Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences

The Simple SentenceThe Simple Sentence

What is a What is a sentencesentence?? A group of words with a subject, a verb and a A group of words with a subject, a verb and a

complete idea.complete idea. We expect to make a profit this year.We expect to make a profit this year.

What is a What is a simple sentencesimple sentence?? A sentence with A sentence with oneone subject and subject and one one mainmain verb.verb. All of the employees and their All of the employees and their

husbands or wives enjoyed the husbands or wives enjoyed the annual dinner at the hotelannual dinner at the hotel..

Simple Sentence ExampleSimple Sentence Example

Majed travels Majed travels to Amsterdam to Amsterdam every year in every year in the summer the summer time.time.

This is a simple sentence. It contains one subject Majed and one verb travels.

SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subjectwith compound subject

Tom and Mary play tennis.

SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject with compound subject

andandcompound predicatecompound predicate

Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence

A A compound sentencecompound sentence consists of two or more consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) joined by independent clauses (or simple sentences) joined by coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or":coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or":

SimpleSimple • Canada is a rich country. Canada is a rich country.

SimpleSimple • Still, it has many poor people. Still, it has many poor people.

CompoundCompound • Canada is a rich country, Canada is a rich country, butbut still it has many poor people. still it has many poor people.

What is an What is an independent clauseindependent clause?? A subject, verb and complete ideaA subject, verb and complete idea–– it it

can be a sentence on its own!can be a sentence on its own! Everyone was celebrating.Everyone was celebrating.

Compound SentenceCompound Sentence

A A compound sentencecompound sentence contains two independent contains two independent clauses that are joined together.clauses that are joined together.

She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbsShe works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs..

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Compound Sentence withCompound Sentence withCoordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions

SUBJECT PREDICATE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

and

Hani swims, and Sami plays tennis.

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Clause 1 Clause 2

Independent Independent

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

FOR

AND

NOR

BUT

OR

YET

SO

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSCONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

Fahd is handsome; moreover, he is rich.

Clause 1 Clause 2

Independent Independent

COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSCONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

MOREOVER

HOWEVER

OTHERWISE

THEREFORE

Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating ConjunctionsLogical RelationshipCoordinating Conjunction

AdditionAnd

ContrastBut, yet

ChoiceOr, nor

CauseFor

ResultSo

Complex & Complex & Compound-complex Compound-complex

Sentences Sentences

“We can do anything we want as long as we stick to it long enough.” Helen Keller

The Complex SentenceThe Complex Sentence

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence contains one independent clause contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clauseand at least one dependent clause . .

Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are sentence contains clauses which are notnot equal. equal. Consider the following examplesConsider the following examples::

SimpleSimple My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to goMy friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go . .

CompoundCompound My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to goMy friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go . .

ComplexComplex Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to goAlthough my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go . .

The Complex SentenceThe Complex Sentence

In the first example, there are two separate simple In the first example, there are two separate simple sentences: "sentences: "My friend invited me to a partyMy friend invited me to a party" and "" and "I do not I do not

want to gowant to go ". ".

The second example joins them together into a single The second example joins them together into a single sentence with the coordinating conjunction "sentence with the coordinating conjunction "butbut," but ," but both parts could still stand as independent sentences -- both parts could still stand as independent sentences -- they are entirely equal, and the reader cannot tell which they are entirely equal, and the reader cannot tell which

is most importantis most important . .

In the third example, however, the sentence has In the third example, however, the sentence has changed quite a bit: the first clause, "changed quite a bit: the first clause, "Although my friend Although my friend invited me to a partyinvited me to a party," has become incomplete, or a ," has become incomplete, or a dependent clausedependent clause..

The Complex SentenceThe Complex SentenceA complex sentence is very different from a simple A complex sentence is very different from a simple sentence or a compound sentence because it makes sentence or a compound sentence because it makes clear which ideas are most important. When you writeclear which ideas are most important. When you writeMy friend invited me to a party. I do not want to goMy friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go..

or evenor evenMy friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to goMy friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go..

