Types And Benefits of Proteins :

Types And Benefits of Proteins :What are Proteins ?a) Proteins are large biological molecules,or macromolecules, whereby consisting of one or long chains of amino acids.b) Proteins contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S) and Phosphorus (P).c) About two-thirds of the total dry mass of a cell is made up of proteins.d) Amino acids are the monomers of all proteins.e) Amino acids are the base of any proteins in the human body.f) To give rise to proteins, it all starts with : - Amino Acids - Dipeptides (Two molecules of Amino Acids that are linked together by Peptide bond through Condensation). - Tripeptides (Amino Acids and Dipeptides). - Polypedtides (Long chains of Amino Acids)g) A Protein consists of one or more Polypeptide chains that are twisted and folded.h) A Dipeptide can be broken down into Amino Acids through Hydrolysis, a process where the Dipeptides are hydrated with water to be reduced to Amino Acids.i) Amino Acid Illustration :

- Macromolecule (Lots of amino acid moleculesa protein molecule) Monomers-Polymer.

j) Dipeptides and Polypeptides :

k) Protein :

l) Condensation and Hydrolysis Process :

m) There are basically four main structures of Proteins : - Primary Structure (lysosome and Amino Acids in Linear Sequence). - Secondary Structure (coiling of Alpha-Helix Structure and folding of Beta-Pleated Sheets Structure such as Keratin in our hair. Bonded by Hydrogen Bonds). - Tertiary Structure (Alpha-Helix Structures and Beta- Pleated Sheets Structures are folded into a three dimensional shape of a Polypeptide Chain such as Enzymes and Hormones). - Quaternary Structure (Combination of two or more Tertiary Polypedtides to make up a Protein such as Haemoglobin and Collagen).

Types of Proteins (Protein Classification) And Their Functions :Types of Proteins (Examples) :

a) The long chains of Amino Acids folds in a specific manner to give each type of the different Proteins a specific shape, its individual properties and functions (In any Protein Molecule, all 20 Amino Acids will be present but it is the unique arrangements of those 20 Amino Acids that provides the specific Protein its specific function, properties, etc).b) There are mainly 3 types of Proteins (Not to be confused with the Types of Amino Acids) : -Fibrous Proteins - Globular Proteins - Membrane ProteinsFibrous Proteins : (Scleroprotein, Sclero meaning hardened) :

a) Fibrous Proteins are important in forming muscle fibres, tendons, connective tissues and bones.b) Examples : - Collagen (as connective tissues in animals and mammals) - Keratin (key material of outer layer of human skin, hair and nails). - Titin (important in the contractions of muscles).

Globular Proteins : (Spheroproteins, Sphero meaning spherical or globe-like) :

a) Globular Proteins are more water soluble than the other classes of Proteins and they have several functions such as transporting, catalyzing and regulating.b) Examples : - Albumins (lots of types of Albumin but Serum Albumin, a main component in the Blood Plasma, helps in transporting small molecules through the bloodstream). - Fibrinogen (helps in the blood clotting in vertebrae and here the function of catalyzing or speeding up a process is played. - Haemoglobin (transports oxygen to the tissues and collects carbon dioxide from tissues). Membrane Proteins : (Can be found at the Phospholipid Bilayer and allows most interactions to take place between cells) :

a) Molecular Proteins play several roles such as relaying signals within cells, allowing cells to interact and transporting molecules. b) Examples : - Estrogen Receptors (sends signals to activate the Estrogen Hormone, an essential female sex hormone). - Histones (sends signals to communicate and order w the DNA). - Glucose Transporter (transports Glucose across the Plasma Membrane). Catalyst : What is a catalyst ?

a) A common term used in Biology and Chemistry.b) A substance is referred to as a catalyst if that substance increases the rate of the chemical reaction without having the substance undergoing any permanent chemical change.c) A common catalyst in Biology is an enzyme, which is also a Protein.d) For example, Hydrolases, a Membrane Protein is also a enzyme.e) Hydrolases plays the role as a catalyst in the process of Hydrolysis, whereby it speeds up the whole process.

Types of Amino Acids :Amino Acids are Organic Compounds that combine to form Protein.Uses of Amino Acids : Break down food.Assist in growth.Repair damaged body tissues.Energy source of the body.Essential Amino Acids :Cannot be made by the body and is obtained from food.Histidine, Isoleucine,Leucine, Lysine.Valine (9 Amino Acids that are Essential).

Non-Essential Amino Acid :Can be synthesized by the body even if not obtained from food intake.Alanine, Aiginine,Asparagine..Glutanic Acid (11 Amino Acids that are Non-Essential).