Tunisian Dictionary

7/28/2019 Tunisian Dictionary

1/574

D O C U b E N T R E S O D ! ?E D 1 8 3 0 1 7 F L 0 1 1 0 3 4A U T H O R B e n A b d e l k a d e r , R a c h e d : A n d O t h e r sT I T L E P e a c e C o r p s E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c D i c t i o n a r y .I N S T I T U T I O N P e a c e C o r p s , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .P U B D A T E J u l 7 7N O T E 5 7 5 p . ; F o r r e l a t e d d o c u m e n t , s e e F L 0 1 1 L 3 5L A N G U A G E A r a b i c ; E n g l i s hE D R S P R I C E M F 0 2 / P C 2 3 P l u s P o s t a g e .D E S C R I P T O R S * A r a b i c ; D i c t i o n a r i e s : E n g l i s h : * G r a m m a r ; * L a n g u a g eI n s t r u c t i o n : * P h o n e t i c T r a n s c r i p t i o n : P o s t s e c o n d a r yE d u c a t i o n : P e f e r e n c e M a t e r i a l s : * S e c o n d L a n g u a g eL e a r n i n g : S e m a n t i c s : * V o c a b m l a r yI D E N T I F I E R S B i l i n g u a l M a t e r i a l s : * T u n i s i a n A r a b i cA B S T R A C T T h i s s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e P e a c e C o r p s C o u r s e i n T u n i s i a nA r a b i c i s i r r e ( n d e d p r i m a r i l y f o r P e a c e C o r p s v o l u n t e e r s , b u t i s a l s ou s e f u l t o o t h e r E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s w h o w i s h t o a c q u i r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y ak n o w l e d g e o f T u n i s i a r A r a b i c . T h e d i c t i o n a r y c o n s i s t s o f t w o p a r t s .T h e l e x i c o n , w h i o h b e g i n s ' w i t h a c h a r t o f a l l t h e p h o n e t i c s y m b o l su s e d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y , e x p l a i n s t h e m a i n p o i n t s o f T u n i s i a n A r a b i cg r a m m a r . T h e m a i n b o d y o f t h e w o r k f o l l o w s , w i t h s e p a r a t eE n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c a n d T u n i s i a n A r a b i c - E n g l i s h s e c t i o n s . T h ef o r m a t f o r e n t r i e s i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s e x p l a i n e d i n a n i n t r o d u c t i o n .E a c h e n t r y i n t h e E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c s e c t i c n e m p h a s i z e s t h en u a n c e s o f m e a n i n g o f t h e g i v e n A r a b i c e q u i v a l e n t . ( J B )

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * i , * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *R e p r o d u c t i o n s s u p p l i e d b y F P P S a r e t h e b e s t t h a t c a n b e m a d ef r o m t h e o r i g i n a l d o c u m e n t .* * * * * * 4 : * * * * * * * * * * * * 4 4 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


2/574

S D E P A R T M E N T O F H E A L T H .E D U C A T I O N & W E L F A R EN A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T E O FE D U C A T I O NT H I S D O C U M E N T H A S B E E N R E P R OD U C E D E X A C T L Y A S I E C E I V E D F R O MT H E P E R S O N O R O R G A N Z A T I O NA T I N G I T P O I N T S O F V I E W O R O P I N I O N SS T A T E D D O N O T N E C E S S A R I L Y R E P R E -S E N T O F F I C I A L N A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T E O rE D U C A T I O N P O S I T I O N O R P C X I C Y

P E A C E C O R P Sv o i 4 E N G L I S H - T U N I S I A N A R A B I a

D I C T I O N A R Y

` )4 ,


3/574

? E A C E C O R P S

E N G L I S H - T U N I S I A N A R A B I CD I C T I O N A R Y

R a c h e d B e n A b d e l k a d e rA b d e l j e l i l A y e d

A z i z a N a o u a r

J u l y 1 9 7 7


4/574

T h e c o g : o i l e r s o f t h i s d i c t i o n a r y h a v e h a d a l o n g a s s o c i a t i o nw i t h V i m . C o r p s / T u n i s i a . T h e y b r i n g t o t h e t a s k a n u n d e r s t a n d i n go f N U M * C o r p s . g o a l s a n d a s p i r a t i o n s , a s w e l l a s a k n o w l e d g e o fl a n g u a g e t r a n i n g n e e d s a n d r e a l i t i e s .

T h e y h a v e w o r k e d v e r y h a r d t o p r o v i d e P e a c e C o r p i V o l u n t e e r sw i t h a u e s s e n t i a l t o o l t o h e l p i h e m a c h i e v e a b e t t e r c o m m a n d o fT u n i s i a n A r a b i c , t h e k e y t o a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f , a n d e m p a t h yf o r , t h e c u l t u r e o f t h e i r h o s t s . I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k A z i z a

J a l l o u l n e R a c h e d f o r t h a t e f f o r t , a n d M e n n e f o r t y p i n g t h em a n u s c r i p t ,

S a m i r M . Z O G H E YD I R E C T O RP E A C E . C O R P S / T U N I S I A


5/574

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

P a g eI n t l ? 7 o d u c t i o n I

L e x i c o n V I IE n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c 1T u n i s i a n A r a b - E n g l i s h 4 5 7


6/574

I N T R O D U C T I O N

W r i t i n g a d i c t i o n a r y i s a l a r g e t a s k t o u n d e r t a k e . T h i s i se s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t w h e n t h e r e a r e n o e x i s t i n g d i c t i o n a r i e s i n t h a tl a n g u a g e . T h e n e e d a n d i n s p i r a t i o n f o r a T u n i s i a n A r a b i c d i c t i o n a r y

c o m e f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t m a n y P e a c e C o r p s V o l u n t e e r s w h o h a v e l e a r n e dA r a b i c c o u l d h a v e b e n e f i t e d e n o r m o u s l y f r o m a d i c t i o n a r y .

T h i s d i c t i o n a r y i s E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b e c a u s e i t i sp r i m a r i l y i n t e n d e d f o r P e a c e C o r p s V o l u n t e e r s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t

w i l l b e o f g r e a t v a l u e t o o t h e r s w h o k n o w E n g l i s h s i n c e i t r e p r e s e n t so n e o f t h e f i r . l t a t t e m p t s t o s y s t e m a t i z e T u n i s i a n A r a b i c I n t o a nA r a b i c / E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y .

D u e t o t h e l a c k o f a n e x i s t i n g l u n i s i a n - A r a b i c d i c t i o n a r y ,t h e a u t h o r s h a d t o s t a r t f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g . U n d o u b t e d l y , t h e r e

w i l l b e s o m e a m b i g u i t i e s , s o m e i t e m s w h i c h a r e u n c l e a r , a n d s o m e e r r o r s .I t i s o u r h o p e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s d i c t i o n a r y w i l l s e r v e a s a b a s i s f o rf u r t h e r w o r k a n d a s a c o n t t - i b u t i o n t o t h e t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g o f

T u n i s i a n A r a b i c ,

H O W T O U S E T H E D I C T I O N A R YT h e d i c t i o n a r y c o n t a 3 . n s 4 t h r e e d i s t i n c t p a r t s ? t h e l e x i c o n , E n g l i s h -

T u n i s i a n A / a b i c m i d T u n i s i a n A r a b l e - E n g l i s h .T h e l e x i c o n b e g i n s w i t h a c h a r t o f a l l t h e p h o n e . i c s y m b o l s u s e d

i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y . T h e t r a n i c r i p t i o n a d o p t e d i s a s t a n d a r d A r a b i cp h o n e t i c r a t e m w i t h 3 . , o m e m c d i f i c a t i o n s . M a n y o f t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n sw e r e d u e t o t h e p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m o f n o t h a v i n g a s p e c i a l t y p e w r i t e rw i t h k e y s f e l p h r m e t i c s y m b o l s . T h e r e s u l t i n g p h o n e t i c s y s t e m , h o w e v e r ,i s c o n s i s t e n t a n d e a s i l y , i n d e r s t o o d b y r e f e r i n g t o t h e c h a r t . j s e e l e x i c o n )

T h e m a i m . p a r t o f t h e l e x i c o n i s a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e m a i n p o i n t so f g r a m m a r i n l u n i s 3 a n A r a b i - . T h e s e e l l a n a t i o n s a r e n o t i n t e n d e d t ob e a c o m p i e h e n s t v e g r a m m a r b o o k ; t h e y a t e a n a t t e m O t t o s y s t e m a t i z e s o m eo f t h e m a j o r g r a m m a r p o i n t s . i n T u n i s i a n A r a b i c . E x p l a n a t i o n s f r o m at e a c h e r c a l l : b e n e e d e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h o s e g i v e n i n . t h e l e x i v o n

T h e g r a m m a r p o i n t s w h i n a r e e x p l a i n e d a r e t h e f o l l ( w i n g :P e r s o n a l P r o n o t n sA r t i c l e sP o s s e s s i v e A d j e c t i v e sP o s s e s s i v e P r o n o u n sD e m o n s t r a t i v e P r o n o u n sN u m b e r sC o m p a r a t i v e a w l S u p e r l a t i v e


7/574

I I

I n p e r a t i v eP r e s e n t T e n s e .

S u t u r e T e n s eP a s t T e n s eC o n d i t i o n a lI r r e g u l a r V e r b s

N e g a t i v e F o r mI n t e r r o g a t i v e F o r m / Q u e s t i o n F o r m a t i o nI n d i r e c t a n d D i r e c t O b j e c t P r o n o u n s

T h e p o i n t s c h o s e n w e r e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t ,M a n y g r a m m a r p o i n t s w e r e c e r t a i n l y o t h i t t e d , b u t , a s w a s s t a t e d b e i : o r e ,t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h i s s e c t i o n w a s n o t t o w r i t e a c o m p l e t e g r a m m a r b o o ko f T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b u t t o p r o v i d e t h e l e a r n e r w i t h a n u s a b l e r e f e r e n c et o o l ,

E N G L I S H - T U N I S I A N A R A B I CT h e m a i n p a r t o f t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s t h e E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c

s e c t i o n . T h e d i c t i o n a r y i n c l u d e s a b o u t 6 , 0 0 0 w o r d s w h i c h w e r e c h o s e nb e c a u s e o f t h e i r f r e q u e n c y o f u s e i n A r a b i c , n o t i n E n g l i s h . T h i ss e c t i o n i s f r o m E n g l i s h t o T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b e c a u s e i t w a s f e l t i t w o u l d

b e m u c h e a s i e r t o u s e f o r a n E n g l i s h s p e a k e r .B e l o w i s a g e n e r a l e x a m p l e o f t h e f o r m a t i n w h i c h t h e w d r d s a r e

p r e s e n t e d . E x a m p l e % o f a v e r b , n o u n , a n d a d j e c t i v e e n t r y w i l l f o l l o wt h i s g e n e r a l e n t r y .

