TV and Radio Tower Broadcast Structures May · PDF fileTV and Radio Tower Broadcast Structures...
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TV and Radio Tower Broadcast Structures May 2012
Madison J. Batt, SE, PEDirector of Tower EngineeringMay 18, 2012
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About MeAbout Me
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Madison J. Batt, PE, SE
•35 years of experience in the field of structural engineering, y p g g,specifically focused on tower engineering for the last 26 years in the examination, evaluation, analysis, and design of towers and communication sites. I have managed over 1,000 tower projects g jand have climbed and observed the condition of over 500 towers, ranging in height from 50 to 2,000 feet.
•Licensed in 49 States, Washington D.C., Guam, and Puerto Rico.
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A Brief History
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Towers For TV and Radio
•First broadcast towers were built for AM radio
•No specific design standard for towers before 1949
•First Standard – RETMA (TR-116) 1949 – Wind Pressure 20/13.3 and 30/20( )
•EIA/TIA 222 – First issued in 1959 – Wind Pressure varied based on map (30-70)
•EIA/TIA 222-A, B, and C in 1966 to 1976 – Wind Pressure Map (30-85)
•EIA/TIA 222-D, E, and F in 1986 to 1996 – Wind Speed Fastest Mile County listings for wind (70 110) Ice (Major change to standard)listings for wind (70-110) Ice (Major change to standard)
•TIA 222-G 2005 to Present- Wind speed 3 Second Gust (Major change to standard)
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G Standard and impact on Industry
•Mandated by Building Officials (IBC) - Not by industry
•3 Second gust versus Fastest Mile
•Updated Ice loadingp g
•Exposure categories
•Topographic categoriesTopographic categories
•Earthquake design
Importance classification•Importance classification
•Serviceability requirements
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•Ref: http://www.stainlessllc.com/Resources/NAB2007Paper.pdf
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Results of Analysis to G Standard
•TIA-222-G adopted by 2007 amendments of IBCp y
•Most Municipalities will accept TIA-222-G
•Ice Loading is more realistic
•Topographic has large impact on towers on elevated locations
•Towers designed to older standards benefit
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TIA-222-G
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EIA/TIA-222-C
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Tower Engineering is a Specialization of Structural Work
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Engineering
• Electrical Engineers, Communication Engineers, Radio/TV g , g ,Engineers
• Mechanical Engineers, HVAC, Mechanical Equipmentg
• Civil Engineers, Structural Engineers, Soils Engineers
• Lots of others Engineer types Chemical, Aeronautical etc.
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Tower Engineering (Subset of Structural and Civil)
• Wind and Ice (Seismic too)• Pure structure• Field Inspections• Analysis• Retrofit Design• Reports• Reports• New Towers• Construction
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Guyed Towers Inspections
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Guyed Towers
• Tallest Structures Globally
• Exception: Burj Khalifa, Exception: Burj Khalifa, Dubai - Tallest Building (tallest structure in the world)
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Guyed Towers
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Guyed Anchors
• Requires expansive areas of land to secure tower
• Guyed towers commonly located in remote fields, farmland, or mountain tops
• Structural properties demand specialized design and knowledgeg
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Self-Support Towers
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Self-Support Towers
Examples of TV and FM Antennas
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FM Towers
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TV Tower (with FM antenna)
Multiple Antenna Mounted Tower
• Top Antenna serves TV
• Side Mounted Antennas serve FMand DTV
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TV Tower (with FM antenna)
New Antenna Installation
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AM Towers
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AM Towers
Example of a “Hot” Tower – Entire tower radiates active waves
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AM Towers
•Oldest Towers in ServiceOldest Towers in Service
•Narrowest Face Widths
•Commonly designed and constructed as a guyed structure
• Design patterns vary
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AM Towers
• Isolated Tower Base
• Tower is unsafe to touch
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Antenna Installation
ENG AntennaENG AntennaInstallation
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Antenna Installations
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New Towers
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KRKO - Foundation Construction - Everett
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Tower Inspections
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Tower Inspections
Tower inspections are laborious and dangerous:
• Engineers are required to complete extensive safety training• Engineers must be in very good physical condition
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• Engineers must be in very good physical condition
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Tower Inspections
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Tower Inspections
• Adverse Conditions
• Ice Loads
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Inspections - After Disasters
Ten days after Hurricane Katrina Ten days after Hurricane Katrina – New Orleans, Louisiana
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Tower Inspections – After Disasters
•View from tower showing •View from tower showing water around building
• Water had been 8 feet higher swamping equipment in transmitter building
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Failed Towers
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Failed Towers - Collapse
• Experience leads to other areas
• Expert on failure investigationinvestigation
• Expert witness
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Tower Failures
F il d h d t d t • Failed anchor rods at rod to plate forging
• Fatigue failureFatigue failure
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Tower Failures
Magnetic particle testing of rods
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Failed Towers - Collapse
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Failed Towers - Collapse
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Failed Towers - Collapse
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Failed Towers - Collapse
Guyed Tower failure
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Tower Failures
It appears poor welding of antenna to base of antenna caused failureantenna caused failure
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Digital TV Trends
•In Most Markets, Broadcasters are adding one or more secondary channels
•Majority of Stations have finalized DTV transition
•There are however numerous Stations with Analog antennas still onThere are, however, numerous Stations with Analog antennas still on the tower
•When antennas are removed, a tower study should be done to make sure tower is not overstressed by the removal of antenna (Especially on Guyed towers)
•A good reference
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•A good reference http://www.stainlessllc.com/Resources/Tower_Effects_Presentation.pdf
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Guyed Tower with Large Antennas to be Removed
•Removal of large side-mounted or top-mounted antenna has impact on adjacent span(s)j ( )
•Guy wires sized for large wind loads from antennas will overstress legs and bracing and cause an imbalance in the guy system
•Transmission line loading can cause greater stress on tower than antenna
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Tower Mast Moment Curve With Antenna removed
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Mast Moment with Guy wire Modifications
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Whats Next
•Is Mobile TV the next big move?
•Antennas are being installed on towers with big V-polarization for Mobile TV reception
•Will consumers go to this?
•Is there a trend for consumers to drop cable and satellite for over-the-air broadcast, Netflix and Internet TV?
•Are consumers buying FM Digital Radios for their homes and ?
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cars?
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QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU!
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