BOOK REVIEWS 377

more than historical value, since the concepts of revised capitalism and humanistic managing are energizing a world-wide debate on how people can be best mobilized to produce society’s goods and services.

JEREMIAH J. SULLIVAN University of Washington, US. A.

Type A Behavior Pattern: Research, Theory and Intervention B. Kent Houston and C. R. Snyder (Eds), Wiley Chichester, 1988. No. of pages: xvi + 362.

This is the seventh book in the Wiley Series on Health PsychologylBehavioraI Medicine. More than any of the previous volumes in the series, this volume is intended for practitioners, clinical and academic researchers studying and interested in understanding the Type A behavior pattern.

Chapter 1 (B. Kent Houston) introduces the scope of the book and provides a brief evolution of the Type A behavior concept. In Chapter 2, the co-originator of Type A behavior pattern (TABP), Ray Rosenman and his colleagues present an overview of TABP, elaborate on the definition of TABP, review the measures of the TABP, survey the construct validation of TABP, and comment on which components of TABP may be coronary prone, and provide implications for research.

Chapters 3 through 5 focus on studies that have examined the relations of TABP and coronary atherosclerosis and/ or coronary heart disease (CHD). In Chapter 3, Larry Scherwitz compares the Structured Interview (SI) method for assessing TABP in the Western Collaborative Group (WCGS) and in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) studies. Scherwitz focuses on the differences in interview styles as possible reasons for the positive TABP and CHD severity found in the WCGS study and the null finding in the study of the TABP-CHD relationship.

Haynes and Matthews (Chapter 4) offer another possible reason for the recent null findings relating TABP to CHD using SI. They suggest that the criteria for referral or the selection process for patients to undergo coronary catheterization may bias the findings. They call for consideration of other individual characteristics such as gender, perceived social support, and how work and family milieu can modify the risk of Type As for developing CHD in future research.

In Chapter 5, Eaker and Castelli give special attention to women in the Type A-CHD relationship as measured by the Framingham Type A Scale. They reported that Type A behavior in women and the items that make up each of the Framingham Type A subscales were related to pain in a woman’s chest and not to CHD. Only one item - eating too quickly - was significantly related to CHD after taking into account the standard risks factors of age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and glucose intolerance.

The next chapter (Chapter 6) by Thoresen and Pattillo focus primarily on the issue of how Type As develop. They suggest Bandura’s (1986) social learning theory as a very promising theoretical framework to study the process of how TABP develops.

Chapter 7 by Schwenvitz and Chanick review a series of research studies on self- referencing, cardiovascular reactivity, coronary atherosclerosis and CHD. They propose that the construct of self and identity, and the self-processes reflected in speech may underlie the psychosocial risk factors for Type A individuals.

The importance of Type A components is discussed in the next three chapters. In Chesney, Hecker and Black’s Chapter 8, they review the research on identifying the components of TABP that predicts CHD, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular activity. Among the components, hostility emerged as having the strongest relationship to CHD. The next chapter (Chapter 9) by Williams and Barefoot reveals the research evidence suggesting hosility, or the cynical, mistrusting attitude toward others and a willingness to express openly the anger and contempt engendered by such an attitude, is the crucial component of the coronary-prone behavior. These authors also discuss the need to refine our understanding of the hostility complex, with the goal of developing

378 BOOK REVIEWS

measures that are sensitive to and predictive of CHD and coronary atherosclerosis events. In Chapter 10, Ken Houston reviews the research on examining the role of

physiological responses in contributing to the TAHP and CHD relationship. Houston offers some possible ways to improve the prediction of physiological responsivity. Some of these suggestions include administering the Structured Interview in a facilitative style as compared to a disruptive, challenging style. Additionally, Houston also suggests using cluster analysis to identify individuals with different profiles of TABP components.

Contrada, Krantz and Hill’s Chapter 11 review the results of recent studies that examined the role of sympathetic nervous system reactivity in influencing TABP, or at least in certain components of TABP.

Virginaa Price’s Chapter 12 addresses the issue of intervention for Type A behavior. She reviewed previous intervention studies on TABP, provides guidelines to the design, implementation, and evaluation of Type A intervention studies. In addition, Price offers a working definition of Type B behavior pattern and suggests that intervention programs should be designed to encourage Type B behaviors.

In the final summary chapter, the authors conclude the text with their recommenda- tions for future research, and highlight some of the interesting current trends.

This book provides a wide range of current and up-to-date TABP topic areas. The primary complaint is that some topic areas (such as how Type A behavior develops) are explored conceptually while others (such as TABP and gender differences) are presented in cookbook concreteness but offer little theoretical explanation for the difference in findings. The other complaint is that none of the authors relate TABP to organizational issues (such as productivity, turnover or health costs). On balance, this volume offers a collection of worthy and useful chapters for its intended audience of practitioners, clinicians and academic researcher.

CYNTHIA LEE Northeastern University,

Boston, Massachusetts,

U. 5’. A

The Human Side of Factory Automation Ann Majchrzak, Josey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco and London, 1988. No. of pages: xviii + 390. Price: $29.95.

Ann Majchrzak mentions in the preface to her book that U.S. firms have an appallingly high failure rate when introducing advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) into their factories. The primary reason for the high failure rate is lack of anticipation by implementers of the impact of such technology on the infrastructure of the factory or if the impact is considered, it is considered in very narrow terms. The infrastructure consists of the jobs of operators, technical support personnel and managers and supervisors. It includes the skill levels of their jobs, and policies and practices regarding selection, training, compensation, appraisal, labor relations and organizational structure.

There has been no shortage of research on the impact of advanced manufacturing technology on any one element of the factory infrastructure. Until now, however, little of that research has appeared between the covers of a single book. Majchrzak’s book is the most comprehensive treatment to date of the existing research, as well as of case studies on AMT implementation. She also has organized the research into a model that researchers and practitioners will find useful.

She has identified five AMT equipment parameters that impact the human infrastructure. These parameters are integration, reliability, rigidity, work flow unpredictability, feedback and safety. According to Majchrzak’s model, these five