Turda Crina (1)

7/31/2019 Turda Crina (1)

1/31

INTRODUCTION

There's no one thing that's true. It's all true.

(For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940, chapter 43)

Ernest Hemingway is one of the most famous American novelist, short-story writer and

essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style have influenced wide range of writers.In the

nearly sixty two years of his life that followed he forged a literary reputation unsurpassed in

the twentieth century. In doing so, he also created a mythological hero in himself that

captivated (and at times confounded) not only serious literary critics but the average man as

well. In a word, he was a star.

3


2/31

CHAPTER I : LIFE

1: BIOGRAPHY

1.1 Childhood

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born at eight o'clock in the morning

on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois.

Born in the family home at 439 North Oak Park Avenue, a house built

by his widowed grandfather Ernest Hall, Hemingway was the second of

Dr. Clarence and Grace Hall Hemingway's six children; he had four

sisters and one brother. He was named after his maternal grandfather

Ernest Hall and his great uncle Miller Hall

Hemingway's birthplacein Oak Park, Illinois.

Oak Park was a mainly Protestant, upper middle-class suburb of Chicago .Only ten miles

from the big city, Oak Park was really much farther away philosophically. It was basically a

conservative town that tried to isolate itself from Chicago's liberal seediness. Hemingway was

raised with the conservative Midwestern values of strong religion, hard work, physical fitness

and self determination; if one adhered to these parameters, he was taught, he would be ensured

of success in whatever field he chose.

4


3/31

As a boy he was taught by his father to hunt and fish along the shores and in the forests

surrounding Lake Michigan. The Hemingways had a summer house called Windemere on

Walloon Lake in northern Michigan, and the family would spend the summer months there

trying to stay cool. Hemingway would either fish the different streams that ran into the lake, or

would take the row boat out to do some fishing there. He would also go squirrel hunting in the

woods near the summer house, discovering early in life the serenity to be found while alone in

the forest or wading a stream. It was something he could always go back to throughout his life,

wherever he was. Nature would be the touchstone of Hemingway's life and work, and though he

often found himself living in major cities like Chicago, Toronto and Paris early in his career,

once he became successful he chose somewhat isolated places to live like Key West, or San

Francisco de Paula, Cuba, or Ketchum, Idaho. All were convenient locales for hunting and

fishing.

Hemingway fishing as a young boy

When he wasn't hunting or fishing his mother taught him the finer points of music. Grace was

an accomplished singer who once had aspirations of a career on stage, but eventually settled

down with her husband and occupied her time by giving voice and music lessons to local

children, including her own. Hemingway never had a knack for music and suffered through

choir practices and cello lessons, however the musical knowledge he acquired from his mother

helped him share in his first wife Hadley's interest in the piano.

Hemingway received his formal schooling in the Oak Park public school system. In high school

he was mediocre at sports, playing football, swimming, water basketball and serving as the track

team manager. He enjoyed working on the high school newspaper called the Trapeze, where he

wrote his first articles, usually humorous pieces in the style of Ring Lardner, a popular satirist of

the time. Hemingway graduated in the spring of 1917 and instead of going to college the

5


4/31

following fall like his parents expected, he took a job as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star;

the job was arranged for by his Uncle Tyler who was a close friend of the chief editorial writer

of the paper.

The Kansas City Star building where

Hemingway took his first job as a cub reporter.

6


5/31

2: FAMILY

Photograph of Hemingway family in 1905, from left:

Marcelline, Sunny, Clarence, Grace, Ursula and Ernest

2.1 Parents

Clarence Hemingway, nicknamed Ed, was known for his dimpled cheeks and charming

smile, but also for an explosive temper. He was born on September 4, 1871, and he spent his

life as a physician in Oak Park, Illinois.

In October 1896 he married young Grace Hall, his across-the-street neighbor. Together they

had six children, all of whom enjoyed a childhood of hunting, fishing and outdoor trips with

their father.

7


6/31

Suffering from diabetes, psychological depression and mounting debts, Dr. Hemingway shot

and killed himself in his home on December 6, 1928.

Grace Hall HemingwayMusically-inclined and strong-willed, Grace Hall Hemingway was

known to love extravagant clothing, hate household chores and pride herself on her music. She

was born on June 15, 1872 and married her neighbor, Dr. Clarence Hemingway, when she was

24.

