Types of language change
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Aspects of Language Change
Mariam BedraouiMaster Student
Moroccan American StudiesHassan II University, casablanca
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Aspects of language Change
Lexical Semantic Phonological Syntactic
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Outline1. Lexical Change
Borrowing Coining new words
2. Semantic Change Broadening Narrowing Shifts of meaning
3. Sound change Loss of phonemes Addition of phonemes Metathesis
4. Syntactic Change Word order Re-analysis Grammaticalization
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Lexical Change: Borrowing Languages are avid borrowersTwo-fifths of common words in
English are loan wordsDirect/indirect borrowingPhonological and morphological
treatment of loansRarely borrowed words
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Borrowing: ExamplesKayakRaccoon
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Borrowing: Further ExamplesExamples of Loan
Words kayak superstarYogurt Top modelRacoon T- shirtSki Check- upkangaroo Gentleme
nTsunami lookdemocracy
cool
coach computeryacht diskalgebra fan
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Lexical Change: Coining New Words New words can be formed using the basic
resources of the language through a number of processes:
Compounding: Combining two or more words to form new wordsBlackboard- girlfriend- gingerbreadshopkeeper- sky diving laptop- ozone friendly
Derivation: Using affixes to create new words warmth- length- depth- wisdom- freedom- stardomOtherwise- clockwise- moneywise- profitwise miniskirt- mini-budgets- mini-project- mini-wars
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Lexical Change: Coining New Words Clipping: Forming a word by extracting an arbitrary portion of a word
of an identical meaning phone (telephone) bus Gym (gymnasium) Flu (influenza) Ciggie (cigarette)
Blending: Pieces of existing words are combined to form new words Motel Smog Brunch Chunnel Oxbridge
Acronyms: The reduction of long phrases to a few letters NATO- FBI- BBC TA- LA Laser
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Semantic Change: Broadening and NarrowingBroadening: Words acquire more meanings
beside the original one• Dog• Holiday• Picture• Mouse• Virus
Narrowing: limiting the semantic scope that words used to have• Meat• Deer• Girl
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Semantic Change
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Semantic Change: Shift of MeaningShift of Meaning: Words cease to
mean what they used to, and take on new semantic representations• Silly• Nice• Immoral• With• cheer
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Sound Change
Phonetic and phonological
Natural Ease of
articulation
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Sound Change: TypesLoss of phonemes• Knot- knee- knife-know• Make- time- dive• Lit- gros- murs- aimer- part• Wednesday- Choclate- camera- correct- police
Addition of phonemes• Latin: scala- snob- smeralda- spatha• Spanish: escala- esnob-esmerada- espada• Middle English: amonges- amiddes, betwix
Amongst- amidst- betwixt
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Sound Change: TypesMetathesis: It occurs when two sounds
switch places• Old English: Ask- aks• Latin: crepare- parabola- miraculu-
pericula• Spanish: quebrar- palabra- milagro-
peligru
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Syntactic Change: Types It occurs in the grammatical notions that govern languages Slow and in need for further investigation
Word order• Old English: SOV and SVO language• Modern English: An SVO language
Reanalysis: a process whereby grammatical notions which has one particular function comes to be perceived by the speakers of a language as having a second.
The perfect tense in English I have finished my dinner I have a copy of her new book She have my hair cut She has her daughter trapped in war Old English: Your faith has you healed Your faith healed you
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Syntactic Change: TypesGrammaticalization: The process
whereby lexical items are reduced to grammatical items without entirely losing their function as words.• Verbs meaning ‘go’, ‘come,’ want very
often develop into grammatical markers of futurity• Going to• Will
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Thanks for your attention