G e n e r a l E n E 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 1 2 L E I L L YP A I N T ( t o ) ( 3 )

I v , ( i d h i n ) 0 .( d h i n ) L ' ) - - - e e - ' ( i n g e n e r a l )e x : I p a i n t e d m y r o o m y e i l o w

( d h i n t b i : t i : b i l l a S f i r )a 0 T . 0 0

J2 v . , ( u r s u m )( r s i m ) ( a c a n v a s )

T h e n u m b e r 3 r e p r e s e n t s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f u s e o f t h e w o r d i nT u n i s i a n A r a b i c , R e m e m b e r t o t h i n k i n t e r m s o f T u n i s i a n A r a b i c a n dn o t o f t h e f r e q u e n c y i n E n g l i s h . A s c a l e f r o m 1 - 5 w a s l a s e d t o s h o wt h e f r e q u e n c y ,


8/574

I I I1 ) . u s e d a l l t h e t i m e2 ) v e r y o f t e n u s e d

3 ) o f t e n u s e d4 ) s o m e t i m e s u s e d5 ) n o t o f t e n u s e d

D i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e u n d e r l i n e d w o r d a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y i s as y m b o l w h i c h i n d i c a t e s i f t h e w o r d i s a n o u n , v e r b , a d j e c t i v e , o ra d v e r b . I n t h e e x a m p l e g i v e n , v i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e a v e r b .T h e s y m b o l s u s e d a r e :n . = n o u nv . = v e r b

a d j . = a d j e c t i v ea d v . = a d v e r bp r e p . = p r e p o s i t t o np r o n . = p r o n o u n

I n a d d i t i o n t h e f o l l o w i n g s y m b o l s a r e u s e d :r b . = f e m i n i n e

m # = m a s c u l i n ep l . = p l u r a ls g . = s i n g u l a r

c o l l . 2 . c o l l e c t i v ef . w . u . = F r e n c h w o r d u s e d

N e x t t o t h e s y m b o l w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e p a r t o f s p e e t h , t h ew o r d i s w r i t t e n i n p h o n e t i c s a n d I n A r a b i c . T h e A r a b i c i s w r i t t e nw i t h t h e v o w e l s i n o r d e r t o m a k e i t e a s i e r t o r e a d f o r n o n - n a t i v es p e a k e r s . ,A

A l o n g s i d e t h e w o r d i n p a r e n t h e s e s , t h e n u a n c e s o r a h L d e s o fm e a n i n g a r e i n d i c a t e d , O q e n o n e w o r d c a n h a v e t w o o r t h r e e m e a n i L g sa n d t o h e l p t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e s e m e a n i n g s , a w o r d o r b r i e f p h r a s e i sp t o v i d e d , , W h e n i t i s n o t p r o v i d e d i t i s a s s u m # t h a t m e a n i n g w a se v i d e n t . O c c a s i o n a l l y , a l o o k a t t h e e x a m p l e s e n t e n c e w i l l a l s o m a k et h e m e a n i n g c l e a r .I n t h e e x a m p l e p r o v i d e d h e r e ' P A I N T ' , t h e w o r d i s u s e d i n as e n t e n c e . T h i s i s n o t a l w a y s d o n e s i n c e i n m a n y c a s e s t h e m e a n i n gi s c l e a r . S e n t e n c e s a r e p r o v i d e d 1 ) w h e n t h e c o n t e x t h e l p s m a k e t h e, 4 e a n i n g c l e a r a n d 2 ) w h e n t h e r e i s a d i f f i c u l t y u s i n g t h e w o r dg r a m m a t i c a l l y .


9/574

I V

E x a w y l e o f V e t b r n t r y_F A Y ( t o ) : 1 ' i

1 v , ( x p l i i S ) a w - a p m g . i t . ( a b i l l )r . w . I p a y t h y , l 1 e c t v 7 . b i l l i n t h e p o L i t o f f i c e , '

( n x a l i i S w a r g i t i d h d Y a w f i l b u : S T a )0. 0t

< 7 ? A( a d i a 3 )a( d f P 3 ) t " - - " ( m o n e y )

e u t E v l r y m o n t h I p a y 4 0 D . f o r r e n t s( k u l s h h a r n a d f a 3 a r b 3 i : n d i : n a : r k r a 0a a . )" . ; - A - "

T h e a b o v e e x a m p l e h a s t w o m e a n i n g s : t o p a y e b i l l a n d t o p a y m o n e y .I n t h e f i r s t m e a n i n g o n l y o n e w o r d i s g i v e n ( x a l l i S ) w h i l e i n t h e s e c o n d

m e a n i n g t w o f o r m s a r e g i v e n ( a d f a 3 a n d d f a 3 ) . W h e n o n l y o n e w o r d i sg i v e n , i t m e a n s t h a t t h e w o r d i s b o t h t h e s i n g u l a r i m p e r a t i v e a n d t h e3 r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e p a s t t e n s e . , I f t w o w o r d s a r e g i v e n a s i n t h e

s , 3 c o n d m e a n i n g , i t m e a n s t h a t t h e f i r s t o n e i s t h e s i n g u l a r i m p e r a t i v ea n i t h e s e c o n d o n e i s t h e 3 r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r o f t h e p a s t t e n s e .

T h i s i n f o r m n t i o n i s u s e f u l b e c a u s e t h e i m p e r a t i v e c a n s e r v e a s as t e m t o f o r m a l l t h e p e r s o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e a n d t h e 3 r d p e r s o ns i n g u l a r o f t h e p a s t c a n b e u : e d t o f o r m a l l t h e p e r s o n s o f t h e p a s t t e n s e .

E x a m p l e . . . 2 f N o u n E n t r yF L A G ( 4 )n , m . ( 3 a 1 6 )

p l , ( 3 a 1 i " m u i i . t )F o r m u n s t h e g e n d e r ( m a s c u l i n e o r f P m i n i n e ) i s i n d i c a t e d , a s w e l l

n u m b e r ( s i n g u l a r o f p l u t a l ) . I f t h e r e i . n o p k u r a i o r i f I h e p l u r a li s r a r e l y u c ( 1 , i t i s n o t i n c l u d ! d , I f t u o p l u , : a l s a r e c o m m o n l y u s e d ,t h e n h i - h a e g y e n . .

c u l v r t ! i ( 2 )f . i , i d o a u r I : d up i ( r i u w t z r o t _ ) 9 t =

T h e a h o v e a n e x a l v i e o ' a F - K e n c h w o r d w h : c h u s e d i nT u n i s i a n A c a l l i c . T h l r , ) s m o s t c o l k , r v n i t e c h n i , a l w o r d a w h i c h d i dn o t e x i s t i n i ; a 4 4 c n r e v i o u s l y w h l c h a r u c o r i m o n l y u s e d t h a t

t h e y h a v e b e f o i n p a c t o f t h e l a n g l i g e


10/574

I l m e e o f a n , A d j e c t i v e E n t r yP E R S O N A L ( 4 )

a d j . m . ( s h a x S 1 4 )p l . & f . ( s h a x S i y y ; )

e x : T h e y a r e d i s c u s s i n g a p e r s O n a l p r o b l e m .( q a : 3 d i r n y i t g a d d t h u : f i : m u s h k l a s h a x S i y y a )

1 . L 1 1 _ 1 . 1 A - . ?F o r a d j e c t i v e s t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d f e m i n i n e f o r m s a r e p r o v i d e d .

S o m e t i m e s t h e f e m i n i n e a n d p l u r a l f o r m s a r e t h e s a m e a n d i n t h o s e c a s e s ,a s i n t h e a b o v e e x a m p l e , t h e s y m b o l p l . & f . i s g i v e n .E x a m ! z _ a f r E l _ ! . . E t E r -

2 p I C K L Y ( 1 )a d v . ( f i : s a 3 f i s s a 3 )o r ( b i z z i i r b i t )

0 ; 7 " . .;H e r e o n l y t h e a d v e r b i s i n d i c a t e d a s t h e r e a r e n o m a s c u l i n e ,

f e m i n i n e f o r m s , o r p l u r a l f o r m s .T h e r e a r e p r e p o s i t i o n a n d p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e e n t r i e s w h i c h a r e

i n d i c a t e d b y t h e s y m b o l s p r e p . r i d p r . p .

T h e r e a r e o f t e n e n t r i e s w h e r e o n e w o r d i n E n g l i s h h a s 2 o r m o r ee q u i v a l e n t s i n A r a b i c , e a c h r e p r e s e n t i n g a d i f f e r e n t n u a n c e .A n e x a m p l e o f t h L s i s t h e w o r d P A R T Y o n p a g e 2 8 0 . I n t h i s c a s e t h em e a n i n g s a r e n u m b e r e d a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y b r i e f e x p l a n a t i o n s i np a r e n t h e s e s .

T h e r e i s a : s o t e o p p o s i t i v e s i t u a t i o n f r o m t h e p r e c e d i n gp a r a g r a p h w h e r e f o r o n e w o r d i n E n g l i s h t h e r e a r e t w o o r m o r e A r a b i c

w o r d s t h a t m e a n t h e s a m e a s t h e E n g l i s h w o r d . A n e x a m p l e o f t h i s i st h e w o r d P E A C E F U L .P E A C E F U L ( 3 ) .

a d j . m . ( h a : d 1 A ) ( q u i e t )f . ( h ; : l y ; )

p l . ( h 5 : d i : n )0o r a d j . m . ( r a : y i d h ) a " " " : 1

f . ( r a : y d h a )p l . ( r a : y d h i : n )

T h i : J i t u p t i o n , w h e r e t h e r e a r e t w o c o m m o n l y u s e d w o r d s w i t ht h e , a m e m e a n i n g i n A r a b i c f o r o n e w o r d i n E n g l i s h , i s I n d i c a t e d


11/574

b y t h e ' o r ' b e t w e e n t h e t w o A r a b i c w o r d s . I f t h e d i f f e r e n t w o r d s a r en u m b e r e d a s i n t h e . e x a m p l e o f P A R T Y o n p a g e 2 8 0 , t h e n t h e A r a b i c w o r d sa l l h a v e d i f f e r e n t m e a n i n g s .

F i n a l l y t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n p . e s t a n d s f o r p r o n o u n e n d i n g s .T h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y u s e d a f t e r i r r e g u l a r v e r b s a n d a f t e r c e r t a i np r e p o s i t i o n s . T h i s i s e x p l a i n e d m o r e f u l l y i n t h e l e x i c o n . A n e x a m p l ei s g i v e n b e l o w .

R A V E ( t o ) 0 0( 3 a n d + p . e . )

0 00t h e y h a v e ( 3 a n d - h u m )w e h a v e ( 3 a n d - n a : )

H a v e t o ( t o ). \

( y i l z i m ) 4 ) f r j - 1 1 , -+ p r o n o u n e n d i n g se x : I h a v e t o p r e p a r e d i n n e r e a r l y .