They had six children, all delivered by Dr. Hemingway at home. Although her first two

children, Marcelline and Ernest, were eighteen months apart, Grace enjoyed dressing them up

either as twin girls in dresses and floppy hats or as twin boys in overalls.

Grace battled her husband's depression, an estrangement from Ernest and embarrassment from

the controversy surrounding her son's works. She died on June 29, 1951.

2.1 Siblings

Marcelline Hemingway Sanford

Writer, sculptor, ceramist, actor and lecturer, Marcelline Hemingway Sanford was born in Oak

Park, Illinois, on January 15, 1898. She was the oldest of the six Hemingway children.

Despite being eighteen months older than her brother Ernest, Marcelline's mother often

dressed them as twins, going as far as holding Marcelline back a year in kindergarten so the

two could begin school together. Marcelline died on December 9, 1963

Ursula Hemingway Jepson

Ursula Hemingway Jepson was born on April 29, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois.

8


7/31

Surviving three cancer operations, Ursula suffered from depression and committed suicide by

drug overdose on October 30, 1966.

Madelaine Hemingway Miller

Born on November 28, 1904, in Oak Park, Illinois, Madelaine Hemingway Miller, also known

as Sunny, spent her childhood hunting and fishing at Windemere, the family cottage in

northern Michigan.

She died at age 90 in Michigan on January 14, 1995.

Carol Hemingway Gardner

Carol Hemingway was the fifth of six children born to Clarence and Grace Hemingway. She

was born two years before Ernests twelfth birthday prompting Ernest to once call her his

own special present.

Carol Hemingway married John Gardner on June 25, 1933 and had three children together:

Elizabeth, Hilary, and Mark.

On October 27, 2002, Carol Hemingway died at the age of ninety-one. She was the last living

sibling of Ernest Hemingway.

Leicester Clarence Hemingway

Author of six books and several articles on fishing and outdoor activities, Leicester Clarence

Hemingway was known for his lavish imagination and ability to find inventive nicknames for

family and friends.

Born April 1, 1915, Leicester was the youngest of six in the Hemingway family.

Suffering from diabetes, depression and several operations, Leicester shot and killed himself

at his Miami Beach home on September 15, 1982, at age 67.

9


8/31

2.3 Wifes

Hemingway and Hadley

While living at a friend's house he met Hadley Richardson and they quickly fell in love. The

two corresponded for a few months, and then decided to marry and travel to Europe. They

wanted to visit Rome, but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead, writing

letters of introduction for the young couple. They were married on September 3, 1921; two

months later Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Starand the couple

left for Paris.

In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer, who came to

Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a separation; in

November she formally requested a divorce.

10


9/31

Hemingway and Pauline

Pauline Marie Pfeiffer was the second wife of Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway married

Pauline in May 1927 .

They had two sons Patrick and Gregory. Hemingway went to Spain in 1937 and there began

an affair with Martha Gellhorn. He and Pfeiffer were divorced on November 4, 1940, and he

married Gellhorn three weeks later.

Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn

Martha met Ernest Hemingway in Key West in 1936. They were married in 1940. Gellhorn

resented her reflected fame as Hemingway's third wife, remarking that she had no intention of

"being a footnote in someone else's life".

Gelhorn was unfaithful to Hemingway, having an affair with US paratrooper Major General

James M. Gavin.

11


10/31

Hemingway and Mary

In London, he met Mary Welsh, the petite Minnesota journalist who was to become his fourth

and final wife. After Hemingway's 1946 divorce from Martha, the pair returned to Cuba,

exchanged vows, and shared their home with some 57 cats.

12


11/31

3:THE AMBULANCE DRIVER During The World War I

At the time of Hemingway's graduation from High School, World War I was raging in

Europe.When Hemingway turned eighteen he tried to enlist in the army, but was deferred

because of poor vision; he had a bad left eye that he probably inherited from his mother, who

also had poor vision. When he heard the Red Cross was taking volunteers as ambulance drivers

he quickly signed up. He was accepted in December of 1917, left his job at the paper in April of

1918, and sailed for Europe in May.

