Turbulent Centuries in Africa Chapter 3 Section 4 HF.
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Transcript of Turbulent Centuries in Africa Chapter 3 Section 4 HF.
Turbulent Centuries in
Africa
Chapter 3 Section 4
HF
Vocabulary Triangular trade-colonial trade route among
Europe and its colonies, the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves.
Repeal- to cancel Monopoly- complete control of a product or
business by one person or group
European Outposts in Africa In the 1400’s Portuguese sailors sailed along the West Coast of Africa They looked for a sea route to India Set up forts along west coast for food, water, gold, trade, and to
repair their ships The Portuguese were too weak to push into middle Africa
Attacked Eastern Coastal cities Mombasa and Malindi
Portuguese expelled the Arabs Arabs controlled East Africa Portuguese took over land
Portuguese however, got little from their conquering In 1600’s the Eastern cities sunk into poverty Interior trade dwindled
Other Europeans soon followed The Dutch, English, and the French All set up up forts in the West for trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade In the 1500’s Europeans began to view slaves as the
most import trade item Slaves were used by the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans,
Persians, Indians, Aztecs, and the Arabs. Most people became slaves after being defeated in
battle
European and African Slave Traders
The Atlantic slave trade began in the 1500’s It became very profitable over the next 300 years Every year tens of thousands of African slaves were
sent to the Americas to work on tobacco and sugar plantations
The slave trade intensified as demand for more slaves in America and as more luxury items were in Africa
Triangular Trade The Atlantic slave trade formed on a three-legged
trade network known as the Triangular trade First leg was merchants brought goods to Africa for
trade of slaves Second leg, known as the Middle Passage, the slaves
were transported to the West Indies. There they were exchanged for goods
The final leg was products being shipped to Europe or European colonies in America
Horrors of the Middle Passage The middle Passage was horror for slaves
they were packed under ship decks in single cells Ships became floating coffins because half of the
slaves died of disease or brutal treatment
Some Slaves resisted though They tried to take control of the ship and return to
Africa or they’d jump overboard and commit suicide
African Leaders Resist African leaders tried to slow down or stop the
Transatlantic trade the trade system was simply too strong to stop
An early voice raised against slavery was Affonso, ruler of Kongo He was tortured as a teen by Portuguese missionaries In 1505 when he became king he developed Kongo as a
modern Christian state
Before long Affonso became alarmed Yearly more Portuguese came to buy Africans
He noticed even Christian priests and missionaries were eagerly selling Africans for goods
African Leaders Resist (Cont.) In the late 1700’s, another African ruler, the
almamy of Futa Toro in Northern Senegal, tried to stop slave trade
In 1788, he forbade anyone to transport slaves through Futa Toro for sale abroad
Sea captains and chiefs protested and called on the almamy to repeal the law The almamy refused
The almamy’s victory was short lived however. French slave traders found new routes to the coast
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Historians estimated that in the 1500’s 2,000 slaves went from Africa to America per year By 1780’s the trade was at its peak and 80,000 slaves
were sent to America per year By 1800 when the trade stopped an estimated 11
million slaves were sent to America and another 2 million died during transport to America
In some parts of Africa the slave trade destroyed some countries but in others it replenished the countries
Rise of New African States Among the largest states who rose from the trade
were Oyo, Bornu, Dahomey, and the Asante Kingdom
The Asante kingdom In the 1600’s, a military leader Osei Tutu, won
control of Kumasi. From there he conquered neighboring peoples and
organized the Asante Kingdom
Officials chosen by merit rather than by birth supervised an efficient bureaucracy. They managed royal monopolies over gold mining and
the slave trade
Islamic Crusades In the 1700’s & early 1800’s an Islamic revival spread
across West Africa It began among the Fulani people in northern Nigeria
A scholar and preacher Usman dan Fodio denounced the corruption of the local Hausa rulers He inspired Fulani herders and Hausa townspeople to rise
against their leaders
Usman and his successors set up a powerful Islamic state Under his rule literacy increased, local wars quieted, and trade
improved. Their success inspired more Muslim reform movements in West
Africa From 1780-1880 more than a dozen Islamic leaders rose to
power
Battles for Power in Southern Africa
Over many centuries Bantu speaking people migrated to Africa
In 1652, Dutch immigrants also arrived in the region They built Cape Town to supply ships sailing to or from
the East Indies Dutch farmers, called Boers, settled around Cape
Town
Over time the ousted or enslaved the Khosians herders who lived there The Boers held to a Calvinist belief that they were the
chosen ones by God They look on Africans as inferior
Shaka and the Zulus The Zulus had migrated into South Africa in the 1500’s
In the early 1800’s they became a power force under the leader, Shaka
In between 1818-1828 Shaka waged relentless war and conquered many nearby peoples After conquering their people Shaka turned them into
Zulu warriors
Later Shakas half brother took over the kingdom Around this time they faced a new problem. Well armed,
mounted Boers migrating north from the Cape Colony