Type D Personality, Self Resilience, and Health-...
Transcript of Type D Personality, Self Resilience, and Health-...
Type D Personality, Self-Resilience, and Health-
Promoting Behaviors in Nursing Students
Eun Ju Lim RN PhD1, Jun Hee Noh RN PhD
2, Yong Sun Jeong RN PhD
3
1Assistant Professor, Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Korea,
2Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-
do, Korea 3Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Naju-si
Jeollanam-do, Korea
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among
type D personality, self-resilience, and health promoting behaviors in nursing
students. Grade, self-esteem, Type D personality, and self-resilience were
significant predictors of health promoting behaviors, accounting for 34.8% of
its variance (F = 25.714, P < 0.001). Of these four variables, self-resilience was
the most significant contributor to health promoting behaviors in nursing
students. Health promotion programs for nursing students should be designed
and developed with consideration of interventions for psychological variables
such as Type D personality and self-resilience.
Keywords: Health promotion, nursing students, personality, resilience
1. Introduction
As future professional nurses who will assume the role of a healthcare provider in the
community, college nursing students should prepare themselves to exhibit exemplary
health promoting behaviors in their daily lives [1][2]. Thus, it is worthwhile to
measure their level of health promoting behaviors and to identify the factors affecting
it. The purposes of this study were to examine comprehensively the relationship
among nursing students’ Type D personality, self-resilience, and health promoting
behaviors, and ultimately to provide some basic knowledge about materials for the
physical and psychological healthcare of nursing students, who will play key roles as
healthcare providers in the future.
2 Corresponding author: Jun Hee Noh, RN, Ph.D.
Department of Nursing, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
E-mail: [email protected]
Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.116 (Healthcare and Nursing 2015), pp.184-188
http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.116.37
ISSN: 2287-1233 ASTL Copyright © 2015 SERSC
2. Methods
2.1 Data collection and participants
To ensure the reliability of this study, data were collected across the country with
consideration of regional similarities and differences. The selected regions ranged
from metropolitan areas to small and medium-sized cities. Nursing students from
universities of three different cities were randomly selected to participate in the
survey. The data were collected from March to June 2013, and 538 nursing students
participated in this study. After excluding 21 incomplete questionnaires (valid
response rate: 96.1%), data from 517 nursing students were analyzed.
2.2 Measurements
Type D personality. Type D personality was measured using the questionnaire
developed by Denollet [3]; the Korean version was translated by Lim et al. [4]. We
used this questionnaire with the Korean version and the original author’s permission.
This questionnaire consists of 14 items: 7 items on the domain of negative affectivity,
indicating the tendency to experience negative affect, depending on the time and
situation; and 7 items on the domain of social inhibition, indicating the tendency to
inhibit the expression of emotion or behavior in social interactions in order to avoid
rebuke. Each question was answered on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (No) to
4 (Yes); if the score of each domain was 10 or higher, the respondent was classified as
having Type D personality. The Cronbach’s for this tool was .88 for negative
affectivity and .86 for social inhibition during its development, and it was .82 and .85,
respectively, for the present study.
Self-resilience. Self-resilience refers to a tendency to respond flexibly to situational
demands or stressful situations [5]. In this study, self-resilience was measured using
the questionnaire developed by Wagnild and Young [5], for which we paid a
copyright royalty to use; the Korean version was translated by Shin [6]. This
questionnaire consists of 25 items: 17 items on personal self-resilience and 8 on the
respondent’s acceptance of his/her own life. Each item was answered on a 7-point
Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all) to 7 (Absolutely yes) and the total score
ranged from 25 to 175. A high score indicates a high level of self-resilience. The
Cronbach’s for this tool was .91 during its development and .88 in this study.
Health promoting behaviors. Health promoting behaviors was measured using the
Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) developed by Walker, Sechrist, and
Pender [7] and translated into Korean and revised by Seo [8] with the original author’s
permission. This questionnaire consists of 47 items in 6 domains, including 11 items
on spiritual growth, 10 on health responsibility, 5 on physical activity, 7 on nutrition,
7 on interpersonal relations, and 7 on stress management. Each item is answered on a
4-point scale, and the total score ranges from 47 to 188. A high score indicates a high
level of health promoting behaviors. The Cronbach’s of this tool was .90 in Seo’s
Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.116 (Healthcare and Nursing 2015)
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[8] study and .90 in this study.
2.3. Data analysis
Data analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA). Multiple regression analysis by the concurrent input method was
used to derive factors affecting health promoting behaviors.
3. Results
3.1 The relationships among Type D Personality, Self-Resilience, and Health-
Promoting Behaviors
There were statistically significant negative correlations between type D personality
and resilience (r=-0.410, p<.001), health promoting behavior (r=-0.377, p<.001). There was
statistically significant positive correlations between resilience and health promoting
behavior (r=0.536, p<.001)..
3.2 Factors Affecting Health Promoting Behaviors
Grade (β = 0.103, t = 2.307, P = 0.021), self-esteem (β = 0.115, t = 2.519, P = 0.012),
Type D personality (β = -0.128, t = -2.932, P = 0.004), and self-resilience (β = 0.393,
t = 8.617, P < 0.001) significantly accounted for 34.8% of the variance in health
promoting behaviors (F = 25.714, P < 0.001) (Table 1). Of these four variables, self-
resilience was the most significant contributor to health promoting behaviors in
nursing students.
4. Limitations
A limitation of this study is the inability to generalize the results to all nursing
students. This is because the participants of this study do not reflect the diversity of
school systems and all of them were students at 4-year colleges. Furthermore, given its
cross-sectional design, this study could not examine changes in the observations that
might have occurred over the students’ 4-year course of education. Finally, we cannot
exclude the possibility that psychological variables such as depression might affect
Type D personality and the health-related behaviors that were observed.
Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.116 (Healthcare and Nursing 2015)
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Table 1. Factors Affecting Health Promoting Behaviors (N = 517)
Predictors
Health promoting behaviors
Unstandardized
coefficient
Standardized
coefficient
t p
B Standard
error
β
Constant 59.632 9.124 6.536 <.001
Age -0.015 0.253 -0.003 -0.057 0.954
Gender 2.318 2.016 0.045 1.150 0.251
Grade 1.451 0.629 0.103 2.307 0.021
Economic level 1.812 1.530 0.046 1.184 0.237
Social support 1.062 1.178 0.038 0.902 0.368
Student satisfactionlevels
with their courses
1.196 1.092
0.045 1.095 0.274
Subjective health status 1.026 0.836 0.047 1.227 0.220
Self-esteem 2.351 0.933 0.115 2.519 0.012
Type D personality -0.248 0.085 -0.128 -2.932 0.004
Self-resilience 0.386 0.045 0.393 8.617 <.001
F (p) = 25.714 (<.001) R2 = .348, adj. R2 = .334
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