PRESENTATION

ON

TV TOWERPRESENTED BY:

ARJAN DEV SINGHARZOO BAJAJASHIMA BOHARAANSHUL SHARMAARPIT SINGHAL

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION2. STRUCTURE TYPES3. ADVANTAGES4. USES5. SITE PREPARATION6. MATERIALS7. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS8. CLIMBING FACILITIES9. CASE STUDIES

T.V. towers are, typically, tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. They are among the tallest man-made structures. Similar structures include electricity pylons and towers for wind turbines. These are sometimes named after the broadcasting organizations that use them, or after a nearby city or town. The Warsaw Radio Mast (Warszawa radio mast) was the world's tallest supported structure on land, but it collapsed in 1991, leaving the KVLY/KTHI-TV mast as the tallest. In the case of a mast radiator or radiating tower, the whole mast or tower is itself the transmitting antenna.Typical tower heights will vary between 100 and 250 feet.

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURE TYPES

1.) Guyed Towers

2.) Self Support Towers

3.) Monopole Structures

GUYED TOWER

Guyed towers are generally the least costly . They also require the greatest amount of land to erect due to the area needed for the cable guy wire stays. As a result, guyed towers are most often seen in rural or suburban settings where land is not at a premium. Guyed towers may be constructed with either 3 legs (triangular) or 4 legs. The distance between the tower legs will increase as the height of the tower and wind load increases. Two variables are required when collecting guyed towers;

Distance between tower legs Tower height. distance between the tower

legs ranges from 1 to 7 feet.

100’ – 500’ height.

SELF SUPPORTING TOWER

Self-supporting towers tend to be the most expensive towers to erect. They can be constructed with either three or four legs and are free standing with a lattice frame design. These towers are generally the strongest and can support the largest wind and ice loads of the three tower types. 100’ – 300’ heights Flexibility for Mounting Accommodate Multiple Tenants. LATTICE SELF SUPPORTING TOWER is ideally suited for light to medium-duty cellular applications, microwave links, and self supporting FM radio antennas. Wind speed capacities range up to 90 mph. Member sizes are project specified for maximum efficiency. Available in pipe and rod leg sections.

MONOPOLE TOWER

These towers are free standing and are most commonly used in cellular and personal communication service (PCS) applications. They are typically constructed of different diameter steel sections either cylindrical or multi sided in shape. The individual sections are bolted or welded together with the largest diameter sections at the base and each successive section is smaller in diameter. One variable is required when collecting monopole towers. Tower heights ranging from 30 to 490 feet. Tapered, polygonal poles and conical poles are also being fabricated nowadays. Land Constraints Urban Environments Most Costly Structure

ADVANTAGES

Less installation time& cost

Occupies less floor space

Maintenance free

Long life because of galvanization

Strong because of aerodynamic construction

It is aesthetic and elegant

Less time taking in time of repairs and renewals

Shorter delivery period

USES

Monopoles/high masts can be used for: Telecommunication Towers Transmission line towers Highway and junction lighting Yard lighting Parking lots lighting Airport, Railway, seaports and yard

lighting Power plants lighting Stadium yard lighting Park /garden lighting

SITE PREPARATION

1) Erosion control

2) Clearing / Grabbing earth work

3) Access Road

4) Compound Wall

FOUNDATIONS1) Tower foundation

2) Shelter cabinet Foundation

Mat preparation for structural base

above foundation Concreting of mat

Concreting of mat

Electrical wiring Lighting wiring

Telecommunication wiring

Positioning of electrical / telecommunication controls

Positioning Security cabin

STEEL LATTICEThe steel lattice is the most widespread form of construction. It provides great strength, low wind resistance and economy in the use of materials. Such structures are usually triangular or square in cross-section.When built as a tower, the structure may be parallel-sided or taper over part or all of its height.When constructed of several sections which taper exponentially with height, in the manner of the Eiffel Tower, the tower is said to be an Eiffelized one. The Crystal Palace tower in London is an example.

TUBULAR STEELSome towers are constructed out of steel tubes. In the UK, these were the subject of collapses at the Emley Moor and Waltham-on-the-Wolds TV stations in the 1960s.

MATERIALS

FIBERGLASSFiberglass poles are occasionally used for low-power non-directional beacons or medium-wave broadcast transmitters.

REINFORCED CONCRETEReinforced concrete towers are relatively expensive to build provide a high degree of mechanical rigidity in strong winds. This can be important when antennas with narrow beam widths are used, such as those used for microwave point-to-point links, and when the structure is to be occupied by people.In Germany and the Netherlands most towers are built of reinforced concrete.

WOODEN TOWER

There are fewer wooden towers now than in the past. Many were built in the UK during World War II because of a shortage of steel. In Germany before World War II in nearly all medium wave transmission sites towers built of wood were used. Nowadays these towers are demolished.