( y i l z i m n i : O a d h d h a r l - a 3 s h i c t : 0, 0 w . 0L ' " " j " j '

T U N I S I A N A R A R I C - E N G L I S HT h e l a s t p a r t o f t h e d i c t i o n a r y i s t h e T u n i s i a n A r a b i c - E n g l i s h

s e c t i o n . T h i s i s n o t d o n e l i k e t h e E n g l i s h - T u n i s i a n A r a b i c s e c t i o n .T h e A r a b i c w o r d s a r e w r i t t e n p h o n e t i c a l l y a n d n o t i n A r a b i c s c r i p t .T h e y a r e a l p h a b e t i z e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r o r d e r i n t h e p h o n e t i c s c r i p t .N o e x p l a n a t i o n s o r e x a m p l e s a r e p r o v i d e d s i n c e t h i s p a r t i s n o t .i n t e n d e d t o b e a s c o m p l e t e a s t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . T h e p r i m a r yp u r p o s e o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o l o o k u p w o r d s i n A r a b i c a s t h e y a r e

e n c o u n t e r e d , f i n d t b e E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t a n d t h e n l o o k f t u p f o r ad e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n . T h i s p a r t t s , t h e n , a r e f e r e n c e t o h e l p f i n d

t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d s f o r w h i c h o n l y t h e A r a b i c i s k n o w n .


12/574

S Y M B O L S

s g . s i t t g u l a rp l . : p l u r a l

m . : m a s c u l i n ef . f e m i n i n e

n . : n o u na d j . : a d j e c t i v ea d v . a d v e r b

v . : v e r bp r o . : p r o n o u n

e x . : e x a m p l ep r e p . : p r e p o s i t i o nc o l l . : c o l l e c t i v ef a m . f a m i l i a rf . w . u . : F r e n c h w o r d u s e d

c f . : c o n f e rp . e . : p r o n o u n e n d i n g s


13/574

P h o n e t i c A r a b i c A p p r o x i m a t eS y m b o l l e t t e r E n g l i t - e x a m p l e A a b i c e x a m p l e

( o r s y m b o l

V o w e l sa b e f ( b i t b ) ; : t . - - : :

a - C a r ( b a : b a s ) 1 . . . . . . . . . . , - t . . _ . . - ;. 1

ju b o o t ( d w r )

i - - - -- s e a t ( b i : t )C o n s o n a n t s

3 ( 2 .

d h

b e t , b a rd a t e , d u c k

t h i s , t h a ns i m i l a r t o i b u t

m o r e e m p h a t i cf e t c h

R a m ag u t t u r a l s c u n d a si n F r e n c h P a k - i sh o t h e a t

v i s i o n , r i s u a lc a k e , c a m el e t t e r , l a r g e

m e t , m a r c h

n a r r o we t p e e l

( b i t r )( d a : r )

( f i l f i l )( A a m r a )

( 1 8 : 0( k a r h b a )( l a b a I a )

( a t n a : )( p i s t i n )

)

0


14/574

9r5

S

s h

i

J- -. . 0

. ...

i l o

. . . .

J

i. , . .

, v

ji

.

r e d , r o o ms a m e , s e as i m i l a r t o z b u t

m o r e e m p h a t i cs h e , s h o p

.

( r a s e ).( J a : s )

( " b i d )( t ; : y )( T a y y s t r a )( I b u s m )

( v a t s )( r L i i i d )

.( p a i s )( z e s t )

.

I l i .i b e ' JL . : .4 . P "

. L . . . 5Vk ; L . . 4 . . . . i ;

bf p - - - - :J i - - - 4

4 . . . . . . , . 1 $

t

Tt h

t a b l et o w e l

t h i s t l e , t h r e ev

w' A

yz

01

v i s , v a l u ew h e r e , w h a tl a c h ( i n s c o t t i s h )

x e l l o wz o o

a m u t e ( ; )-

J ' J.


15/574

X

( 1 ) g ( . J . - ) d i f f e r s f r o m h ( - A ) w h i c h i s f r o q u e n t l y v o i c e d , i t i s a s o u n dm a d e b y t h e t i g h t e n i n g ' o f t h e t h r o a t , t h e b a c k o f t h e t o n g u e b e i n g p r e s s e dd o w n ( a s i f b y a s p o o n ) a n d t h e l a r y n x b e i n g r a i s e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e .( 2 ) 3 ( i t i s a g l o t t a l s o u n d . T h i s s o u n d i s c l o s e t o t h e s t a n d a r d

E n g l i s h a w h e n i t i s s t r o n g l y e m p h a s i z e d l i k e i n : 3 a w f u l o r 3 a b s o l u t e l y .( 3 ) q ( ) : i t i s a v e l a r s o u n d b r e a t h e d . I t i s t h e f u r t h e s t s o u n d ko n e c a n m a k e .

T h e v o w e l s i n T u n i J i a n A r a b i cT h e r e a r e 4 v o w e l s i g n s ( n o t l e t t e r s ) w h i c h a r e p l a c e d a b o v e o r b e l o w t h ec o n s o n a n t o f w h i c h t h e y m o d i f y t h e s o u n d .o 1 ) - ( f a t A a ) : i t i s p l a c e d a b o v e t h e c 4 n s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e s t h e

s o u n d ( ; ) o r ( a ) .E X T ( b ; : b ) L . : 1 r ; l i k e g e t , m e t

( b a : b a : ) l . . . . . . . L - . : , l i k e b a r2 ) ( k a s r a ) : i t i s w r i t t e n b e l o w t h e c o n s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e s

t r l e s o u n d ( i )E X : ( b i : t ) . 1 1 0 1 . w w i r m l i k e b e a t

3 ) J ( d h a m m a ) : i t i c ; w r i t t e n a b o v e t h e c o , I s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e st h e s o u n d ( u ) .

E X : ( f u : t ) C . / l i k e f o o d4 ) 0 ( s u k u : n ) : i t i s w r i t t e n a b o v e t h e c o n s o n a n t t o w h i c h i t g i v e s a

m u t e s o u n d . A m u t e s o u n d r e f e r s t o a c o n s o n a n t n o t f o l l o w e d b y a v o w e l .E X : ( k a 3 k ) : - - 5 . t h e m u t e ( k ) i s l i k e t h e s o u n d ( k ) i n * h eE n g l i s h w o r d : r o c k .

T h e 3 v o w e l s : - L i - , a r e s h o r t v o w e l s . H o w e v e r t h e y c a n b ee l o n g a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

( a : )

r ( b a t )( a ) s o u n d i s e l o n g a t e d b y a d d J n g t a f t e r t h e c o n s o n a n t .

I t


16/574

X I

E X :( b i ) ( b i g )

T h e ( 1 ) s o u n d i s e l o n g a t e d b y a d d i n g ( i s ) a f t e r t h e c o n s o n a n t .C O O

( u )E X : - 4

M M . . s o wM M E S . > ( u s )0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I )

( b u ) ( b u s )

T h e ( u ) s o u n d i s e l o m g a t e d b y a d d i n c ( u s ) a f t e r - t h e c o n s o n a n t .( s h i d d i ) : I n A r a b i c t h e r e i i t h e i g n ( s h i d d i ) p l a c e d a b o v et h e c o n s o n a n t . I t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s c o n s o n a n t i s d o u b l e d .

E X : ( x r i j )( x a r r i j )

0 * t r I M 0 1 00 0 1C f r ' "

P E R S O N A L P R O N O U N S( i s n i s )

y o u ( i n t i )h e ( h u m m i )s h e ( h i y y i )

v e ( a n i s )y o u ( a l l ) ( i n t u s t o L )t h e y ( h u s m i s )

L . 6 1

s i n g u l a rP - -4 - 4 1 =

,1p l u r a l

N 3 : T h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s a r e $ e n e r a l l y o m i t t e d i n T u n i s i a n A r a b i cb e c a u s e t h e v e r b c o n j u g u t e d i n d i c a t e s t h m p e r s o n .T H E A R T I C L E S

1 ) T h e i n d e f i u i t e a r t i c l eT h e i n d i f i n i t a r t i c l e a ( a b o o k ) o f t h e E n g l i s h l a o m i t t e d i nr t u n i s i a n A r a b i c ,

1 : 6


17/574

E X : a b o o ka h o u s e

2 ) T h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e :

( k t i : b )( d a : r )

X I I

T h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e h a s 2 f o r m 3 i n A r i b i c , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e n a t u r e o ft h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t o f t h e n o u n . i f t h e f i r s t c o n s o n a n t i s w h a t i sIk n o w n a s m o o n c o n s o n a n t a n , ( i l ) i s a f f i x e d t o t h e n o u n . I f t h en o u n b e g i n s w i t h a s u n c o n s o n a n t , t h e u s e o f a d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e w i l l

. r e q u i r e t h e d o u b l i n g o f t h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t a n d t h e a d d i t i o n o fa n ( i ) s o u n d b e f o r e .

E X : m o o n c o n s o n a n t( h ) ( b L b ) 4 : 1 4 a d o o r

( i l b i : b ) 4 1 - 4 - 4 t h e d o o re e s u n c o n s o n a n t :

( d ) ( d a : r ) 7 ) 1 5 . a h o u s e

( i d d a s r ) . ; 1 1 . 4 t h e h o u s eM o s t o f t h e s u n l e t t e r s a r e p r o n o u n o e d w i t h t h e t o n g u e :

j j . 0 . . 0 j J I P( I ) ( z ) ( r ) ( s h ) ( n ) ( j ) ( a ) ( S ) ( d h ) ( t h ) ( i ) ( d ) ( T ) ( t )

T h e m o o n l e t t e r s a r e t h e r e m a i n i n g :

1 * j S j j j v( a ) ( y ) ( w ) ( h ) ( x ) ( X ) ( A L I ) ( 3 ) ( k ) ( q ) ( m ) ( b ) ( g ) ( p ) ( v )

1-


18/574

T H E P O S S E S S I V E A D J E C T I V E S :

5 - a s i n i n e w o r d se n d i n g w i t h ( a ) w o r d s e n d i n g w i t ha n e l o n g a t e d v o w e l w o r d s e n d i n g w i t ha o ( a n k n s n )

( t i s )( t i k )( t w )

( i t n a : )( i t k u m )

( i t h u m )

1 . 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

( k )( h )( h a s )( n a : )( k u m )

. ( h u m )

L 4d m . I

L a

( i t )( i k )( w )

1 :( h a : )1( n a s ) L .

4( k u m ) F . S4( h u m ) ; " 1 1 /

p r c A o u n s

X I I I

E n g l i s h

m yy o u rh i sh e rO U T

y o d rt h e i r

E X : 1 1 1 " - J 6 4 ( a w a t c h )h e r w a t z h( m u n g i l l i t h ; : )

E X : 2 i - - : : ' : - J ( c o p y - b o o k )t h e i r c o p y - b o o k( k i i r r ; : s i t h u m )

a 0e l " ' " . " 4 " :

E X : y r - 4 ( a c h a i r )m y c h a i r( k n i e l y y L )

t ,

eE X : h l" - - - 4 ' ( a b o o k )h i s b o o k( k t i r t : b n % )

J C L ' S 'J r - 1

- . 1 c o a l C a s - 7 1 1 2 1 1 1 .


