAdobemadescalablePostScripts-fontswhichweresavedinto

ROMmemoryoftheLaserWriterandLaserWriterPlusprinters.BecauseofthesePostScripts

thedesignercouldtesttheirfilesonalocalprinterandthengotoaDTPservicebureautoprintthematahigherresolution(opticalresolution)600+dpionprinterslikethosefrom

Linotronic.Linotronicarehigh-qualityprintersthatpermittedtoprintfilesatupto2540dotsperinch(dpi).InthiswaythequalityofthefilesprintedonLinotronicexceededthe

qualityofthemajorityofphototypesettingsystems.TheLinotronicprintingwastoo

expensivetobeusedathomeoratofficesbutwereabletofulfillthedreamsofmanydesignerintermofprintingverygoodwork.

ThetechnologyadvancedevenmorewhentheMacintoshIIwasreleased.Thiswasthe1st

personalcomputeroftheMacintoshIIseriesintheAppleMacintoshlineandofferedcolour


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display.ItwasdesignedbyhardwareengineerMichaelDhuey(computer)andBrianBerkeley(monitor).ItsSCSI(SmallComputerSystemInterface)allowedtheusersto

attachedhighcapacityharddrivestoit.

Macintoshbasedsystemcontinuedtobethemostusedcomputeronthemarket.However,inthistime,appearedanewDTPsoftwarecalledVenturaPublisherforIBMPCcompatible

computersrunningtheGEMextensiontotheDOSoperatingsystem.Thishappenin1986.ThelastversionofVenturaSoftwareInc.was4.1.1.andappearedin1993.

VenturawassuperiortothePageMakerbecauseofferedthedesignerthepossibilitytouse

tags/stylesheets,generatedinchessowasusedmainlyforlongformatdocuments.DesktopPublishingmovedintothehomemarketin1986withProfesionalPageforthe

Amiga,PublishingPartner(nowPageStream)fortheAtariST,GSTsTimeworksPublisheron

theOCandAtariSTandCalamusfortheAtariTT030,evenfor8-bitcomputersliketheAppleIIandCommodore64softwarewaspublished:HomePublisher,theNewsroomand

geoPublish.Thoughinthebeginningdesktoppublishinghadabadreputationbecausethedesignerwere

professionallytrainedandcreatedbadlayouts.ThesamehappenwithearlyWeb-Publishers.

But,slowlyDesktopPublishingbecameacarrierandpeoplewhowantedtobecomeacarrierandpeoplewhowantedtobecomeadesktoppublisherhadtolearnthetechnicalskillsand

thecreativeskillstoo.DTPisalsoasecondaryskilltoartdirectors,graphicdesigners,multimediadevelopersandmarketingcommunicators.

Pagelayoutmeansthewayinwhichthetext,theimagesaredisplayedonthepage.

Sometimesimagescanonlybemodifiedasanexternalsource.Embeddedimagescanbemodifiedwiththelayoutapplicationsoftware.Thetextalsocanbelinkedtoanexternal

sourceoftext.Inthiswaymorethanoneeditorcanchangeitinthesametime.

Graphicdesignstylessuchascolour,transparencyandfiltersmayalsobeappliedtolayoutelements.

Typographystylesmaybeappliedtothetextautomaticallywithstylesheets.Theyarealsostylesheetsforimages,notonlyfortext.Theycanreflecttothebordershape,colour,

transparency,filtersandparameterdesignatingthewaytextflowsaroundtheobjectcalled

wraparoundorrunaround.ThewordprocessorsweusetodayoffersusmorethenDTPsoftwareusedinthepastin

termsoflayout,marginsandlinespacing,indexing,spellchecking.

TherearesomecommonaspectsbetweentheDTPpublishingandHypermediapublishing(i.e.Webdesign,Kiosk,CD-ROM).Thelayoutengineusedbysomeofthewebdesignerswho

usedWYSIWYGeditors(likethoseinDreamweaverorMicrosoftFrontpage)aresimilartoaDTPprogram.

Still,theprofessionalweb-designerswillprefertowriteHTMLcodebyhandbecauseifthey

useWYSIWYGeditors,theycanexperiencecodebloat.(long,slowcodewithcompilationerrors)

FontsIalsolookedatthewebsite:www.namethatfont.netwheretheyareacoupleoflogosthat

belongtofamouscompaniesonthemarketandIhavetoguesswhattypeoffonttheyareusing.