Hemingway first went to Paris upon reaching Europe, then traveled to Milan in early June after

receiving his orders. The day he arrived, a munitions factory exploded and he had to carry

mutilated bodies and body parts to a makeshift morgue; it was an immediate and powerful

initiation into the horrors of war. Two days later he was sent to an ambulance unit in the town of

Schio, where he worked driving ambulances. On July 8, 1918, only a few weeks after arriving,

Hemingway was seriously wounded by fragments from an Austrian mortar shell which had

landed just a few feet away. At the time, Hemingway was distributing chocolate and cigarettes

to Italian soldiers in the trenches near the front lines. The explosion knocked Hemingway

unconscious, killed an Italian soldier and blew the legs off another. What happened next has

been debated for some time. In a letter to Hemingway's father, Ted Brumback, one of Ernest's

fellow ambulance drivers, wrote that despite over 200 pieces of shrapnel being lodged in

13


12/31

Hemingway's legs he still managed to carry another wounded soldier back to the first aid

station; along the way he was hit in the legs by several machine gun bullets. Whether he carried

the wounded soldier or not, doesn't diminish Hemingway's sacrifice. He was awarded the Italian

Silver Medal for Valor with the official Italian citation reading: "Gravely wounded by numerous

pieces of shrapnel from an enemy shell, with an admirable spirit of brotherhood, before taking

care of himself, he rendered generous assistance to the Italian soldiers more seriously wounded

by the same explosion and did not allow himself to be carried elsewhere until after they had

been evacuated

Hemingway on crutches as he recovers

in Italy from the serious injuries to his legs.

3.1 Hemingway relationship with Agnes

Serving as an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I, an eighteen-year old Ernest

Hemingway was taken to a Milan hospital after an explosion badly injured his leg. In that

hospital he met one of the great loves of his life - Agnes Hannah von Kurowsky, a twenty-six

14


13/31

year old American nurse who cared for Hemingway as he recuperated. Hemingway was

infatuated with von Kurowsky from the start, and for a time she seemed to have feelings for

him as well, though von Kurowsky later said she merely "liked" him and that their relationship

was nothing more than a "flirtation." Hemingway wanted them to get married, but von

Kurowsky - because of the age difference, her belief that Hemingway was immature and

aimless, and her interest in other men - rejected the idea. In January 1919 Hemingway left the

hospital but continued to write her. Von Kurowsky decided she finally had to convince him it

was over so she has sended Hemingway a letter of rejection.

4: A SOLDIERS HOME..

15


14/31

When Hemingway returned home from Italy in January of 1919 he found Oak Park dull compared

to the adventures of war, the beauty of foreign lands and the romance of an older woman, Agnes

von Kurowsky. He was nineteen years old and only a year and a half removed from high school, but

the war had matured him beyond his years. Living with his parents, who never quite appreciated

what their son had been through, was difficult. Soon after his homecoming they began to question

his future, began to pressure him to find work or to further his education, but Hemingway couldn't

seem to muster interest in anything.

He had received some $1,000 dollars in insurance payments for his war wounds, which allowed him

to avoid work for nearly a year. He lived at his parents house and spent his time at the library or at

home reading. He spoke to small civic organizations about his war exploits and was often seen in

his Red Cross uniform, walking about town. Hemingway's story "Soldier's Home" conveys hisfeelings of frustration and shame upon returning home to a town and to parents who still had a

romantic notion of war and who didn't understand the psychological impact the war had had on their

son.

The last speaking engagement the young Hemingway took was at the Petoskey (Michigan) Public

Library, and it would be important to Hemingway not for what he said but for who heard it. In the

audience was Harriett Connable, the wife of an executive for the Woolworth's company in Toronto.

As Hemingway spun his war tales Harriett couldn't help but notice the differences between

Hemingway and her own son. Harriett Connable thought her son needed someone to show him the

joys of physical activity and Hemingway seemed the perfect candidate to tutor and watch over him

while she and her husband Ralph vacationed in Florida. So, she asked Hemingway if he would do it.

Hemingway took the position, which offered him time to write and a chance to work forthe

Toronto Star Weekly, the editor of which Ralph Connable promised to introduce Hemingway to.

Hemingway wrote for the Star Weekly even after moving to Chicago in the fall of 1920.