19/574

T H E P O S S E S S P A P R O N O U N S IT h e s t e m o f t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s

m i n e ( m t ; : 3 1 . 0y o u - 1 1 ( m 6 1 6 1 3 i k )h i s ( m t t u s . : 3 m )h e r s ( m t a : 3 h a s )o u r s ( m t a : 3 n a l )y o u r s ( m t a : 3 k u m )

t h e i r s ( m t L 3 h u m )E X : T h i s t a b l e i s m i n e .

( i T T a : w 1 ;

i s : ( m t i a : 3 )

t i n t L L :


20/574

T H E D E M O N S T R A T I V E P R O N O U N S

E x a m p l e s

H E Y

P h o n e t i c s A s a b i c E n g l i s h

( b i l i a t ) IX : 1 ) T h i s i s t p e n c i l .( h i t t t : 4 1 . w i r w :

E X t 2 ) T h i s c h a i r i s b r o k e n .( i l - k u r s i t m k a s s i r )

4 . I*w e .

T h i s i s t a b l e . h i : d i g )( h i t i i : T a m a )

T h i s t a b l e i s b i g .( i T T a t y l i i h i s d i t k b i t r a )0 s o 4 L , : s

T h e s e a r e y o u r s t a m p s . ( b r u d a s s i )( 1 1 4 u : s i t t n i t b r i k ) ( h i s t i u m )

6 4 1 ) 7 4 1 . . 1 j 1 . . . ; ' ;E X t 2 ) T h e s e s t a m p s a r e h i s .

( i t t n i t b i r 1 4 ; 4 u n i t m t i O n g l e

E M 1 )E X t 2 )

E X ; 1 )

E X t 1 )

E X : 3 )

E X : 1 )

E X : 2 )

E X : 1 )

E X : 2 )

T h a t i s m y s o n .( h i t t a t k iT h a t b o o k i s a l n e .

h L a s k i m a s 3 i t )4 4 L 4 0 : o e . . ! . 4 ) . 1 : 4 1 7 ,m g m l . m 6 0 1 4 , 1 1 . . . . 1 4 4 0 1 . 1 0 . . . . 1 . 1 0 ,

T h a t i s t b e A m e r i c a n E m b a s s y . h i t m t d i t k : 1 1 )s f i s r i t g r u n i : r i t k y i i : )

1 4 1 - 1 - 1 , 0 1 - 4 1 4 ) 4 1 " C a l . g r

t h i s 0 0

t h i s

( h i s i ; : k i ) t h a t ( a 0

I p r e l e r t h a t c a r .( n x a y y i r

T h o s e a r e m y f r i e n d s . o A( h . 4 1 . 4 1 i I k U M S g l i t b i : 4 - 1 ) ; u t f ;I r e n d t h o s e b o o k s .( g r i s t l i k t u b h a : O u t k r t m )

I t ^ ' ! ' 2

( 1 4 t d u t k u l e )( h e a s s i u m k i )

t h a t ( L )

t h o s e ( p 1 J


21/574

T H E N U M B E R S

X V I

1 ) T h e n u m b e r o n e i s g e n e r a l l y n o t u s e d w i t h t h e s i n g l e o b j e c t c o u n t e du n l e s s w e w a n t t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y a s i n g l e t h i n g .

E X : a t a b l e ( T a m a )o n e t a b l e ( T a : w l a w a ) d i ) ; 4 1 . 1 ;a b o o ko n e b o o k

( k t 7 1 : b ) k t : L - L f1 0 0 L i L : S i t( k t i 4 b w ; : $ i d )

2 ) F o r t h e n u m b e r t w o w e u s e t h e d u a l o f t h e n o u n ( c f d u a l ) o r ( z u : z ) +t h e p l u r a l o f t h e n o u n .

3 ) F r o m 3 t t - , 1 0 w e u s e t h e n u m b e r p l u s t h e p l u r a l o f t h e n o u n .E X : f i v e b o o k s ( x a m s a k t u b )

4 ) F r o m 1 1 t o 1 9 w e u s e t h e n u m b e r t o w h i c h w e a d d t h e s o u n d ( n ) p l u st h e n o u n i n s i n g u l a r .

E X : 1 7 b o o k s0

( s h a 3 T a : s h - n - k e i t s b )5 ) F r o m 2 0 t o 9 9 w e u s e t h e n u m b e r p l u s t h e s i n g u l a r .

E X : 8 0 d i n a r s ( t h m i : n i : n d i : n a : r )6 ) F o r 1 0 0 ( m y ; : ) ; 1 4 : , t h e t i s p r o n o u n c e d w h e n 1 0 0 i s u s e d w i t h

a n o u n . 4 0E X : 1 0 0 d o l l a r s ( m y a : t d u : 1 8 : r )0 0 .

7 ) F o r 1 0 0 0 ( 7 1 1 f ) , w e u s e t h e n u m b e r p l u s t h e s i n g u l a r .0 eE X : 1 0 0 0 m e t e r s ( a l f m i : t r u : )

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *T H E D U A L

T h e d u a l i s e x p r e s s e r i n t w o w a y s :a . 4

1 ) B y p u t t i n g ( z u g z ) j i j b e f o r e t h e p l u r ' o f t h e n o u n ,0 0 h

E X : 2 t a b l e s ( z u : z T w a : w i l )- &

2 w o m e n ( z u : z n s a : )2 ) B y u s i n g t h e d u a l f o r m w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f a t t a , h i n g ( i : n )

t o t h e n o u n i n t h e s i n g u l t r .


22/574

E X : 2 d i n a r s ( d i t n a : r i t n )2 g l a s s e s ( k i : s i : n ) C r . . . . . 1 1 0 1 1 1 V : 2 1 :

X V I I

I f t h e n o u n i s u a s c u l i n e a n d e n d s w i t h a l o n g v o w e l o n l y t h e d u a l f o r m( z u : z ) + p l u r a l i s u s e d .1 1 ) ( 1 a c h a i r ( k m r s i s )

2 c h a i r s ( z u : z k r a t s i 0a f r a m ( k w a s t r u r . )2 f r a m e s ( z u : z k w a t t r u w i i s t )

- F o r t h e n o u n s c o m p o s e d o f 3 s h o r t c o n s o n a n t s o f w h i c h t h e l i r s t v o w e li s s i l e n t , t h e 2 f i r s t v o w e l s a r e i n v e r t e d w h e n t h e d u a l f o r m i s u s e d .E X : a f i n g e r

2 f i v g e r sa p l a t e2 p l a t e s

0 A 0( S b i l 3 )0( S u b 3 i : n )

, 0( S $ a n )( S a l i n t : 1 1 )

T H E C O M P A R A T I V E A N D T H E S U P E R L A T I V E F O R M SA ) T h e c o m p a r a t i v e f o r m s

1 ) T h e c o m p a r a t i v e o f l a t x r i t yT h e c o m p a r a t i v e f o r m i s t h e s a m e w h e t h e r t h e a d j e c t i v e i sf e m i n i n e o r m a s c u l i n e .a ) A d j e c t i v e s c o m p o s e d o f 3 c o u s o n a n t s w i t h a n e l o n g a t e dv o w e l o n t h e s e c o n d :

T h e c o m p a r a t i v e i s f o r m e d b y a d d i n g ( ; ) , ( ) , b e f o r et h e n d j e c t i v e , a n 4 b y r e p l a c i n g t h e l o n g v o w e l b y a s h o r t- o r p l u s ( m i n ) C r - 4 a f t e r t h e a d j e c t i v e .0

E X : ( ; j m i l m i n ) t ! ) - - 1 4 - - - - - - ( : m i : 1 )m o r e b e a u t i f u l t h a n . . . b e a u t i f u l( a k b i r m i n ) ! r - - 1 . J 1 1 , 4 ( k b i : r ) a

b i g g e r t h a n b i gb ) A d j e c t i v e s e n d i n g i n a l o n g v o w e l :

T h e c o m p a r a t i v e i s f o r m e d b y a d d i n g I ( a ) , ( a ) , i n t h e f r o n ta n d r e p l a c i n g t h e l o n g v o w e l b y a l o r m I . : - ( a s ) v o w e i . W h e n t h e0 , 1


23/574

a d j e c t i v e s t a t s w i t h a l o n g v o w e l ( e x : ( A h a s l i s )t h i s l o n g v o w e l A s c t i l a n g o d i n t o a m u t e . o n e o( e x t ( a s h l a s )

a fE X : ( a 3 1 ; i : m i n ) 5 - 1 , 0 - 1 - 5 0 ( 3 a : l i : )

h i g h e r t h a n . . . h i g h0 # 0#( a c i w i : m i n ) C r - - 1 : 4 5 . , J i 4 - - - - - -

s t r o n g e r t h a n . . .2 ) T h o . s . L . r 1 a r j s i l s o f i n f e r i o r i t Z

s t r o n g

I t i s f o r m e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g s t r u c t u r e ;0( m i n ) + n o u n + 4 - - - - - - -

. . . t h a n + E n g l i s h a d j . + l e s sE X : S h e i s l e s s t a l l t h a n h e r b r o t h e r . . 0 0 'o r '

( h i y y q a 1 T u : 1 m i n x u s h i : ) j j iT h e y a r e l e s s c o u r a g e o u s t h a n t h e m .

- )( h u : m a : a g a l . s h a j a : 3 a J - - 3 1

2 1 1 1 L I T E s a v I t i m o i l g u a l i t zI t i s f o r m e d b y . u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g s t r u c t u r e :

n o u n + ( w ) + p e r s o n a l + ( c o m p a r a t i v e ) n o u n + ( f a r d ) + n o u n ( s u b j e c t )( c o m p I r e d ) p r o n o u n ( 2 ) ( 1 )

( 3 ) ( r e f e r r i n g t ot h e n o u n s u b j e c t )E X : F a t m a i s a s t a l l a s h e r b r o t h e r .

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) j 0( f a : T m a f a r d T u : 1 h i y y a w - x u : 1 1 ; : )

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )i s T h i s F t r u c t u r e c a n b e s i m p l i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :

n o u n ( 2 ) + ( f a r d ) + n o u n ( 3 ) + ( 7 4 ) + n o u n ( 1 )

F a t m a i s a s t a l l a s h e r b r o t h e r .( f a : T m a w f a r d T u : 1 )

( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 )I 4 ) e - I Q '


24/574

X I X

B ) 2 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 0 . 1 2 1 1 1 0 1I t i s f o r m e d b y a d d i n g ( w i a i d ) ( m . ) ; ( w a $ 4 ) ( f . ) ; ( w $ m d ) ( p 1 . 4 ;a f t e r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e o f s u p e r i o r i t y .

Z X ' l e i s t h e s t r o n g e s t .( h u w w * a q w * : w a . o g i d )

T h i s c a r i s t h e m o s t e x p e n s i v e o n e .