The reader will have trouble knowing which piece of The reader will have trouble knowing which piece of information is most important to you. When you write the information is most important to you. When you write the subordinating conjunction "subordinating conjunction "althoughalthough" at the beginning of " at the beginning of the first clause, however, you make it clear that the fact the first clause, however, you make it clear that the fact that your friend invited you is less important than, or that your friend invited you is less important than, or subordinatesubordinate, to the fact that you do not want to go, to the fact that you do not want to go..

Are these sentencesAre these sentences??

When we went on a long journey through the When we went on a long journey through the woods on a sunny Friday morning.woods on a sunny Friday morning.

It was fine.It was fine. Because he was not only tall but also one of Because he was not only tall but also one of

the hardest workers in the area.the hardest workers in the area. Sing that song. Sing that song. (View answers on the next slide.) (View answers on the next slide.)

AnswersAnswers!!

(Dependent clause)(Dependent clause)When we went on When we went on a long journey through the woods a long journey through the woods on a sunny Friday morning.on a sunny Friday morning.

(Sentence)(Sentence)It was fine.It was fine.

(Dependent Clause)(Dependent Clause)Because he was Because he was not only tall but also one of the not only tall but also one of the hardest workers in the area.hardest workers in the area.

(Sentence)(Sentence)Sing that song. Sing that song.

What is a What is a dependentdependent clause? clause? A group of words with a subject and verb, but A group of words with a subject and verb, but

notnot expressing a complete idea. expressing a complete idea.

Because the profits had been so Because the profits had been so great.great.

Although it was late.Although it was late. Until the early hours of the morning.Until the early hours of the morning. Whether they wanted to or not.Whether they wanted to or not. Even if theyEven if they’’d rather be at home d rather be at home

reading the newspaper.reading the newspaper.

A A dependentdependent clause clause cannot stand on its own! cannot stand on its own!

A dependent clauseA dependent clause……

Cannot stand on its own because it does not Cannot stand on its own because it does not

express a complete thought because…express a complete thought because…

It begins with a It begins with a subordinating conjunctionsubordinating conjunction (because, although, until, whether, etc.) BUT…(because, although, until, whether, etc.) BUT…

It can join an It can join an independent clauseindependent clause (simple (simple

sentence) to become a…sentence) to become a…

Complex sentence!Complex sentence!

The Complex SentenceThe Complex Sentence

Complex sentences have a different structure Complex sentences have a different structure from simple and compound sentencesfrom simple and compound sentences::

Independent Clause + Dependent Clauseor

Dependent Clause + Comma + Independent Clause= Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses. If a dependent clause begins the sentence, there normally is a comma (,) after it. If an independent clause begins a complex sentence there should not be a comma after it.

Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions

AfterAfter how how UntilUntil

AlthoughAlthough if if UnlessUnless

AsAs in as much   in as much   as if as if

in order thatin order that WhenWhen as long as as long as

At least At least WheneverWhenever as much as as much as

now that now that whereas whereas soon soon

whereverwherever as though as though SinceSince

WhileWhile becausebecause so thatso that

BeforeBefore even if even if ThatThat

even though even though    thoughthough

John cannot set up his typewriter

becausebecause the wall has no outlet.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence contains at least one contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.independent clause and one dependent clause.

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

An example of Complex SentencesAn example of Complex Sentences

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence contains at least one contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.independent clause and one dependent clause.

She will go to school in the cityShe will go to school in the city

until until she finds a jobshe finds a job..

Independent Clause

Dependent ClauseSubordinating Conjunction

When I first moved to the city,

I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets.

Complex SentencesComplex Sentences

Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence.the sentence.

Subordinating Conjunction

Independent Clause

Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence.

The The COMPLEXCOMPLEX Sentence Sentence

A complex sentence contains an A complex sentence contains an independent clauseindependent clause and at LEAST one and at LEAST one dependent clausedependent clause..

Both clauses in the sentence are not Both clauses in the sentence are not equal. They can not both be dependent equal. They can not both be dependent or independent.or independent.

EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:She planted the flowersShe planted the flowers that he enjoyed that he enjoyed

smelling.smelling.

Complex Sentence

Bob is popular

he is ugly.

even though

Complex ExampleComplex Example

Although she worked hard to gain Although she worked hard to gain recognition, many people did not recognition, many people did not know who she was.know who she was.