5:THE PARIS YEARS

16


15/31

The Hemingways arrived in Paris on December 22, 1921 and a few weeks later moved into

their first apartment at 74 rue Cardinal Lemoine. It was a miserable apartment with no running

water. Hemingway tried to minimize the primitiveness of the living quarters for his wife

Hadley,which he married on September 3,1921, who had grown up in relative splendor, but

despite the conditions she endured, carried away by her husbands enthusiasm for living the

bohemian lifestyle.

The Paris apartment

Hemingway's reporting during his first two years in Paris was extensive, covering the Geneva

Conference in April of 1922, The Greco-Turkish War in October, the Luasanne Conference in

November and the post war convention in the Ruhr Valley in early 1923. Along with the

political pieces he wrote lifestyle pieces as well, covering fishing, bullfighting, social life in

Europe, skiing, bobsledding and more.

Just as Hemingway was beginning to make a name for himself as a reporter and a fledgling

fiction writer, and just as he and his wife were hitting their stride socially in Europe, the

couple found out that Hadley was pregnant with their first child. Wanting the baby born in

North America where the doctors and hospitals were better, the Hemingways left Paris in

1923 and moved to Toronto, where he wrote for the Toronto Daily Starand waited for their

child to arrive.

17


16/31

John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway was born on October 10, 1923 and by January of 1924 the

young family boarded a ship and headed back to Paris where Hemingway would finish

making a name for himself.

18


17/31

6.An unparalleled creative flurry...

From 1925 to 1929 Hemingway produced some of the most important works of 20th century

fiction, including the landmark short story collectionIn Our Time (1925) which contained

"The Big Two-Hearted River." In 1926 he came out with his first true novel, The Sun Also

Rises .He followed that book withMen Without Women in 1927. In 1929 he publishedA

Farewell to Arms, arguably the finest novel to emerge from World War I. In four short years

he went from being an unknown writer to being the most important writer of his generation,

and perhaps the 20th century.

While he could do no wrong with his writing career, his personal life had began to show

signs of wear. Hemingway's marriage to Hadley deteriorated as he was working on The Sun

Also Rises. In the spring of 1926, Hadley became aware of his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer,

who came to Pamplona with them that July. On their return to Paris, Hadley asked for a

separation; in November she formally requested a divorce. They split their possessions .The

couple were divorced in January 1927, and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer in May.

That same year Hemingway received word of his fathers death by suicide. Clarence

Hemingway had begun to suffer from a number of physical ailments that would exacerbate

an already fragile mental state. He had developed diabetes, endured painful angina andextreme headaches. On top of these physical problems he also suffered from a dismal

financial situation after speculative real estate purchases in Florida never panned out.

19


18/31

7.Key West and the Caribbean

In the late spring Hemingway and Pauline traveled to Kansas City, where their son Patrick

was born on June 28, 1928. Pauline had a difficult delivery, which Hemingway fictionalized

inA Farewell to Arms.

Hemingway and his son Patrick

After Patrick's birth, Pauline and Hemingway traveled to Wyoming, Massachusetts and New

York. In the fall he was in New York with Bumby, about to board a train to Florida, when he

received a cable telling him that his father had committed suicide. Hemingway was

devastated, having earlier sent a letter to his father telling him not to worry about financial

difficulties; the letter arrived minutes after the suicide.

Upon his return to Key West in December, Hemingway worked on the draft ofA Farewell to

Arms before leaving for France in January. He had finished it in August but delayed the

revision. Hemingway researched his next work,Death in the Afternoon.

During the early 1930s Hemingway spent his winters in Key West and summers in Wyoming,

where he found "the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West"

His third son, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born on November 12, 1931 in Kansas City.

Pauline's uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a

carriage house, the second floor of which was converted into a

20


19/31

writing studio. While in Key West Hemingway frequented the local

bar Sloppy Joe's.. Meanwhile he continued to travel to Europe and

to Cuba.

The house in Key West

In 1933 Hemingway and Pauline went on safari to East Africa. The 10-week trip provided

material forGreen Hills of Africa, as well as for the short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro"

and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber". The couple visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and

Machakos in Kenya, then moved on to Tanganyika,. On Hemingways return to Key West in

early 1934, he began work on Green Hills of Africa, which he published in 1935 to mixed

reviews.