AI S 6 4 " ' " 2 : ; ; " . 4

( i i - k a r h b e l a g h l i : w a g d i )o , ,

4 1 ? " l eT h e s e s t u d e n t s a r e t l e s m a r t e s t o n e s i n t h e c l a s s .( i t t l a g m l i a h a : J u g m a g a i k a g w S u g d f i l - q a s m )e4 2 - d e 4 5 I L L i j . 4 . / L j t . 1I ) L 1 -


25/574

T H E T E N S E S

A ) I I I I _ I E E E P I L L S :T h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m i s i m p o r t a n t i n T u n i s i a n A r a b i c b e c a u s e i t i sc o n s i d e r e d a s t h e s t e m f c : t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e .

p l u r a l s i n g u l a rO J

( 1 ) J I( u s h r b u ) ( u s h r u b )d r i n k ( y o u a l l ) d r i n k ( y o u )

0( 2 )

( a 3 T i : w ) ( a n i s )g i v e ( y o u a l l ) ( g i v e ( y o u )

F o r t h e p l u r a l :

X X

( I ) W h e n t h e v e r b e n d s i n a m u t e c o n s o n a n t w e n o t i c e t h a t t h e ( s u k u : n )o a t t h e e n d i s c h a n g e d i n t o a l o n g ( u : ) j

( 2 ) W h e n t h a v e r b e n d s i n a n e l o n g a t e d v o w e l w e j u s t a d d a m u t e ( 1 0t o t h e s i n g u P c .B ) T h e w e s e n t t e n s e :

T o m a k e t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e t h e i m p e r a t i v e f o r m ( s i n g u l a r ) i S t a k e n a sa s t e m t o w h i c h p r e f i x e s a n d s u f f i x e s a r e a d d e d a s f o l l o w s :

P r e f i x e s

( i : n a . 7 0 ( n )( i n t l ) ( t )( h u w w i ) ( y )( h i y y . ; ) ( t )

( a g n a . ) ( n )( x n t u : m a ; ) k r )( h u m i i . ) 0 1 )

V e r b S u f f i x e s

g a m . ,

5

L Z ; j

y m o m i t


26/574

X X I1 ) F o r v e r b s s t a r t i n g w i t h i ( ; ) , ( u ) , I . ( i ) , * p h o n e t i c a l l y t h e

v e r b s t a y s t h e s a m e a n d o n l y p r e f i x e s a r e a d d e d t o i t .W h e r e a s i n w r 4 t t e n A r a b i c , t h e f i r s t ' c o n s o n a n t i s c a n c e l l e d a n dr e p l a c e d b y t h e p r e f i x e s w h i c h t a k e t h e v o w e l o f t h e c a n c e l l e d c o n s o n a n t .

E X : ( u a h r u b j )

d r i n k ( t o )( i m s h i : )

6 e r - 4 - 0 . - 1

g o ( t o )( a . b 3 i t h )

0 4 74 .

( n u s h r u b ), 1 1 - . 0

I d r i n k( t i m s h i t )

s h e g o e s( z i b 3 t h u 0

j c a" P . . . 1 1 )

s e n d ( t o ) t h - v s e n d2 ) I n c a s e t h e i m p e r a t i v e d o e s n o t _ t a t w i t h t h e c o n s o n a n t ( ; ) , ( a ) ,

t h e p r e f i x e s o f t h e v e r b c o n j u g a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s e t a k e as i l e n t , o w e l ( ( s u k u : n ) : o )

( s h u : f ).

t , A

s e e ( t o )( b i ? 3 )

s e l l ( t o )C ) T h e f u t u r e 7

( n s h u : f u s )! a C

w e s e e( t b 1 : 3 1 1 4 )

w e s e l l

: L . :h e f u t u r e i s f o r m e d b y a d d i n g ( b a : s h ) . o r i t s . c o n t r a c t i o n( b i s h ) i n f r o n t o f t h e v e r b c o n j u g a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t t e n s ep d t h i s w i t h a l l t h e p e r z , o n a l p r o n o u n s .E X : I w i l l g o t o T u n i s t o m o r r o w .

( b i s h n i m s h i : l - t u : n i s s h u d w ; )- -D ) T h e _ p _ a l t ! l a s s :

T o c o n j u g a t e a v e r b i n t h e p a s t t e n s e t h e v e r b , c o n j u g a t e d i n t h e3 r d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r m a s c u l i n e ( h u w w a ) i n t h e p a s t , i s t a k e n e s ar o o t ( t h a t y o u c a n f i n d i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y )


27/574

1 s t G r o u e : V e r b s c o m p o s e d o f 3 c o n s o n a n t s s t a r t i n g a n i e n d i n gw i t h

a ( s u k u : n ) o .

S c h e m a :. 0

E X :( d x a

( w S i l )o( d h h u r )

E X : h e e n t e r e d :I e n t e r e dy o u e n t e r e dh e e n t e r e ds h e . . m t e r e dw e e n t e r e d

y o u e n t e r e dt h e y e n t e r e d

s h o r tv o w e l

( h e e n t e r e d )

( h e a r r i v e d

( h e a p p e a r e d ). 6 .

( d x a l )

( d x a l t )( d x a l t )( d x a l )( d a x l i t )( 4 x a l n ' a e )

( f t a l t u 0( d a x l u s )

I n t h i s g r o u p t h e 2 f i r , v o w e l a o f s h e ( h i y y i )a r e I n v e r t e d .

j b . s L a i0 .4 4 L 2 1 1 L 0 4 1 . 4 1 r 1 r 6 0 4

* * * *J ; w a f t

4 1 . 1 . T a l w . . s j w : 2 4 , 1 4

e s o 0 -J3 0a t . L a p J L i r a ,

a n d 2 t u ( h u m i t )

: 2 , 1 1 : 2 C a p i : A l l t h e v e r b s e n d i n g w i t h a l o n g ( f a t g a )

E X t ( m s h 7 1 0 I h e w e n th e a t e

E x : ( = h i t )( m s l i i t t )( m s h i q t )( m s h i i 0( f f i s h ; A t )

( m a h l . n n )( m s h i : t w )

0 U: 6 : 7 7 . " " ' ' 1 . 0

L . 1 L 'r i f ,

0( m s h a s w ) )

0 .y u s t,


28/574

X X I I IT h e j ( % ) v o w e l a t t h e e n d o f t h e v e r b i s k e p t i n h e , s h e , t t l x , b u t

i t i s c h a n g e d i n t o a n e l o n g a t e d y r : ( i s ) v o w ) . i n I , y a , m e , n u .2 1 a G r o u E : V e r b s c o m p o s e d o f 2 c o n s o n a n t s e n d i n g w i t h o ( s u k u t n ) .

E X t ( g a T ) h e p u t0

( g a l ) h e o p e n e d

h e P u t( g a T T i s t )( g a T T i s t )( g a T )( g e T T i t )

( g a T T i m s )( 1 0 a T T i s t u : )( g a T T u 0

T h e s e c o n d c o n s o n a n t i s d o u b l e d a n d t a k e s a l o n g i c ( i t ) v o w e l w i t hI , y o u , w e , y o u ( a l l ) . T h e r e i s n o e l o n g a t i o n f o r " s h e " a n d " A l x " .

4 t h G r o u p :a ) V e r b s c o m p o s e d o f 2 c o n s o n a n t s , t h e f i r s t n e h a v i n g a l o n g

6 0 v o w e l a n d t h e 2 n d h a v i n g a ( a u k u t n ) o 6l k h e s a wX : ( s h a a ). 1 1

( s h u f t )( s h u f t )( s h i f : f )

( s h a : f i t )( s h u f n i 0( s h u f t m )( s h a : f m )

o


29/574

0( x T a r t ) . 7 0 . 1 4 1 " . . " 1 1 4 ; t l "

e( x T a : r ) 0

( x T a : r i t )( x T a r n i 0 L j L I L . C - 1 . 1

0 9 - 3( x T a r t u : )a

( x T a : r u : )T h e e l o n g a t e d ( i : ) v o w e l o n t h e c o n s o n a n t b e f o r e t h e l a s t i sc h a n g e d i l t o a s h o r t v o w e l , b u t i t i s k e p t w i t h s h e , h e a n d t h y .

- 5 t h G r o u p .a ) V e r b s c o m p o s e d o f 3 c o n s o n a n t s o f w h i c h t h e 1 s t o n e i s e l o n g a t e d

w i t h ( a : ) , a n d t h e l a s t o n e h a s a ( l u k u : n ) o .

s c h e m a3 A , ( 3 a : w i d ) h e r e p e a t e d

0 L S ( 3 a : w i n ) h e h e l p e d0 ,

C . - - - - 4 1 - - - : . ( s a : m a g ) h e e x c u s e d( 3 a : i nt ) 0 0 1( 3 a : i nt ) 1 , . -. : 1 - 1 h e l p e d( 3 : w i n t )

a eI ) e , .( l a r i m i t ) o z , , , , , _ ; , 5 1 , _ . A 4 1 , . . . . , 0 , - s h e h e l p e d. - .

O n s w i t i l n 0 l _ _ _ _ 4 i L . , - ; .4 ! I - r " 1 . ,( p a : w i n t u ) I , . . , y o u h e l p e d

01

01, . L . : 1

0 0 0

0 . 4

- 1 h e l p e d0 0 0

( 3 : w i n t ) y o u h e l p e d0 . 4( 3 a : w i n ) 0 4 , 1 - - - 4 h e h e l p e d

y o u h e l p e d( 3 a : w i n ) 0 4 , 1 - - - 4 h e h e l p e d

J . . 4( 3 a : w n u : 1 L a i ) 7 1 1 6 t i e % f h e l p e da eI ) e , .( l a r i m i t ) o z , , , , , _ ; , 5 1 , _ . A 4 1 , . . . . , 0 , - s h e h e l p e d

. - .O n s w i t i l n 0 l _ _ _ _ 4 i L . , - ; .

4 ! I - r " 1 . ,( p a : w i n t u ) I , . . , y o u h e l p e d

X X I V

J . . 4( 3 a : w n u : 1 L a i ) 7 1 1 6 t i e % f h e l p e d


30/574

b ) V e r O s c o m p o s e d o f 4 c o l q s o n a n t ss c h e m a o . e l s w

a l b0 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 o

E x : j ! - - - - 4 ( t x a : T i r ) h e b e t( t x m a i r t )( t x a : T i r t )

( t x a : T i r ). o , e e( t x a : T r i t )

( t x a t T i r n a t )e J o( t x a s T i r t u t )

/ " . . 7 4 1 - - " - 1 - 7( t x a s T r u s )

.

f o r t h i s g r o u p j u s t a d d t h e s u f f i x e s o f t h e p a s t . t e n s e t o t h e s t e m .6 t h ' G r o u p :

1 ) V e r b s c o m p o s e d o f 4 c o n s o n a n t sI .