Although she worked hard to gain recognition is

a dependent clause because it begins with the

subordinating conjunction although. Many people

did not know who she was would be an independent

clause, therefore making the sentence a complex sentence.

In a complex sentence, either the dependent or the In a complex sentence, either the dependent or the

independent clause can come first:independent clause can come first:

Even thoughEven though it was late it was late,, everyone was everyone was

celebrating.celebrating.

Everyone was celebrating Everyone was celebrating even thougheven though it it

was late.was late.

[You do not usually need a comma [You do not usually need a comma

if the independent clause is first.]if the independent clause is first.]

althoughalthough,, but but,, however however

All of these words join clauses in All of these words join clauses in

sentences, but they are different sentences, but they are different

parts of speech. parts of speech.

This presentation explains the This presentation explains the

impact of the word choice on impact of the word choice on

sentence pattern and punctuation. sentence pattern and punctuation.

although, but, howeveralthough, but, however

Semantic similaritySemantic similarity

These three words are related These three words are related semantically semantically (in meaning)(in meaning) : :

they all signal a contrast in the they all signal a contrast in the

information that follows with the information that follows with the

information that precedes.information that precedes.

although, but, howeveralthough, but, however

Structural differenceStructural difference

However, these words differ However, these words differ

structurally:structurally: they are different they are different parts of parts of

speechspeech and affect sentence patterns in and affect sentence patterns in

different ways.different ways.

parts of speechparts of speechword part of speech effect on sentence

although subordinating conjunction

makes clause dependent

but coordinating conjunction

joins like things (2 independent clauses)

however conjunctive adverb

modifies an independent clause

Review Review although,although, but, howeverbut, however

AlthoughAlthough makes a clause dependent makes a clause dependent and the sentence complex.and the sentence complex.

ButBut joins independent clauses in a joins independent clauses in a compound sentence.compound sentence.

HoweverHowever can join independent clauses can join independent clauses but does not change their but does not change their independence.independence.

The Compound-Complex SentenceThe Compound-Complex Sentence

The compound-complex sentence has the following structure:

Independent clause + coordinating conjunction + independent clause

+ dependent clause= compound-complex

sentenceIt does not have to be in that order. A dependent clause can stand in between two independent clauses. The rule is there should be at least two independent and at least one dependent clause in a compound-complex sentence.

Compound-Complex SentencesCompound-Complex Sentences A compound-complex sentence is a A compound-complex sentence is a

sentence that has at least two independent sentence that has at least two independent

clauses and at least one dependent clause.clauses and at least one dependent clause.

The same subordinating conjunctions are The same subordinating conjunctions are

used to introduce the dependent clauses.used to introduce the dependent clauses.

The same coordinating conjunctions The same coordinating conjunctions

((FANBOYSFANBOYS) are used for joining the ) are used for joining the

independent clauses.independent clauses.

Compound-Complex Compound-Complex ExampleExampleAlthough she worked hard to gain recognition, many people did not know who she was, and her friends did not even appreciate her work.

Here, we added an extra clause to the complex sentence we used earlier – her friends did not even appreciate her work. Adding this independent clause with the coordinating conjunction and makes this a compound-complex sentence.

Compound/ComplexCompound/Complex

The kitty purred softly, The kitty purred softly, and and she bounced she bounced

on the pillow on the pillow asas her master read a funny her master read a funny

magazine. magazine.

The soldiers did not think they would reach The soldiers did not think they would reach the bridge the bridge becausebecause the bridge was far the bridge was far away, away, and and they were being eaten alive by they were being eaten alive by hundreds of mosquitoes. hundreds of mosquitoes.

Sample Compound-Complex Sample Compound-Complex SentencesSentences..

After the two adversaries had spent years After the two adversaries had spent years playing this “cat and mouse” gameplaying this “cat and mouse” game, , theythey were were joined by their childrenjoined by their children, and , and the funthe fun continuedcontinued..

Even though it seems the two were bent on the Even though it seems the two were bent on the other’s destructionother’s destruction, , the cat and mousethe cat and mouse were were rather fond of one anotherrather fond of one another, and , and neitherneither wanted wanted the other’s defeatthe other’s defeat..