Hemingway bought a boat in 1934, named it thePilar, and began sailing the Caribbean

In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini, where he spent a considerable amount of time. During this

period he also worked on To Have and Have Not, published in 1937 while he was in Spain,the only novel he wrote during the 1930s.

21


20/31

8.The Spanish Civil War

In March 1937 Hemingway traveled to Spain to cover the Spanish Civil War for the North

American Newspaper Alliance. The civil war caused a marital war in the Hemingway

household as well. Hemingway had met a young writer named Martha Gellhorn in Key West

and the two would go on to conduct a secret affair for almost four years before Hemingway

divorced Pauline and married Martha.. They would eventually marry in November of 1940,

nearly four years after meeting at Sloppy Joes bar in Key West in December 1936. Eventually

the loyalist movement failed and the Franco led rebels won the war and installed a dictatorial

government in the spring of 1939.

8.1 Cuba

Hemingway and Martha moved to a large house outside Havana, Cuba. They named it Finca

Vigia ("Lookout Farm"), and Hemingway decorated it with hunting trophies from his African

safari. He had begun work onFor Whom The Bell Tolls in 1939 in Cuba and worked on it on

the road as he traveled back to Key West or to Wyoming or to Sun Valley, finishing it in July

of 1940. The book was a huge success, both critically and commercially,

The next ten years would be a creatively fallow period for Hemingway, (it would be 1950

before he would publish another novel) but while he looked more interested in bolstering his

public image at the expense of his work, he was actually immersed in several large writing

projects which he could never seem to complete. During the 1940s he worked on what would

become the heavily edited and posthumously published novelsIslands In The Stream and The

Garden Of Eden.

After his work covering the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent work on his novelFor

Whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway took on another assignment, covering the Chinese-Japanese

war in 1941. He traveled with his wife Martha and wrote dispatches about the war for PM

Magazine. It was a tedious trip and Hemingway was glad to return to Cuba for some well

deserved rest.

22


21/31

In the spring of 1944 Hemingway finally decided to go to Europe to report the war, heading

first to London where he wrote articles about the RAF and about the wars effects on England.

While there he was injured in a car crash, suffering a serious concussion and a gash to his

head which required over 50 stitches. Martha visited him in the hospital and minimized his

injuries, castigating him for being involved in a drunken auto wreck. Hemingway really was

seriously hurt and Marthas cavalier reaction triggered the beginning of the end of their

marriage. While in London Hemingway met Mary Welsh, the antithesis of Martha. Mary was

caring, adoring, and complimentary while Martha couldnt care less, had lost any admiration

for her man and was often insulting to him. For Hemingway it was an easy choice between the

two and like in other wars, Hemingway fell in love with a new woman.

Hemingway and Mary openly conducted their courtship in London and then in France afterthe allied invasion at Normandy and the subsequent liberation of Paris. For all intents and

purposes Hemingways third marriage was over and his fourth and final marriage to Mary had

begun.

9. The Last Days

23


22/31

Stung by the critical reception ofAcross the River and Into the Trees , Hemingway was

determined to regain his former stature as the worlds preeminent novelist. Still under the muse

of Adriana Ivancich, Hemingway began work on a story of an old man and a great fish. Thewords poured forth and hit the page in almost perfect form, requiring little editing after hed

completed the first draft.

In September of 1952 The Old Man and the Sea appeared inLife magazine, selling over 5

million copies in a flash.. The book was a huge success both critically and commercially and

for the first time sinceFor Whom The Bell Tolls in 1940 Hemingway was atop the literary

heap...and making a fortune.

Flush with money from the Old Man and the Sea Hemingway decided to exercise his

wanderlust, returning to Europe to catch some bullfights in Spain and then to Africa later in

the summer for another safari with his wife Mary. In January of 1954 Hemingway and Mary

boarded a small Cessna airplane to take a tour of some of east Africas beautiful lakes and

waterfalls. The plane was badly damaged and they had to make a crash landing. The groups

injuries were minor, though several of Marys ribs were fractured. After a boat ride across

Lake Victoria they took another flight Heading toward Uganda the plane barely got off the

ground before crashing and catching fire. Mary made it through an exit at the front of the

plane. Hemingway, using his head as a battering ram, broke through the main door. The crash

had injured Hemingway more than most would know. Though he survived the crashes and

lived to read his own premature obituaries, his injuries cut short his life in a slow and painful

way.