Eg.Whattypeoffontisusedinthegooglelogotype?ThefontusedinwritingthewordgoogleisCatullanditsacommercialfontandcanbe

boughtfromthiswebsite:

www.myfonts.com/search/catull/fonts

Afontiscomposedbyasetofcharactersofasinglesizeandstyleofaparticulartypeface.

Thetypefaceisasetofcharactersthatsharecommondesignfeatures.Theyaredesignedbytypefacedesigners.


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AnimportantlinkfromwhereIalsodidmyresearchis:www.planet-typography.com/news/typeface/anselm.htmlhttp://abc.planet-typography.com/20th/index.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface


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Startingwith1980,computersfontsbroadenedthedefinitionforthetermfont.Thesefontsweremadeofvectorshapesthatcouldbescaledfreelysodifferentsizesthatcouldbe

scaledfreelysodifferentsizesofasinglestyleweregenerated.Anexampleisthetypeface

BulmerthathadfontslikeBulmerroman,Bulmeritalic,BulmerboldandBulmerextended.Thistypefontwasdesignedin1792andwasnamedaftertheprinterwhoused

themsowellinhisShakespearePresseditions.ItsdesignerwasWilliamMartinwhowantedtocreatetheEnglishanswertothesharp,fineletterformsofItalysBodoniandFrances

Didottypefoundries.

Becausetypedidmorethanimitatethestarknessofthemodern-styleDidot-Bodonitypes.Bycondensingtheletterforms,givingthestrokeshighercontrastandbracketingtheserif

slightly

EtymologyThefontcomesfromtheFrenchwordfontewhichmeanssomethingthathasbeenmelted.Thisisbecauseoftheoldwaythetypewasproduced:castingmoltenmetalat

atypefoundry..MetaltypeLetterpresswasaformofprintingthatstartingwiththefirstinventionof

JohannesGutenberginthemid.15thcenturyandcontinuedtillthe19thcentury.

IwatchedthevideoLetterpressprintingprocesswithaHeidelbergWindmillfromYoutubeaccountofajalonprinting.

Anothervideoabutletterpressis:UniquetipsfortheWeidelbergWindmillfromtheYoutubeaccountofboxcarpress

metaltypewasusedintraditionalmanualprintingtotypesetanentirepage.Linespacing

calledleadingbecausethestripsforthelinespacingweremadeofleadratherthantheharderalloyusedforotherpieces.

In1880s90s,hotleadtypesettingwasinvented.Thismeantthatthetypewascastasit

wasset,eitherpiecebypiece(asinMonotypetechnology)orinentirelinesoftypeatonetime(asinLinotypetechnology).

TheMonotypetechnologywasinventedbyGiovanniBenedettoCastiglione(1609-1664).HewasanItalianpainterandetcher,theonlyItaliantohaveinventedaprintmakingtechnique.

Whenhestarttomakethemonotype,henormallyworkedfromblacktowhite.

FontWightWhenwearetalkingaboutafontweightwearereferringtothethicknessofthecharacter

outlinesrelativetotheirheight.Whenadesignercreatesatypefacehecanproducedifferentweightsforthatfont:ultra-

light,extra-bold,normal,bold.

Thefontsdesignedtobeusedinposterwereoftenquitebold;thoseforwritingthetextwerelight.

Othertermstodescribetheweightofafontare:

- hairline- Thin- Ultra-light- Extra-light- Light- Book- Normal/regular/roman/plain- Medium

- Demi-bold/semi-bold- Bold- Extra-bold/extra- Heavy- Black- Extra-black- Ultra-black/ultra

Afontsslopeistheangletowhichthefontwasslanted.Regularfontsareuprightbutifthey

areslantedtotheright,theybecomemorecursiveinstyle,inthiscasetheyarecalleditalic

fonts.(www.typesoffonts.com/font-characteristics.html)


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Whenafontisitalic,theedgesofcharactersbecomesoclosedthattheytouchotherandthereforeligaturesmayappear.TheUpper-caseitaliclettersmayhaveextraswashes.

Aswashisatypographicalflourishonaglyph,likeanexaggeratedserif.

