Two factor theory of emotion
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Transcript of Two factor theory of emotion
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Two factor theory of emotion
By Mr Daniel Hansson
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Questions
1. What would be your subjective experience and bodily changes (heart beat, breathing) if you:
a) Heard that your best friend is in a hospital because of a car accident?
b) Learn that you have been accepted to a top university?
c) Are attacked by a vicious dog in a dark soi?2. In what way are the cognitive and biological
reactions similar for these scenarios? In what way are they different?
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Schachter & Singer’s two factor theory of emotion
• We need two factors to feel emotional. One is physiological arousal, the other is attribution (appraisal, cues in the environment of how we should feel)
• Without arousal or attributions we will not experience any emotion
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The order of the emotional components in two factor theory of
emotion
External stimulus = General physiological arousal = Cognitive appraisal of arousal (attribution) = Subjective experience of emotion = Behaviour
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Hypotheses in the Schachter & Singer experiment
• The labelling of arousal will depend on the situation if there is no other explanation
• If a reason for arousal is known the participant will not look for another reason
• No arousal will result in no emotion
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Sample
• 184 male college psychology students
• Received credits towards finals
• Health records checked
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Method
• Controlled experiment
• At the start of the experiment, all participants had an injection of epinephrine (causes shaky hands, pounding heart, increased breathing)
• Experimenter pretended that they were investigating “side effects of “Suproxin” (pretend vitamin)
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Information of effects - conditions
• EPI informed: Participants were informed of the real effects of epinephrine
• EPI misinformed: Participants were misinformed of the effects of epinephrine (instead were told that there would be itching, numb feet, headaches)
• EPI ignorant: Participants were told that there would be no side effects
• Control group: Participants were injected a placebo (a saline solution with no side effects)
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Condition - Euphoric
• Participants from the different information of effect conditions were put in a waiting room with a stooge, one at a time for 20 minutes (EPI effects last 15-20 minutes)
• Stooge was friendly, played with paper (basketball, aeroplanes)
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Condition - Angry
• Same but had to complete questionnaire during 20 mins
• Stooge moaned about injections
• Personal; questions, e.g. “Do you bathe and wash regularly?”
• Stooge angry, ripped up questionnaire, left
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Question
• Which group should be most affected by the stooge’s behaviour? Based on Schachter & Singer’s theory and hypotheses, order the groups from most angry/happy to least angry/happy: EPI informed, EPI misinformed, EPI ignorant, Control group
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Procedure for both
• Experimenter returns, takes pulse
• Participants are asked to complete a questionnaire
• Participants are debriefed
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Crucial questions on the questionnaire
• Euphoric condition: 5 point scale – 0=“I don’t feel happy at all or good” – 4=“I feel extremely happy and good”
• Angry condition: 5 point scale – 0=“I don’t feel at all irritated or angry” – 4=“I feel extremely irritated and angry”
• The measure of emotion was decided by deducting the self rating of anger from the self raing of happiness
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Question
1. If you were very happy in this experiment, would you get a low or a high score?
2. If you were very angry in this experiment, would get a low or a high score?
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Results table- Euphoric
ConditionCondition Number of Number of P’sP’s
Self reportSelf report
Happiness Happiness minus anger minus anger
InformedInformed 2525 .98.98
MisinformedMisinformed 2525 1.91.9
IgnorantIgnorant 2525 1.781.78
ControlControl 2525 1.611.61
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Results table – Anger
ConditionCondition Number of Number of P’sP’s
Self-report Self-report ((happiness happiness minus angerminus anger))
InformedInformed 2222 1.911.91
MisinformedMisinformed 00
IgnorantIgnorant 2323 1.391.39
ControlControl 2323 1.631.63
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Question
• Compare the results with your predictions. To what extent do the results support the two factor theory of emotion?
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Controls
• Double blind – stooge did not know what condition the participant was in
• Data questionnaire included irrelevant questions, e.g. current mental health. Some questions open-ended
• 11 participants expressed suspicion – data was taken out
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Methodological evaluation
+ Participants were randomly allocated to different conditions
+ Procedure was standardized
+ Stooge did not know which condition the participant was in
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Methodological evaluation
- No assessment of the subjects’ emotional state before the experiment, or the emotional effect of receiving an injection
- Experiment lacked ecological validity. Injection of epinephrine does not produce the experience of a true emotion
- Sample might not be representative
(male college students taking introductory psychology at the university of Minnesota)
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Ethical evaluation
-Participants were not informed about the purpose of the experiment
- Participants were injected epinephrine without consent
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Ethical evaluation
+ Participants were given health checks before the experiment
+ Participants were debriefed after the experiment
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Activity
• Do the multi-choice quiz and matching quizzes of the study on:
http://www.holah.karoo.net/schachter.htm