This gameThis game was begun thousands of years agowas begun thousands of years ago, , and and itit will continue far into the futurewill continue far into the future as other as other cats and mice revel in hide-and-seekcats and mice revel in hide-and-seek..

Compound-Complex Sentence

Mike is popular

he is good looking,

because

he is not very happy.

but

Compound-Complex Sentence

Mike is popular

he is good looking,

because

he is not very happy.

but

More practice

Most of the rotten eggs missed the actors, but one hit the orchestra. Compound

Because the weather along the coast was cold and rainy, we spent the day in the desert. Complex

When he had finished the test, Ernie ate a gallon of chocolate ice cream, and Sandra drank a chocolate shake. Compound complex

A lion, a tiger, and a bear appeared on stage. Simple

Even more practice.

Saul’s car started to fall apart after the mechanic adjusted the carburetor. Complex

When his computer crashed for the third time, Bill began to weep, and his mother tried to console him. Compound complex

Sylvia who is my sister’s best friend set out to find a red rose. Complex

The rum was aboard, and the harpoons were sharp, but Ahab hesitated. Compound

The Four Types of SentencesThe Four Types of SentencesSimpleSimple We drove from St. John’s to Corner Brook in one day.We drove from St. John’s to Corner Brook in one day.CompoundCompound We were exhaustedWe were exhausted, but , but we arrived in time for my we arrived in time for my

mother’s birthday partymother’s birthday party. . ComplexComplex ( Although she is now 81 years old ), ( Although she is now 81 years old ), she still claims to she still claims to

be 75be 75..Compound-complexCompound-complex ( After it was all over ), ( After it was all over ), my mother claimed she knew we my mother claimed she knew we

were planning somethingwere planning something, but , but we think she was we think she was really surprisedreally surprised..

ReviewReview1.1. Mary went to the park, but John stayed at home.Mary went to the park, but John stayed at home.

2.2. Tom wanted to exercise, so he went for a walk.Tom wanted to exercise, so he went for a walk.

3.3. The dog that ate my homework is sick.The dog that ate my homework is sick.

4.4. Mary likes reading; John likes television.Mary likes reading; John likes television.

5.5. Bill is the one who usually sits here.Bill is the one who usually sits here.

6.6. When the movie was over, we went to Moo Moos for When the movie was over, we went to Moo Moos for ice cream, but my favourite flavour was all gone.ice cream, but my favourite flavour was all gone.

7.7. John who sits behind me is on the basketball team.John who sits behind me is on the basketball team.

8.8. While we were away, the girl who was looking after our While we were away, the girl who was looking after our cat discovered that she had an allergy to them. cat discovered that she had an allergy to them.

9.9. You can study now or pray later.You can study now or pray later.

10.10. All that glitters is not gold.All that glitters is not gold.

AnswersAnswers1.1. Mary went to the park, but John stayed Mary went to the park, but John stayed

at home.at home.

2.2. Tom wanted to exercise, so he went for Tom wanted to exercise, so he went for a walk.a walk.

3.3. The dog that ate my homework is sick.The dog that ate my homework is sick.

4.4. Mary likes reading; John likes television.Mary likes reading; John likes television.

5.5. Bill is the one who usually sits here.Bill is the one who usually sits here.

6.6. When the movie was over, we went to When the movie was over, we went to Moo Moos for ice cream, but my Moo Moos for ice cream, but my favourite flavour was all gone.favourite flavour was all gone.

7.7. John who sits behind me is on the John who sits behind me is on the basketball team.basketball team.

8.8. While we were away, the girl who was While we were away, the girl who was looking after our cat discovered that she looking after our cat discovered that she had an allergy to them. had an allergy to them.

9.9. You can study now or pray later.You can study now or pray later.

10.10. All that glitters is not gold.All that glitters is not gold.

1.1. CompoundCompound

2.2. CompoundCompound

3.3. ComplexComplex

4.4. CompoundCompound

5.5. ComplexComplex

6.6. Compound-ComplexCompound-Complex

7.7. ComplexComplex

8.8. Compound-ComplexCompound-Complex

9.9. SimpleSimple

10.10. ComplexComplex