Turning CO 2 into Fuel Transforming CO 2
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Transcript of Turning CO 2 into Fuel Transforming CO 2
Turning CO2 into FuelTransforming CO2
Peter P. Edwards2nd May 2012
Z. Jiang, T. Xiao, V. L. Kuznetsov, L. Kong, P. J. Dobson
Tara Shirvani, Oliver Inderwildi, Sir David King
R. J. Pearson, J.W.G. Turner , L. di Marco
Transforming CO2
Meeting our Energy Challenge
“Fossil fuels will remain the dominant source of energy worldwide, meeting 83% of the increase in energy demands”
Why is this?
Ideal for transportation…
Fuel energy densities: Net systems analysis
Richard Pearson and Colleagues, Lotus Engineering
CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS): The only option?
The Natural Carbon Cycle: Fossil Solar Fuels
G. A. Olah and colleagues, J.Am.Chem.Soc, 133, 12881-12898, 2011
A Possible Anthropogenic (Unnatural) Carbon Cycle
G. A. Olah and colleagues, J.Am.Chem.Soc, 133, 12881-12898, 2011
Can we (sustainably) convert CO2 into liquid fuels?
Should we convert CO2 into liquid fuels?
Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU)
The Concept of Carbon-Neutral Fuels
Courtesy Lotus Engineering
Carbon-Neutral Fuels
…whether CO2 emissions due to energy consumption are larger than the amount of CO2 consumed in the process(es)
The basic, underlying issue…
… the universal issue of Life Cycle Analysis
Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU)
Carbon-Neutral Biofuels
T. Shirvani, X. Yan, O. R. Inderwildi, P. P. Edwards and D. A. King, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 3773–3778
algae
Liquid fuels
dry or wet extraction
Anthropogenic Solar Fuels
Royal Society of Chemistry
N2
(0.0)
NH3
(-16.6)
H2O
(-228.4)
CH4
(-50.7)
H2
(0.0)
CO2
(-394.0)
CO(-137.15)
O2
(0.0)
C2H6
(-32.9)
CH3OH
(-159.2)
C8H18
(17.3)
C10H22
(34.4)
C3H8
(-23.5)
-450.0
-400.0
-350.0
-300.0
-250.0
-200.0
-150.0
-100.0
-50.0
0.0
50.0
ΔG
0 (kJ/
mo
l)
CO2 is a ‘stable’ molecule
Gibbs Free Energy of Formation
CO2
(-394.0)
Z. Jiang, T. Xiao, V. L. Kuznetsov and P. P. Edwards, ‘Turning carbon dioxide into fuel’ , Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 2010, 368, 3343-3364
Transforming CO2; Two main approaches
1. Use high chemical-energy starting materials
2. Supply high physical-energy;
heat, light, electricity, solar
Methanol
Carbon-Neutral Fuels
Renewable Hydrogen
Methanol synthesis
CO2 + 3H2 CH3OH + H2O
Atmospheric CO2
CO2 capture
Fuel use
CH3OH+3/2O2 CO2+2H2O
Renewablehydrocarbons
Carbon out
Carbon in
CO2 from fossilfuel burning power plants
Energy in
Adapted from G.A. Olah, A. Goeppert, S.G.K. Prakash, J. Org. Chem. 74, 487-498 (2009)
‘Syngas’: Our Gateway to Fuels
CO2 + CH4 = 2CO + 2H2
H HH
H
C
Flue Gas CO2 to Fuel
Chunshan Song (Penn State)
Unpublished Results
The Catalyst
CH4
CO2
Conversions
SEM image of the Used Catalyst
No carbon deposition
CH4-CO2 “Reforming” on new Oxford catalyst in magnetofluidized bed
Turning CO2 into Fuel
Biomass refining
CO2
Fuel synthesis
CO2
Fuel synthesis
CO2
Energy Storage Via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO2, Water, and Renewable Energy, Special Issue of Proc. IEEE. R. J. Pearson, et al, 2011
Biogenic
Flue gas
Air capture
Carbon-Neutral Fuels
Courtesy Lotus Engineering
Three possible pathways to ‘Low Carbon Energy’
Courtesy Lotus Engineering
Transforming CO2
The Top 10 emerging technologies for 2012
6. Utilization of carbon dioxide as a resourceCarbon is at the heart of all life on earth. Yet, managing carbon dioxide releases is one of the greatest social, political and economic challenges of our time. An emerging innovative approach to carbon dioxide management involves transforming it from a liability to a resource. Novel catalysts, based on nanostructured materials, can potentially transform carbon dioxide to high value hydrocarbons and other carbon-containing molecules, which could be used as new building blocks for the chemical industry as cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals.
World Economic Forum, 2011, Abu Dhabi
Reforming of (Bio) CO2 by (Bio) Methane
Biomass Syngas
BiogasReforming
F-T
Sunlight-based fuel production
Solar-energy collection and conversion