A T Y P E FAC E BY A D R I A N F R U T I G E R

1 L E T T E R

aaaarial regular, 450 pt.akzidenz grotesk, 450 pt.univers 55, 450 pt.

A B C D EF G H I J KL M N O PQ R S T UV W X Y Z

A B C D EF G H I J KL M N O PQ R S T UV W X Y Z

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2 G R I D

understandingthe

gridSince the invention of book printing, Univers was the first en-tire font system to be designed with interchangeable weights, proportions, and corresponding italics. In the design of older typefaces visual alignment among such variations was not a standard consideration. For a given size of type all twenty-one variations of Univers whether light, regular, medium, bold, con-densed, expanded, or italic, had the same x-height (the height of lowercase letters without ascenders or descenders) and the same baseline. This simplified letterpress printing and increased the possibilities for visual contrast in tone, weight, width, and di-rection, available in eleven sizes for metal typesetting.

45 46 47 4855 56 57 585465 66 67 686475 7674

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394959

8685

3 F O R M

THEPRINCEby

Nicolo Machiavelli

or they are new.The new are either entirely new, as was Milan to Francesco Sforza, or they are, as it were, mem-bers annexed to the hereditary state of the prince who has acquired them, as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King of Spain. Such domin-ions thus acquired are either accustomed to live under a prince, or to live in freedom; and are ac-quired either by the arms of the prince himself, or of others, or else by fortune or by ability.C O N C E R N I N G H E R E D I T A R Y P R I N C I P A L I T I E SI will leave out all discussion on republics, in-asmuch as in another place I have written of them at length, and will address myself only to principalities. In doing so I will keep to the order indicated above, and discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved.

I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states, and those long accustomed to the family of their prince, than new ones; for it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors, and to deal prudently with circumstances as

HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE, AND BY WHAT MEANS THEY ARE ACQUIRED

they arise, for a prince of average powers to maintain himself in his state, unless he be deprived of it by some extraordinary and excessive force; and if he should be so de-prived of it, whenever anything sinister hap-pens to the usurper, he will regain it. We have in Italy, for example, the Duke of Ferrara, who could not have with-stood the attacks of the Venetians in ‘84, nor those of Pope Julius in ‘10, unless he had been long established in his dominions. For the hereditary prince has less cause and less ne-cessity to offend; hence it happens that he will be more loved; and un-less extraordinary vices cause him to be hated, it is reasonable to ex-pect that his subjects will be natu-rally well disposed towards him; and in the antiquity and duration of his rule

the memories and motives

that make for change are lost,

for one change

always leaves

the

toothing for a n o t h e r .

A l l s t a t e s , a l l p owe r s , t h a t h a v e h e l d and ho l d r u l e o v e r men ha ve b een and a r e e i t h e r r e pub l i c s o r p r i n c i p a l i t i e s .

Principalities are either hereditary, in which the family has been long established;

4 F U N C T I O N

There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can un-derstand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the sec-ond good, and the third kind useless.

There are three kinds of intelli-gence: one kind un-derstands things for itself, the other ap-preciates what oth-ers can understand, the third under-stands neither for it-self nor through oth-ers. This first kind is excellent, the sec-ond good, and the third kind useless.

There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appre-ciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excellent, the second good, and the third kind useless.

There are three kinds of intelligence: one kind understands things for itself, the other appre-ciates what others can understand, the third understands neither for itself nor through others. This first kind is excel-lent, the second good, and the third kind use-less.

There are three kinds of in-telligence: one kind under-stands things for itself, the other appreciates what others can understand, the third understands nei-ther for itself nor through others. This first kind is ex-cellent, the second good, and the third kind useless

It is necessary for him who lays out a state

and arranges laws for it to presuppose that

all men are evil and that they are always

going to act according to the wickedness of

their spirits whenever they have free scope.

It is necessary for him who lays out a state

and arranges laws for it to presuppose that

all men are evil and that they are always

going to act according to the wickedness of

their spirits whenever they have free scope.

It is necessary for him who lays out a state

and arranges laws for it to presuppose that

all men are evil and that they are always

going to act according to the wickedness of

their spirits whenever they have free scope.

It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges

laws for it to presup-pose that all men are evil and that they are always

going to act accord-ing to the wicked-

ness of their spirits whenever they

have free scope.

It is necessary for him who lays out a state and arranges

laws for it to pre-suppose that all men are evil and

that they are always going to act accord-

ing to the wicked-ness of their spir-its whenever they

have free scope.

U45 U55 U65 U75 U85

U86 U76 U66 U56 U46

12 pt. type, 14.4 pt. leading, 108 pt. line length, standard tracking

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have suc-ceeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as of-ten as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any dan-ger in other reproaches.

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spo-ken of the more important ones, the oth-ers I wish to discuss briefly under this gen-erality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other re-proaches.

THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED

THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED

THAT ONE SHOULD A V O I D B E I N G DESPISED AND HATED

Now, concerning the characteristics of which men-tion is made above, I have spoken of the more im-portant ones, the others I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spoken of the more important ones, the others I wish to dis-cuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spo-ken of the more important ones, the oth-ers I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this gen-erality, that the prince must consider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other re-proaches.

Now, concerning the characteristics of which mention is made above, I have spo-ken of the more important ones, the oth-ers I wish to discuss brieflffllflfly under this generality, that the prince must con-sider, as has been in part said before, how to avoid those things which will make him hated or contemptible; and as often as he shall have succeeded he will have fulfilled his part, and he need not fear any danger in other reproaches.

8 pt. type, 8 pt. leading, 198 pt. line length , -30 pt. tracking8 pt. type, 9.6 pt. leading, 198 pt. line length, standard tracking

5 E X P E R I M E N T A L

Be-s i d e s this,

one cannot by fair

dealing, and without

injury to others, satisfy

the nobles, but you can satisfy

the people, for their object is more

righteous than that of the nobles, the latter

wishing to oppress, while the former only desire

not to be oppressed. It is to be added also that a

prince can never secure himself against a hostile people,

because of their being too many, whilst from the nobles he can

secure himself, as they are few in number. The worst that a prince

may expect from a hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from

hostile nobles he has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise

against him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always come

forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him whom they expect

to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live always with the same people, but he can

do well without the same nobles, being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take

away authority when it pleases him. Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the

people ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they only ask not to be oppressed by him.

But one who, in opposition to the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above everything,

to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule personally or through magistrates.

In the

latter

case

their g

over

nmen

t is w

eake

r and

more

insec

ure, be

cau

se it re

sts entirely on

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule personally or through magistrates.

In th

e latter

case th

eir gov

ernme

nt is w

eaker

and m

ore ins

ecure,

becau

se it re

sts ent

irely on t

he goodwill of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, These principalities are liable to danger w

hen they are passing from the civil to the absolute order of g

over

nmen

t, f

or s

uch

prin

ces

eith

er r

ule

personally or through mag-

If you remember the shape of your spoon at lunch, it has to be the wrong shape. The spoon and the letter are

tools; one to take food from the bowl, the other to take information off the

page…When it is a good design, the reader has to feel comfortable because the

letter is both banal and beautiful.

a d r i a nf r u t i g e r

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