Despite his ailments, Hemingway and Mary traveled on to Venice one last time and then

headed back to Cuba.

24


23/31

9.1Denouement

After 1954 Hemingway battled deteriorating health which often kept him from working, and

when he was working he felt it wasnt very good. He had written 200,000 words of an account

of his doomed safari tentatively titled "African Journal", but didnt feel it publishable and

didnt have the energy to work it into shape In 1959Life magazine contracted with

Hemingway to write a short article about the series of mano y mano bullfights. Hemingway

spent the summer of 1959 travelling with the bullfighters to gather material for the article.

Besides highlighting Hemingways increasing problem with writing the clear, effective prose

which made him famous, his physical deterioration had become obvious as well during that

summer of his 60th year. During this time Hemingway was also working on his memoirs

which would be in 1964 asA Moveable Feast. Hemingway wouldnt live to see the success of

this book.

By this time Hemingway had left Cuba, departing in July of 1960, and had taken up residence

in Ketchum, Idaho where he and Mary had already purchased a home in April of 1959. Idaho

reminded Hemingway of Spain and Ketchum was small and remote enough to buffer him

from the negative trappings of his celebrity

In the fall of 1960 Hemingway flew to Rochester, Minnesota and was admitted to the Mayo

Clinic, ostensibly for treatment of high blood pressure but really for help with the severe

depression his wife Mary could no longer handle alone. After Hemingway began talking of

suicide his Ketchum doctor agreed with Mary that they should seek expert help. He registered

under the name of his personal doctor George Saviers and they began a medical program to try

and repair his mental state. The Mayo Clinics treatment would ultimately lead to electro

shock therapy. One of the sad side effects of shock therapy is the loss of memory, and for

Hemingway it was a catastrophic loss. Without his memory he could no longer write, could no

longer recall the facts and images he required to create his art. Writing, which had already

become difficult was now nearly impossible.

Hemingway spent the first half of 1961 fighting his depression and paranoia, seeing enemies

at every turn and threatening suicide on several more occasions. On the morning of July 2,

25


24/31

1961 Hemingway rose early, as he had his entire adult life, selected a shotgun from a closet

in the basement, went upstairs to a spot near the entrance-way of the house and shot himself

in the head. It was little more than two weeks until his 62nd birthday.

CHAPTER II.: WRITING STYLE

26


25/31

Ernest Hemingways writing is among the most recognizable and influential prose of the

twentieth century.Many critics believe his style was influenced by his days as a cub reporter

for theKansas City Star, where he had to rely on short sentences.

Hemingways technique is uncomplicated ,with plain grammar and easily accessible

language.His hallmark is a clean style that eschews adjectives and uses short, rhythmic

sentences that concentrate on action rather than reflection.Though his writing is often though

of as simple, this generalization could not be further from the truth.

His work is the result of a careful process of selecting only those elements essential to the

story and pruning everything else away.He kept his prose direct using a technique he termed

the iceberg principle

1. The Iceberg Theory

The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") is a term used to describe the

writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway is best known for works

such as The Sun Also Rises,A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and The Sea.

InDeath in the Afternoon, Hemingway outlined his "theory of omission" or "iceberg

principle." He states: "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he

may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a

feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of

movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. The writer who

omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing."1

2.The big works

1 Smith, Paul. (1983). "Hemingway's Early Manuscripts: The Theory and Practice of Omission".Journal ofModern Literature (Indiana University Press) 10 (2): 268288.

27


26/31

Around 1926 Hemingway also completed his first acclaimed novel The Sun Also Rises about

a foreign correspondent in Paris, like himself, who takes time out to visit the bullfights in

Spain with other members of the so-called "lost generation". This is the work that brought him

to prominence. Like most of his books from this time on, it was eventually adapted for movies

with middling success.

The movie The book

The Sun Also Rises was followed by another story collection,Men Without Women (1927),

and another novel,A Farewell to Arms (1929)a doomed wartime love story that confirmed

his reputation as the preeminent writer of his generation.Farewellwas quickly made into a

Gary Cooper and Helen Hayes film, the first of several adaptations.

The movie The book

Death in the Afternoon (1932) is a non-fictional account of bullfighting, while Green Hills of

Africa (1935) is an attempt to present an actual hunting expedition with his wife as if it was

the subject of a novel.