E X s J - - - A a m m i l ) h e c o n t i n u e d09 c a m m i l t ) 4 1 . - . 1 - 7 . - - $ L : 1

( k a m m i l t ) c 2 4 - 1 S 2 - ' 1 ,0( k a m m i i )( k a m m l i t )

( k a m m i l n i s , ) L r L . 1 4 , : c. 1 0( k a m m i l t u s ) L . - 4 , - Z * 1 ,J 0( k a m m l u s ) /

T h e s t e m i s k e p t w i t h a l l t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s e x c e p t f o r s h e a n dt h e y w h e r e t h e v o w e l o n I l e 2 n d c o n s o n a n t i s c a n c e l l e d a n d r e p l a c e dr y a o _ ( s u k u : n )b ) 0

0F X : L A

0

a ( w a s h w i a h ) h e w h i s p m r e d3 W S 9


31/574

0 0( w a s h w i s h t )

0 0 0 , 0( w a s h w i s h t )

a ,( w a s h w i s h )

a 0( w a s h w s h i t )

( w a s h w s h n a 0-( w a s h w i s h t u : )* O M

( w i s h w s h i l 0

1 1 0 / ' 7 0 ,J

T h e v o w e l ( ( k a s r a ) ) p l a c e d b e l o w t h e 3 r d c o n s o n a n t i s t h a n g e d i n t oo ( s u k u : n ) i n s h e a n d t h e y .

2 ) V e r b s c o m p o s e d o f 4 c o n s o n a n t s o r m o r e .a )

O 0E X : ( x t r a 3 ) h e i n v e n t e d

( x t r a 3 t )( x t r a 3 t )( x t r a 3 )Z x t a r 3 i t )( x t r a 3 n i 0( x t r a 3 t u : )( x t a r 3 u 0

P

- T h e s t e m i s k e p t t h e s a r T H w i t h a l l t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n t e x c e p t s h ea n d t h e y w h e r e w e n o t i c e a n i n y e r f o n o f t h e s e c o n d a n d t h e t h i r d v o w e l .

E X :( s t a c i b i l t )

( s t a c i b i l t )( s t a q b i l )( s L a W , l i t )

0 O- - - - - - - - - - ( s t a g b i l ) h e r e c e i v e dLo a . . . A

j - - , ; . . - - i . - - o- - - . . A . . .. : - sc ) 0 . . . . . . - -, 3 - C

3


32/574

( a t i q b i 1 t a 0( s t a c i b i l t u )( a t a c i b l m )

I

L .!- I n s h e a n d a l y , t h e v o w e l p l a c e d a b o v e t h ei s c h a u g e d i n t o a ( s u k u : n ) o

X X V I I

c o n s o n a n t b e f o r e t h e l a s t

c ) 04 1 . 1 . 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ,

n o

t ! ( t g a d d i t h )( t g a d d i t h t )( t g a d d i t h t )( t g a d d i t h )

( t g a d d t h i t )( t g a d d i t h n L )

( t g a d d i t h t m )( t g a d d t h u t )

- I n a h e a n d t h e y t h e v o w e l o na ( a u k u : n ) o

h e d i s c u s s e d .r

v . .1 1 6 .

0 w o . e m o w v t . . 4. ) t d s - 0 a 0

. 0t h e t h i r d c o n s o n a n t i s c h a n g e d i n - , o


33/574

T H E C O N D I T I O N A L

A - T h e P r e s e n t C o n d i t i o n a l

X X V I I I

V i n t h e P r e s e n tt e n s e +

y o uh es h e

( k a : r n i s )( k a : r i k )( ' c a r r u : )

( k a : r h a : ) L LV sk a : r n i t : ) Jy o u( k a : r k u m )

. $ 0 t h e y( k a : r h u m )

E X : I s h o u l d g o t o t h u d o c t o r ' s .( k a t r n i : 0

l i d . .n - i m s h i : y r v j u - 0

N B W e c a n o l s o u s e t h e f o l l o w i n g s t r u c t u r e :

/ A n ' . h e P r e s e n tc e n s e +

O l a c i g n i 0( ) l a c m i k )

O i a q q 1 1 0

( $ a c r i n a 0( M a q q k u m )( S a q q ! u m l

0

y o uh es h ew ey o ut h e y

E X : T h e y s h o u l d s t a y h o m e . c iA 0 , 0. a : 4 O l a q q h u m y - u q 3 d u : f i d d a : r ) 4 7 - 1 1 4 . 4 " " 1 " " - - 1 r j 6 " 1 "B - T h e P a s t C o n d i t i o n a l

1 ) ' T ) s h o u l d h a v e d o n e s . t h eF o r t h e p a s t c o n d i t i o n a l u s e t h e s a m e s t r u c t u r e s s e s n a b o v e ,h u t I n s t e a d o f t h e v e r b i n t h e p r e s e n t t l l s e , p u t i t i nO l e p a s t t e n s e ,


34/574

E X : I s h o u l d h a v e g o n e e a r l y .( k a : r n i : m s h i s t b i k r i : )

t

W e s h o u l d h a v e t o l d h i m t o C o m eA 0 0( $ a q q n i i : q u l n a : - I u : y j i s )

2 ) ( I ) c o u l d h a v e d o n e s . t h .

V i n t h e P r e s e n tt a n s e +

( k u n t n n i e l j j i m )

( k u n t t n i q j i m )( k i : n y n i g l j j i m )

( k ; : n i t t n a j j i m )( k u n n a : n n a j j m u t )( k u n t u : t n a j j m u : )

y n a j j m u : )E X : I c o u l d h a v e s t a y e d l o n g e r .

. . 0 L ir w . 1 L P 1 : i t - Zl ,0

t at m o s O l i r04 w # 0 J i. . , j m t t u r a

( k u n t n n a j j i r , - u q 3 u d s k t h i r )H e c o u l d h a v e f i n i s h e d o n t i m e .( k ; : n y r i ; j j i m y k i m m i l f i l - w a q t )

y o uh es h e

y o ut h e y

0 ') A A 1 1 1 d i e d i ts a m A e a m s a b a , I m f t e l f t . ~ 3, I .. 1 . C l &j . . . . . 1 4 0 i d e4 7 - 1 1 * i g )

3 ) ( I ) w o u l d h a v e d o n e s . t h .

I

y o uh eA h e

w ey o ut h e y

V t n t h e P a s tt e n s e +

( r a : n i : )( r a t k )( r e : h u : )

( r a : h i s )( r e : n i t )

( r a s k u m )( r e : h u m )

a l I ;3

( i r " - - . 1 ,A

J4 t I

E X : I f I k n e w I w o u l d h a v e g o n e .0( l o w k ' i s n 3 r a f t r o m i : m s h i a )


35/574

T H E . , , I R R E G U L A R V E R B S I N A R A B I C

I

( t o ) h a v e ( 3 a n d )1

m u s t ( y i l z i m )( h a v e t o )

,( 3 a n d i : ) V 1 , 1 r - L . . . . . o( 3 a n d i k ) -

. , b

( 3 a n d u s ) 3 . a . . . . L . - s .L I f l

( y i l z i m n i : ). i s i f t ; ,

0 ,. 5 . . . . a

1( y i l z m i k ) 4 . - . . ' - - - 1 - -9 . 7 - 7 . .( y i l z m u : ) 1 . . . . t . j . . . 1 . . . g

A( y i l z i m h i : ) 1 . - - 2 6 1i . 0 -( 3 a n d h i : )i : ,( 3 a n d n i 0 . . . 1 - . . . ; - - a .

A_ _ _ _ _ A - r

0( y i l z i m n i 0 l i . . . 1 . : 1 . - 1 . . . g. n I o r4( y i l z i m k u m ) r i Z e j r . 1 . 4 ,( y i l z i m h u m ) 7 . . . . 1 4 7 i _ s

d i '. . . . 1 . . . 0 ., . . . .L . 1 4 - J i ,

I- A. . . 1 . A

( 3 a n d k u m ) . . . . . . . .0 . 00( 3 a n d h u m ) J . - J L . -. . . . t tt j

w o u l d ( m i : 0 1 ; : b i 0 -l i k e n e e d ( $ a s j i )

. .( m i : 0 ; : b i y y i : ) L . : : . . . . . . , , 1 . 5 1 . . . . .- .( m i l t : $ ; : b i : k ) 5 . . : .

( g a : j t i : ) . 0 1 1.

( $ a d t i k )O c a : J t u 00 4 : . 0j i t h ; : )( g a : j i t n i 0 L - 1 - 1 . . . , . . . 1 . - S .

3 . . ,

( g a : j i t '

.

. t 1. o 00 e( m 8 : 0 8 : b i S h ) j 1 , 5 ' . ` l

0 * "A

; L w a 4

. 0

% 0( m : b i : h 0 i /- ' " J e l . . . . . . . . 1 . A . . .,i L . . . . . . . L . : , . . s u l ,( m i : 1 1 ; : b i : n 0 .

? $ . 5 ^ t " " - " 1 j "1 1 ; : 0 ; : b i A L I M ) a ) !( M i t : b i : h u m ) I j L e i 'r - ' 6 . - = . - - 1 ' ;. t m )

. . ,

4 0( g a d i t h u m ) , . . . . . A . . . L . . . . 7 . # 1 . , : , y 4


36/574

X X X It H F M R 4 Z A T E F O R M

a ) W i t h v e r b s c o n j u g a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t s p a s t , a n d c o n d i t i o n a l t e n s e s :T o m a k e t h e n e g a t i v e f o r m w e p u t ( m i : ) i n f r o n t o f t h e v e r bn d ( s h ) L r o r ( s h i ) % , 4 a t t h e e n d o f t h e v e r b .

E X : I d o n ' t d r i n k w i n e .( m i : n u s h r u b m h s h r a a )

H e d i d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d t h e l e s s o n .( m L f h i m a h i d d a r s )

I s h o u l d n ' t h a v e c o m e .( m i : k a t r n i : s h j i : t )

0 e 0 A" A . I I M M Oj i ; : i . 1 I L ;

N B : W i t h t h e p a s t c o n d i t i o n a l ( w o u l d h a v e ) t h e n e g a t i v e f o r m ( m i k ) . .( $ 1 1 ) ( J . . . 1 . 4 ) i s u s e d w i t h t h e m a i n v e r b .

E X : I f I k n e w I w o u l d n o t h a v e c o m e .

. 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 4 .

l a i s n 3 r a f t r a : n i : m i . j i : t i s h )0 0 0i f ' ' " " A " " * " . r 4 ' " 1 . r u j

b ) W i t h t h e f u t u r e a n d t h e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e .T o n e g a t e t h e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e s a n d t h e v e r b s c o n j u g a t e d i n t h ef u t u r e w e p u t : ( m u : s h ) i n f r o n t ,

o r I t s c o n j u g a t e d f o r m .E X : I w o n ' t s e e h i m t h i s w e e k .

( m u : s h b i s h n - s h u : f u : i j j i m 3 a h a : 0 0A - 4( I ?