FontWidthMosttypefaceshaveproportionalcharacterwidthsoraremonospaced.Thewidthofafontdescribeshowmucheachcharacterhasbeenstretchedorcompressed.

Whenwenameafontfromitswidthperspective,wecansaythattheyare:compressed,condensed,ultra-condensed,narrow,wide,extendedorexpended.

FrontMetricsWhenwetalkaboutthefontmetricswegivedetailsaboutthex-height,capheight,ascender

height,descenderheight,boundingboxoftheoverallfont.Thesebasicallyarethevaluesfor

thesizeandthespaceofthatfont.

OpticalfontSizeThefontisdesignedtomeetdifferentpurposes:eitherforawritingabookoraposter.Wecansayeitherforreadingordisplay.

Thereforethefontsizescanbeclassifiedas:-Poster(largerthan72point)

-Display(1918points)

-Subhead(1418pints)-Regular(1013points)

-Smalltext(810points)-Caption(68points)

Serif

Sometimessans-seriftypefacesarecalledGrotesque(InGermangrotesk)orGothicandseriftypefacesarecalledRoman.

(Theyarethreelatin-scripttypefaces:roman,blackletteranditalic).

Verywellknownromantypefacesare:Bembo,Baskerville,Caslon,Bodoni,TimesRomanandGaramond.

Itissaidthatlowscreenresolutionmakesseriffontsveryhardtoreadbutthesetypeoffontsareusedintraditionalprintedmaterials(books,newspapers).Someofthemagazines

usesansseriftypefacesstatingthattheyarecleanerbecauseofthelackofserifs.

Swashesmarkedwithredcolor.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif_font

Serifsarethedetailsontheendofsomeofthestrokesthatmakeuplettersand

symbols.

Atypefacewithserifsiscalledseriftypeface.

Atypefacewithoutserifiscalledsans-seriftypeface.Sanscomesfromthe

Frenchwordsansthatmeans

without.


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LegibilityandreadabilityLegibilityreferstoperceptionandreadabilityreferstocomprehension.Agood

typographeraimstoachieveexcellenceinboth.Thetypefacechosenshouldbelegible.Thatis,itshouldbereadwithouteffort.Sometimes

legibilityissimplyamatteroftypesize.Moreoftenhowever,itisamatteroftypeface

design.Ingeneraltypefacesthataretruetothebasicletterformsaremorelegiblethantypefacesthathavebeencondensed,expanded,embellishedorabstracted.

However,evenalegibletypefacecanbecomeunreadablethroughpoorsettingandplacement,justasalesslegibletypefacecanbemademorereadablethroughgooddesign.

Inourdayswereadmorefromthecomputerormobilescreen,fromourKindle,Nooks,or

tablets.Goodtypographycannotbehandcraftedanymorethereforweneedtodaybetterskilled

typesettersanddesignerswhocanadoptthethousandsoftypefontsfortheweb.

Atypographerordigitaldesignerdesignsfortheweb,hastotakeintoconsiderationthetypeofbrowserthatwillbeusedfordisplayingthepageswiththefontsthathecreated.

In1996,MicrosoftreleasedtheCorefontsfortheWebprograms:Arial,Georgiaand

Verdana.IwouldliketoendmyessayontypographyingraphicdesignwithacollectionofquotesI

foundonthewebthisweekend:

Asthesayinggoes,typeisabeautifulgroupofletters,notagroupofbeautifulletters.MatthewCarter

Typographyhasoneplaindutybeforeitandthatistoconveyinformationinwriting.Noargumentorconsiderationcanabsolvetypographyfromthisduty.EmilRuder

Facesoftypearelikemensfaces.Theyhavetheirownexpression;theircomplexionandpeculiartwistsandturnsoflineidentifythemimmediatelytofriends,towhomeachisfullof

identity.J.L.Frazier

Wouldn'titbeinterestingiftherewereonlyonetypefaceintheworld?Designerswould

reallyhavetothinkabouttheideabehindtheirdesignsinsteadofcoveringirupwithfancytypefaces.One,universaltypefacewouldreallystripawayalltheflashyemptinessindesign.

And,ofcourse,thatonetypefacewouldhavetobeHelvetica.ErikKessels

Anyonewhowouldletterspaceblackletterwouldstealsheep.FrederickGoudy

Typography in Graphic Design

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