Concrete towers can form prestigious landmarks, such as the CN Tower in Toronto. As well as accommodating technical staff, these buildings may have public areas such as observation decks or restaurants. The Stuttgart TV tower was the first tower in the world to be built in reinforced concrete. It was designed in 1956 by the local civil engineer, Fritz Leonhardt.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Economic And Aesthetic Considerations• The cost of a tower is roughly proportional to the square of its height. • A guyed mast is cheaper to build than a self-supporting tower of equivalent height. • A guyed mast needs additional land to accommodate the guys, and is thus best suited to rural locations where land is relatively cheap. A tower will fit into a much smaller plot. • A steel lattice tower is cheaper to build than a concrete tower of equivalent height. • Two small towers may be less intrusive, visually, than one big one; especially if they look identical. • Towers look less ugly if they and the antennas mounted on them appear symmetrical. Access for riggers• Because masts, towers and the antennas mounted on them require maintenance, access to the whole of the structure is necessary. • Small structures are typically accessed with a ladder. • Larger structures, which tend to require more frequent maintenance, may have stairs and sometimes a lift.

Aircraft warning lamps• Taller structures are often equipped with lamps, usually red in colour, to warn pilots of the structure's existence.• In the past, ruggedized and under-run filament lamps were used to maximise the bulb life.• Nowadays such lamps tend to use LED arrays.

Wind-induced oscillations• One problem with radio masts is the danger of wind-induced oscillations. •This is particularly a concern with steel tube construction. •One can reduce this by building cylindrical shock-mounts into the construction.

CLIMBING FACILITIES

Access Ladders

- Hot dip Galvanized, in standard 20' sections - Mountable to all tower models and monopoles- Inside or outside mounting- To be used in conjunction with the safety system

Step-Bolts

- Can be used on Self Support towers and monopoles- Hot dip galvanized steel- To be used in conjunction with the safety system

Work/Rest Platforms

- Hot dip Galvanized frame and heavy duty grating- Safety railing optional- Assembly hardware provided

Safety Hoops

- Available galvanized and Red/White painted- Assembly hardware provided

CASE STUDIES

KVLY-TV MAST

The tower is located three miles west of Blanchard, North Dakota which is roughly halfway between Fargo and Grand Forks.

It became the tallest artificial structure upon the completion of its construction on August 13, 1963.

The mast was surpassed in height by 18 m (57 ft) in 1974 by the Warszawa radio mast near Konstantynow, Poland, but the latter collapsed on August 8, 1991, making the KVLY mast again the tallest structure on land.

Owned by the Meyer Broadcasting Company (now North Dakota Television, LLC) of Bismarck, the tower broadcasts at 316 kW for television station KVLY (channel 11, an NBC affiliate) which is based in Fargo.

The tower provides a broadcast area of roughly 30,000 square miles (78,000 km2).

Some time after its completion, the Federal Aviatio Administration imposed a limit of 2,063 ft, based on this tower's height, on future construction; consequently, no taller structures may legally be built in the U.S. at present.

A guy wire anchor, Pylon supporting KVLY tower

KVLY mast from a distance of about one mile

Base of KVLY tower

TV Tower, Tashkent

The TV Tower is the highest construction in the Central Asia. Its construction began to in 1979 and was completed in 1981.

Its construction incorporates an ability to withstand Earthquakes of seismic magnitude of 9 on the Richter Scale, has an overall height of 375 metres.

The lattice styled tower trunk is supported by three inclined slips, which ensure the building's steadiness.

At the heights of 100 metres and 220 metres the tower is girdled with 5 telecasting stations for 5 television Programmes, radio broadcasting station and a meteorological station.

There is also observation deck, where you can enjoy magnificent views of the city, revealing the many bars and restaurants located therein.

BERLIN TV TOWER

The TV Tower stands near Alexanderplatz.

It was completed in 1969 and stands 365 metres high. It was intended as a symbol of the permanence of East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic.

It is a strange idea to build a 365 metre high television tower in the middle of a city.

It is so unusual that the tower in Berlin is even today the only television tower in such a central position in Europe, and perhaps in the whole world.

ORIENTAL PEARL TV TOWER

Height (struct.) 468 m

The three columns between the two largest spheres are 9 meters in diameter, and the big spheres are 45 meters (upper) and 50 meters (lower) in diameter.

The tower has three observatory levels. The highest is at 350 metres, and is called the Space Module. The second is at 263 and 259 metres and is called the Sightseeing Floor. And the lowest, the Space City, is at 90 metres.

The Oriental Pearl TV Tower is member of the World Federation of Great Towers.

earl Oriental TV Tower also has a 20-room hotel called the Space Hotel, located in the five smaller spheres between the two biggest ones.

WEBLIOGRAPHY

• www.nuddtowers.com• Wikepedia.com• Telecommunication.com