H e s a i d t h a t h e i s n o t c o m i n g .( c i a r l i U i m u : s h j ; : y )

- )( m n : s h ) 4 . , 7 - 4 i s c o n j u g a t e d a s f o l l o w s :L 1 ) " j " ' * 1A

( m a m i : s h )( m k i s h )

-( m a g h u : s h )


37/574

( m a : n a : s h )( m i : k u m s h ) .( m a : h u m s h )

0

4 . 0 76 0 " ' 4 1 1 " " ' " " b 1 "

E X : W e w o n ' t s t a y m o r e t h a n 2 d a y s .( m a s n a : s h b i s h n u q 3 d u : a k i . h i r m i n n h a t r i m )a - 0 ,C O

T h e y a r e n o t g o i n g .( m a : h u m s h m a : s h i : n ) !O M I M I N N I N

I t i r i r i r i n h i * * * * * * * * I n t n t i n t i t * * * * * * * * *T H E . I N T E R R O G A T I V E F O R M

W e c a n f o r m t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e b y :1 ) T h e i n t o n a t i o n

E X : Y o u w a n t t o g o t o T u n i s ?( t - M i b t i m s h i : 1 - t u m i s )

2 ) T h e f o r m ( s h ) k . ; / ( s h i ) L P S

X X X I I

0t 1 4 4 1 " . 4 " j y r 4 " I ` E , 4 ; " ' I r ' " ;

0( s h ) o r ( s h i ) L A i s a d d e d t o t h e v e r b .E X : D o y o u k n o w h i m ?

( t a 3 r f u : s h i ) h . 0

* * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 f r * * * I c * * * * * * * *V E S T I O N W O R D S

i n f r o n t o f m a s c u l i n e w o r d s .( s h n u w w a )

E X : W h a t i s t h i s ?( s h n u w w ' a 1 1 : ( 6 1 ; )- -1 1 1 1 P t i S t h a t ?( . 0 , , l u w w a h a : ! e ! k e

M i n t t i m e i s 1 Y /

( s h n u ' - r r 1 - - q q t )

e 0V

c ; L t . ) L . , 1

7 f r fv . , I

0 t Af - - -


38/574

W H A T i n f l o u t o f f e m i n i n e w o r d s :( s h n i y y i . )

E X : W h a t k i n d o f f o o d d o y o u l i k e ?( s h n i y y ; l - m i s k l ;

L i r 7 . 7 - "W H A T i n f r o n t o f p l u r a l w o r d s :

( s h n u m ; : )E X : W h a t a r e t h e t h i n g s y o u b o u g h t ?

( a h n u m i : l - l i a d m i s t M i t s h r i a - h u m )-7 - 3 1 ~ - - - z z r ~ : t r ? . 1 3 : 1 1 1 4 , - 1 - 1W H A T + v e r b

( s h n u w w i i )E X : W h a t d i d y o u t e l l h i m ? ) 0( s h n u w w s q u t l u s )-

A i( i : s h ) 0 . o r i t s c o n t r a c t i o n ( s h )1E X : W h a t d o y o u w a n t ? 0 -( ; : s h

0 -N B ( i : s h ) L A I D , a l s o u s e d w i t h s o m e n o u n s .E X : W h a t i s y o u r n a m e ?0 0 -

( ; : s h - i s m i k ) T e l - t r - L , J 6 A 1W h a t d o y o u t h i n k a b o u t t h i s b o o k ?

- . . . _ . 0 .( s h - q a w l i k f i l - k t ; : b h i : 4 0. 1 . 00 e .W H O ( s h k u : n )

E X : W h o w e n t w i t h y o u ?( s h k u : n m s h a : m 3 a : k ) 0

W H I C H ( a : m a : )E X : W h i c h o n e i s Y o u r b o o k ?

( ; : m i : h u m , k t a : b i k )O 0W H E N ( w s q t a : s h )

' M a n z

E X : W h e n ( l i t : y o u a r r i v e i n T u n i s i a ? . 0 0 p e( w a q t a : s h w S i l to t ) L - . 1c y ( 3 1 a : s h )

E X : W h y d i d n ' t y o u c a l l m o Y( 3 1 a : l h m a : 3 m a l t - l i : s h t a l i f m n )

4 . 7 ) , . _ 3 8


39/574

W R A T F O R ( 1 w ; : s h )E X : W h a t a r e y o u g o i n g t o T u n i s f o i / . .

( 1 w s : s h m a : s h i : 1 - t u m i s ) T j . . . . . . i p . . . 1 . . . . 1 1 / 4 1 . . . 4 L . 2 4 . 0 , 1 4 . . 1- -

W H E R E ( w i : n ) 3 . - - 0 1 o r ( f i : n ) L - - . . . . . . . . !

E X : W h e r e d o y o u l i v e ?o 0< .( w i : n t u s k u n ) I0 0

W H E R E . F R O M ( m n i : n )E X : W h e r e d o y o u c o m e f r o m ?

( m n i : n j i : t ) 0W H E R E . . . T O ( 1 - w i : n ) 3 - - - t - . . ) ; - )

( w i t h v e r b s o f m o t i o n )

E X : W h e r e a r e y o u g o i n g t o ?7 - - - - 7 1 1 - : " - - 4( 1 - w i : n m s a : f i r )

H O W ( k i : 6 1 : s h )E X : H o w d o y o u s a y i n A r a b i c * / 7a , I

( k i : f i : s h b i l - 3 a r b i : ) T y r - f e w - - - 1 , 0 1 - 1 - 3 L r 6 " - = - 4

) H O W M U C HM A N Y ( q a d d ; : s h m i n )( ) H O W

E X : H o w m a n y b o o k s d i d y o u r e a d ?

( q a d d ; : s h m i n k t i : b

H O W M U C H ? ( m o n e y ) ( b - q a d d ; : s h )p r i c eE X : H o w m u c h i s a o n e w a y t i c k e t ?

# e9 1 . 3

o,

0 6 0 . 0 0 .

( b - q a d a : s h i t t i s k r a m i s h y ) Ie

W H A T . . . I N ( f ; : s h )E X : W h a t d i d y o u m a k e t h e c o u s - c o u s i n ?

( f a : s h 3 m a l tW A T . . . O F ( m n a : s h )

1 - k u s k s i 0 T

E X ; W h a t i s i t m a d e o f ?( m n a : s h m a S n u : 3 ) 3 9


40/574

T H E O B J E C T P R O N O U N S

D i r e c t O b j e c t s I n d i r e c t O b j e c t sV e r b s e n d i n gw i t h a v o w e l V e r b s e n d i n gw i t h o

( n i t ) 4 , - . 4 ( n i t )( k ) 4 0 1 . 1 ( i k )( h ) ( u s )

L I ( h i l t )( a s ) 61 d t- 0 ( n L )( k u m ) o r s ( k u m )( h u m ) p r . ; ( h u m )

E X : I s e n t i t y e s t e r d a y .( b 3 a t h t u s

1U . 1 4 - " .

M ay o uh i mh e rU S

y o ut h e m

H e f o u n d h i m a t h o m e .: 6 1I q a : h f i s - d d s : r ) ; I l l 4 4 , 7

N B T h e d i r e c t p r o n o u n s e n d i n g sc o u l d b e u s e d w i t h t h ep r e p o s i t i o n s a n d a d v e r b s .

E X : w i t h h i m ; ( O a t h )u n d e r U 3 1 ( t a B t n i s ) L a : L 1 Z - 5

( l i o 4 , 7 1 . ( f o r o r t o ) m eW O d u s tI l m j

( W O L L J( m a t ) L l m l

0( l k u m )

m A( i h U M )

y o uh i mh d rU s

y o ut h e m

E X : T a k e t h e b o o k t o t h e h o u s ef o r m e .

( h i s s i i : l i k t i : b l i d d a : r ), 1 3 _ 4 L L 5 L L t r , 4 ; 1 4 .

W t i t e t h e m a l e t t e r .( i k t b i l h u m4 : 4 4


41/574

X X X V I4

C O M B I N A T I O N S O F B O T H D I R E C T A N D I N D I R E C T O B J E C T P R O N O U N S

I n d . O b j . P r o . D i r e c t O b j . P r o ._

V e r b

( L i s )( l i k )( h i s ) y _ . . )

( l h i : ) 1 . . . . 1 - 1- - 0

( I n . / i s ) I L . 1A 0

4 2 1 . . . . I m i! W O0

( i h U M )

i t ( m o s . s Om a s . ( h u t ) j 0 - 1

i t ( f e m . s )f e m . ( h i s ) 1 . . . . ;

t h e m ( p l . )p l . ( h U M ) ; f t w J b

+ V e r b

I ' l l s e n d i t t o y o u .I . 4 0 a

( b i s h n i b 3 a t h - h u : - l i k )I b r r u g h t t h e m t o y o u .( j i b t - h u m - 1 k u m ) e


42/574

AA I - I n d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e , h a s n o

e q u i v a l e n t i n & r a b i c .e x : - a b o o k ( k a t : 0 .

- a m a n ( r a : j i l )- D o y o u h a v e a p e n c i l ?

( 3 a n d i k - s h i2 - A f o r m o f t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e

1 ) T h e s e a r e 2 d i d i l a r s d o z e n( h i O u : m i : b - d i m a s r i : n

i T T u z z i t n i )j j r . j # L 4 4 1 3 1 ; 1 5

2 ) I p a y 1 0 d i n a r s a m o n t h ;( n a i x a l l i S 3 a s h r a d i : n a : r a : t

f i - s h s h h a r ) j 4 1 , 5A B A N D O N ( t o ) ( 2 )

v . ( s i l l i m l i s )e x s H e a b a n d o n e d h i s f a m i l y .

( s i l l i m f i : 3 a : y i l t u s )

A B A S H ( t o ) ( 3 )v . ( b i h s f i l )

A B A T T O I R ( 5 )n . m ( b a T N a : r )

A B B R E V L A T E ( t o ) ( 5 )! tv . ( x t S a r )

A B B R E V I A T I O N ( t o ) ( 5 )n . m ( i x t i S a : r )e x : A b r e v i a t e t h e

6 r 7 7 1 '

7 1 1 . - a . - 4 1s t o r y

( a ) i k i : b - i x t i S a : r )A B D I C A T E ( t o ) ( 5 )

v ( i t x a l l a t 3 1 a 0( t x a l l a : - - - )e x t H e a b d i . a t e d t h e t h r o n e .

c 9( t X 0 . 1 4 1 1 3 A 1 M 0 k ) e c j j o s , i r .

A B O A R DA B E D ( 3 )

a d v . ( f i l - f a r s h )e x : A l i i s a b e d .

( 3 1 1 : f i l - f a r s h )A B I L I T Y ( 3 )

n . f s g . ( m a q d r a )e x : H e h a s t h e s h i l l

h e w a n t s .( 3 a n d u : l - u a q d r a

y y i b )

4 1 1 2 1 0 : 1t y t o d o a n y t h i n g

h i s t y a 3 m i l

, ; ; J A J 5 j a l s04 - . 4 k i t 4 0 t h i! E l ( 2 )

a d j . m . s g . ( q a : d 1 r )f . s g . ( q a : d r a )p l . ( w d r i s n )

T o b e a b l e t o ( 1 ) ( a s

( n i j j i m )e x : I c a n n o t c o m e .