28


27/31

Winner Take Nothing(1933) is a further story collection and To Have and Have Not(1937) is

a novel stitched together out of two stories and a novella.

The Fifth Column (1938) is a play about the

Spanish Civil War, written from within the war.

It may be Hemingway's least satisfying work,

both for readers and for the author who

complained he should have reworked it as a

novel. It was published at the time in a volume

with what were called his first forty-nine short

stories. However, the play was republished posthumously along with with four stories of the

war, which had not been previously available in any other collections. Although you seldomhear about them, these four are among his better and best stories and, sharing settings and

events with The Fifth Column, make a quite effective set.

Hemingway's greatest is his novel set in the same Spanish war,For Whom the Bell Tolls

(1940), presenting startlingly realistic scenes of conflict and romance, with unforgettable

characters in an unforgettable environment. Another Cooper film, this time with Ingrid

Bergman, was to follow quicklyone of the better adaptations of Hemingway.

Across the River and Into the Trees (1950), concerning a disgraced Second World World

general reminiscing, was his most negatively reviewed novel, suffering from the lack of a

gripping plot or sharp characters. But it was Hemingway, to his credit, trying something

29


28/31

different once again, a more internal work of reflective middle age, and in recent years the

novel has risen in reputation.

But his next, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), was hailed a masterpiece and led to

Hemingway being awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for literature in

1954. It too has been adapted several times for film, most notably in 1958 while Hemingway

was still around.

The movie The book

30


29/31

3.Post-Hemingway

After Hemingway's death in 1961, his works continued to appear, as his unfinished

manuscripts were edited and released by his heirs and publishers, along with reorganized

collections of earlier works.A Moveable Feast(1964) recounts his Paris years.Islands in the

Stream (1970) is an unpolished, though often rewarding, novel based partly on his Caribbean

exploits. The Dangerous Summer(1985) is a long, meandering magazine article written in

1959 and cut drastically to produce this posthumous book about a Spanish bullfighting season

third-rate Hemingway on a subject already covered (and much better) in The Sun Also Rises

andDeath in the Afternoon.

The Garden of Eden (1986) is Hemingway's kinkiest novel and was obviously discarded by

the master stylist before reaching a state he would have considered suitable for publication

interesting mainly for showing sexual ambiguity in the writer often regarded as a macho

stereotype.

True at First Light(1999) may be seen as a sequel to Green Hills of Africa twenty years later,

a fictionalized account of an extended hunting trip in Africa by Hemingway with a different

wife, edited by his son from a previous wife, Patrick Hemingway. Acceptable but, as might be

imagined, not quite up to the Green Hills standard. A longer, less edited version was publishedin 2005 under the title Under Kilimanjaro.

The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories (1964), The Nick Adams Stories (1972) and The

Complete Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987) are all collections containing previously

published short stories

31


30/31

CONCLUSION

The life and character of Hemingway is even more familiar than his writing. Everyone knows

that Hemingway was a great amateurof bullfighting, hunting and fishing. That he was

preoccupied with war and death, serving the Italian army in World War I, reporting on the

Spanish Civil War then when his health deteriorated he took his own life with a shotgun blast..

His prose is among the most sensitive and beautifully understated, often having the power to

completely transport the reader to the place and situation of his characters. He experiences the

world and then writes about it in such a way as to have the reader experience it too. All

without seeming to make an effort to do so.

He was a man with exceptional intelligence and an educated upbringing, so diverse it must

have been confusing to a young man. His mother on one side was teaching him culture and

took him to operas, concerts and art galleries and his father, on the other, was rugged and

taught him outdoor life, how to use a gun, and to be afraid of nothing. Both parents were

strong and each had a total conviction and enthusiasm to teach Ernest their own ideals. And of

course he and his five brothers and sisters were brought up in an intensely religious

atmosphere.

Hemingway's childhood and adolescence gave him an insight into all aspects of life and being

such an inquisitive, person with a determination for detail he wanted to try everything and be

exceptional at everything he did.

Life isn't hard to manage when you've nothing to lose.

(A Farewell to Arms, 1929, Chapter 21)

32


31/31

Turda Crina (1)

Documents

Transcript of Turda Crina (1)