Types of Architecture, Movements and Groups

8/8/2019 Types of Architecture, Movements and Groups

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` Art Deco was a popular international art design movement

from 1925 until the 1940s, affecting the decorative arts such

as architecture, interior design and industrial design, as well

as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts

and film. At the time, this style was seen as elegant,

glamorous, functional and modern.

` The movement was a mixture of many different styles and

movements of the early 20th century, including Neoclassical,

Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism,Art Nouveau, and

Futurism.[1] Its popularity peaked in Europe during the

Roaring Twenties[2] and continued strongly in the United

States through the 1930s.


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` Art Nouveau (French pronunciation: [a nuvo],Anglicised to /rt nuvo/) is an internationalmovement[and style ofart, architecture and appliedartespecially the decorative artsthat peaked in

popularity at the turn of the 20th century (18901905).[The name 'Art Nouveau' is French for 'new art'.It is also known as Jugendstil, German for 'youthstyle', named after the magazine Jugend, whichpromoted it, and in Italy, Stile Liberty from the

department store in London, Liberty & Co., whichpopularised the style.


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` Staatliches Bauhaus was a school in Germany that combinedcrafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach todesign that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to1933. The term Bauhaus (helpinfo

) is German for ("House ofBuilding" or"Building School").

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The Bauhaus school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar.In spite of its name, and the fact that its founder was anarchitect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture departmentduring the first years of its existence. Nonetheless it was foundedwith the idea of creating a 'total' work of art in which all arts,including architecture would eventually be brought together. TheBauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in

Modernist architecture and modern design. The Bauhaus had aprofound influence upon subsequent developments in art,architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design,and typography.


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` Brutalist buildings usually are formed with strikingrepetitive angular geometries, and, whereconcrete is used, often revealing the texture of thewooden forms used for the in-situ casting.

Although concrete is the material most widelyassociated with Brutalist architecture, not allBrutalist buildings are formed from concrete.Instead, a building may achieve its Brutalist quality

through a rough, blocky appearance, and theexpression of its structural materials, forms, and(in some cases) services on its exterior.


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` American colonial architecture includes severalbuilding design styles associated with the colonialperiod of the United States, including First PeriodEnglish (late-medieval), French Colonial, Spanish

Colonial, Dutch Colonial, German Colonial andGeorgian Colonial.[1] These styles are associatedwith the houses, churches and governmentbuildings of the period between about 1600

through 1850. Houses with a turret in the frontright and a porch in the front is a prime example ofa house with colonial stlye.


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` Constructivism was an artistic and architecturalmovement that originated in Russia from 1919onward which rejected the idea of"art for art'ssake" in favour of art as a practice directed

towards social purposes. Constructivism as anactive force lasted until around 1934, having agreat deal of effect on developments in the art ofthe Weimar Republic and elsewhere, before being

replaced by Socialist Realism. Its motifs havesporadically recurred in other art movementssince.


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` The Gothic Revival (also referred to as VictorianGothic orNeo-Gothic) is an architectural movementwhich began in the 1740s in England. Its popularitygrew rapidly in the early nineteenth century, whenincreasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval forms, incontrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at thetime. In England, the centre of this revival, it wasintertwined with deeply philosophical movementsassociated with a re-awakening of"High Church" orAnglo-Catholic self-belief(and by the Catholic convert

Augustus Welby Pugin) concerned by the growth ofreligious nonconformism. Ultimately, the style becamewidespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarterof the nineteenth century.


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heInternational style was a majorarchitectural style thatemerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of

Modernist architecture. The term had its origin from thename of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and PhilipJohnson written to record the International Exhibition ofModern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in

New York City in 1932 which identified, categorized andexpanded upon characteristics common to Modernismacross the world. As a result, the focus was more on thestylistic aspects of Modernism. Hitchcock's and Johnson'saims were to define a style of the time, which wouldencapsulate this modern architecture. They identified three

different principles: the expression of volume rather thanmass, balance rather than preconceived symmetry and theexpulsion of applied ornament.


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` Modern architecture is characterized bysimplification of form and creation of ornament from

the structure and theme of the building. The first

variants were conceived early in the 20th century.

Modern architecture was adopted by many influential

architects and architectural educators, however veryfew "Modern buildings" were built in the first half of the

century. It gained popularity after the Second World

Warand became the dominant architectural style for

institutional and corporate buildings for three decades,covering practically most of the Cold Warera.


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` Neoclassical architecture was an architectural styleproduced by the neoclassical movement that began in

the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details as

a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic

ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an

outgrowth of some classicizing features ofLate

Baroque. In its purest form it is a style principally

derived from the architecture ofClassical Greece and

the architecture ofItalian Andrea Palladio. In form,

Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall ratherthan chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to

each of its parts.


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` Organic architecture is a philosophy ofarchitecture

which promotes harmony between human habitation

and the natural world through design approaches so

sympathetic and well integrated with its site that

buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part

of a unified, interrelated composition. ArchitectsGustav Stickley,Antoni Gaudi, Louis Sullivan, Frank

Lloyd Wright, John Lautner, Claude Bragdon, Bruce

Goff, Rudolf Steiner, Bruno Zevi, Hundertwasser, Imre

Makovecz, Neville Gruzman and most recentlyAntonAlberts, Nari Gandhi, John Preihs and Laurie Baker

are all famous for their work with organic architecture.


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` Postmodern architecture was an international style

whose first examples are generally cited as being from the1950s, but which did not become a movement until the late1970s and continues to influence present-day architecture.Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to beheralded by the return of"wit, ornament and reference" to

architecture in response to the formalism of theInternational Style of modernism. As with many culturalmovements, some of postmodernism's most pronouncedand visible ideas can be seen in architecture. Thefunctional and formalized shapes and spaces of the

modernist movement are replaced by unapologeticallydiverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for itsown sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles andspace abound.


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` Prairie School was a late 19th and early 20th centuryarchitectural style, most common to the Midwestern UnitedStates.

` The works of the Prairie School architects are usuallymarked by horizontal lines, flat orhipped roofs with broadoverhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands,integration with the landscape, solid construction,craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament.Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to thenative prairie landscape.

` The term "Prairie School" was not actually used by these

architects to describe themselves (for instance, MarionMahony used the phrase The Chicago Group); the termwas coined by H. Allen Brooks, one of the first architecturalhistorians to write extensively about these architects andtheir work.


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` The intellectual principles ofRationalism are based onarchitectural theory. Vitruvius had already established in hiswork De Architectura that architecture is a science that canbe comprehended rationally. This formulation was taken upand further developed in the architectural treatises of theRenaissance. Progressive art theory of the 18th-century

opposed the Baroque beauty ofillusionism with the classicbeauty of truth and reason.

` Twentieth-century Rationalism derived less from a special,unified theoretical work than from a common belief that themost varied problems posed by the real world could be

resolved by reason. In that respect it represented areaction to historicism and a contrast toArt Nouveau andExpressionism.


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Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the periodbetween the early 15th and early 17th centuries in differentregions of Europe, in which there was a conscious revivaland development of certain elements ofancient Greek andRoman thought and material culture. Stylistically,Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and

was succeeded by Baroque architecture.` The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry,

proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they aredemonstrated in the architecture ofclassical antiquity andin particularancient Roman architecture, of which manyexamples remained. Orderly arrangements ofcolumns,

pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicirculararches, hemispherical domes, niches and aediculesreplaced the more complex proportional systems andirregular profiles ofmedieval buildings.

Types of Architecture, Movements and Groups

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