J

; . " 4 1 1 1 ,L r - C 4

i n f A n i t i v a ( , - 0 3c a n )

( m a : a - m i n i m - e h n - j / s )- 0 1 1A W t ;S r " " 1 6 / 4 " t e l w . j rA B N O R M A L ( 4 )

a d j . m . ( m u s s h y p , . . 0 1 4 ; 4 : 4 1 . 4t 1 0 . Wf . ( m u : s h T a b i : 3 i y y )

p l . ( m u : s h T a b i : 3 1 y y i t n ) L - t r y n g 4 ) 1 , . . -

A B O A R D ( 3 )1 a d v . ( U s ) s i r - 4

e x : S h e l e f t a b o a r d a p l a n e .I n s h i x t f l - r r a y a : r a )

s e t 4 1 . 1 1 _ - . 27 0 0

e x : H e a b o e r d t h e t r a i n t op i a T h i m l u g g a g e .


43/574

A B O L Y S H( T 1 a 3 b i i h y s : x i ib a g e t 3 u 0 0 ,

L I ; J S 3 V i b . 1 , & ! 'A B O L I S H ( t o ) ( 5 )

A v . ( n a l i ) i i s ) y , . . . t ; ( n r o l ) f i e s )e x : T h e y a b o l i s h e d I s l a v e r y .

% ( n a ) i g i m . . ; ,

T o b e a b o l i s h e d ( 4 )v . ( i t u s H 0 s 0

( t n a g g a 0e x : S l a v e r y w a s a b o l i s h e d .

( 1 - 3 u b u : d i y p i t - n a ) I H a : t )

A B O L I T I O N ( 5 )n . f . ( t i n g y i i )

A B O R T ( t o ) ( 5 )v . ( a r m i : ) ( r m a : )e x : S h e h a d a n a b o r t i o n ,

( r m ; : t ) 6 1 0 _ 4A B O R T I O N ( 5 )

n . m . ( r m u : )A B O U T ( 1 )

1 ( t a q r i : b ) 4 4 4 - 7e x : T h e o f f i c e i a a b o u t l k m f r o m

t h e h o u s e .( 1 - b i s r u : b 3 i t d t a r r i : bk i l u m a : t r 3 1 0 4 a w 9

7 j 1 : 1 1 1 ; ; L ; ; 4 4 4 e ) ) 3 -e x : T A ' s a b o u t 5 o ' c l o c k .

( t ; w w ; t a c i r i : b 1 - x a m a i ).i L Z . - - f 4 1 . ) 1 4 4 . 7 ) :2 ( 3 1 i ) 0 1 1

e x : H e t a l k - d t o m e a b o u t h i s f a m i l y .( k a l i d m - n i : 3 1 i : 3 a : y i 1 t u : )1 2 4 4 _ 1 o g ( 4 4 - 1 : 5

W h a t i s t h i s a b o u t ?( 3 1 A : p b y a $ k t : ) 1 , 4 1 5 3 , 0 - ' 1 "

( ( I I - J : 1 ) m i n ) 0 -

= I C U Sw e : H e l i v e s . a b o u t

( y - u i l k u n v i a m i n h u m i s )t 1 6 0 )

S r m u r I r r O j b k r . . 4 . 4 1 " . . 1 1 4 1 1 V4 ( 3 1 d ) p r o n o u n e n d i n g se x : . 1 , p u n c h i s a b o u t r e a d y .

( 1 - f T u t r 3 1 d - d u t N a a r )0

5 ( s h q a m l i k f i : )e x s W h a t d o y o u t h i n k . a b o u t h i m ?

( s h q a w l i k f i s h ) ?A B O V E ( 1 )

( f u : q ) J r . ;e x : H e l i v e s a b o v e u s .( y - u s k o n f u : q m i n n a s ) Pi l L s s o w s s o

T o b e a b o v e a . t h .( x s : T i t ) 4 L + p r o n o u n e n d i n g s se l : : H e i s a b o v e l y i n g .

( x a s T i s h

- A b o v e a l l,

( f u s q m i l - k u l ) ( 1 - . 1 0 1 j 6 0A B R I D G E

( i x t i S a m )A B R O A D ( 2 )

a d v . ( 1 - x a t r i j ) 1 1 _ 1 1e x : H e l i v e e * b r o a d .

( y - u s k u n f i l - x a l r i ) )b . -" z r l i t ;I C a ' 6 1

c x : H e c a m e f r o m a b r o a d .( j i : m i l - x s a r i j )

A B S C E S S ( 4 )n . f . ( d i m m u ; t 1 j )p i . ( d 1 m m t 1 : 1 ; : t )

,

2 4 3


44/574

A B S E N C EA B S E N C E ( 2 )

n . f .A B S E N T ( 2 )

a d j . m . ( A k a : y i b )f . ( 1 1 . 2 a : y b i l )p l . ( s t a z y b i s n )

T o b e a b s e n t ( 2 )v . ( I i l i : 0 4 . 1 . . . . . 4 3 j h e : b ) 4 1 - ;e x : H e w a s a b s e n t 3 d a y s .

( 1 1 2 a : b t h a i : t h i 7 - y ; : m )( L 4 5 L T 4 L . iA B S E N Z - M I N D E D ( 4 )

a d j . U 6 ( 1 1 ; : h i 0f . ( s e : h y ; )p l . ( a ; : h i s n )

A B S O L U T E ( 5 )a d j . m . ( t ; : m )f . ( t i m m i k )p l . ( a m e n i : n )e x : H e h a s a k s o l u t e p o w e r .( J a n d u : m u r k , a s )

A B S O L U T E L Y ( 3 )a d v . ( 3 1 a : T u : 1 - 1 1 - x a T )

N r - - 4 L 1 '

e x : Y o t / a r e a b s o l u t e l y w T o n g .( i n t i s h a s l i T T u l - i l - x a T )

1 1 - 4 ; 1 1 ,A B S O R B ( t o ) ( 3 )

v . ( u s h r u b ) 4 4 , ' I I ( s h r e b )e x t T h e b l o t t i n g - p a p e r a b s o r b e d

t h e i n k .( i r h - s h i t . y y i : $ e h r a b 1 - R b a : r )

T o l e a b s o r b e d l o s . t h . ( 4 )( t b a s T i s f i : ) k r I A P L I te x : i n s i s a b s o r b e d i n h e r w o r k .

( j i a s T a a f t : x i d m i t 4 1 )

A B U S E ( t o ) ( 3 )1 v . ( k a t h t h i r )

e x : H i a b u s e d o f w i n e .( k a t h t h i r m i s h - s h r a : b )

f p .4 1 : 1 - - g - 4 1 1 1 4 4 0e 42 ( t 3 a d d i :

e x : H e a b u s e d h i s w i f e .( t 3 a d d s : 3 1 : m a r t u s ) e

A C C E L E R A T E t o ) ( 4 ) 41 Y e ( X i ' d f i e ' l l u l 3 a ) 4 P 1 4 0 6 1 4

X X ; : d ) G R I M M 5 I I : ,A C C E L E R A T O R ( 4 )

n . m . f . w . u . A c c i l t r a t e u r.( 4 4 i l i i r a s t u i r ) e l . : 1 1 4 1 4 7

A C C E N T ( 3 )

3

u . f .p l . ( I i h j i i s t ) g a , r . 1 . 1e x : H e s p e a k s A r a b i c w i t h a r

A m e r i c a n a c c e n t . '( 1 - i t k i 1 1 i m 1 - 3 a r b i :

4 , 1 9 A . 1 r i , p s ,

A C C E N T ( t o ) ( 3 )v . ( i n x i l 3 1 i 1 )( n z i l 3 1 5 0e x : a c c e n t t h e l a s t p a r t o f t h e w o r d .

( i n z i l l i x x i r m a : 3 /, i c1 - 4 4 1 0 , 7 : 3 _ 4 ; 4 j 1 3 j j i


45/574

A C C E P T , A C C O M P L I S HA C C E P T ( t o ) ( 2 )

V . ( i q b i l )e x : S h e a c c e p t e d t h e i n v i t i t i o n .

( q i b l i t 1 - i s t i d 3 a 0

T o b e a c c e p t e d ( 3 )( t i q b i l )

e x : H e w a s a c c e p t e d a t t h e e x a m .( t i q b i l

A C C E P T A B L E ( 3 )a d j . m . ( m a q b u : 1 )f . ( m i q b u : 1 ; ) A !p l . ( m a q b u : l i : n )e x : T h i s i d e a i s a c c e p t a b l e .

m a q b u : l i )

A C C I D E N r ( 2 )n . m . s g . ( N a : d i t h )p l . ( N a w a : d i t h )e x : H e h a d a n a c c i d e n t .

( 3 m 7 : 1 N a d i t h )e x : T h e r e w a s a n a c c i d e n t d o w n t o w n

( w q s 3 N a : d i t h f i : w u s Tv t k f a . 4 U . E . 5

- b i a : i d e n t ( 2 ) ( S u d f ; ) 1 _ 3 1 ;e x : I L ' t h e m h y a c c i d e n t i n T u n i s .

( 3 r u d h - t - h u m S u d f a f i : t u r o i s )" e L lA C C I D E N T A L L Y ( 2 )

a d v . ( S u d f ; ) a . . 1 1. j . - L - - , f Oe x : W e m e t a c c i d e n t a l l y .

( t q a o b i l n i ; : S t u 1 6 ) ; ; b 1 . :

A C C O M O D A T E ( t o ) ( 4 )k v . ( i r f a 3 ) E r j h ( r f a 3 ) 6 m i j o

e x : T h i s r o o m a c c o m o d a t e t 4 p e o p l e . '( l - b i : s t w i r f c 3 a r b 3 a

m i g r n a : s )0 . ' 1 ' 1 ) 1 , " 7 . 1 I . 4 4 j i2 v . ( s i k k i n )

e x : I c a n a c c o m o d a t e 2 p e o p l e .n - s a i p t i n t u t s m i n - m i s s )

1 ; 1 - . 7 4 , 5 4 4 : 4 6 . 7 'A C C O M O D A T I N G ( 4 )

a d j . m . ( m l i : N )f . ( m l i : N a )p l . ( m l i : ) )e x ; S h e i s a v e r y a c c o m o d a t i n g w o m a n

( m r a : m l i : N a y i : s i r )0 t i r a m j ; e 4 " . . . : 1 1 0 0

- A C C O M P A N I M E N T ( 5 )n . f . ( m u r a : f q a )

A C C O M P A N Y ( t o ) ( 2 )1 v . ( i m m h i W a t )

( m 1 0 : m 3 a s )L I : . 14 1 : 1 4 -t . J . :

e x : H . a c c o m p a n i e d m e t o t h e a i r p o r t .( m l h i : m 3 a : y i :

A C C O M P L I S H ( t o ) ( 2 )1 ( a 3 m i l ) S - . . 4 4 1 . ( 3 m ; 1 )e x t H e a c c o m p l i s h e d m a n y t h i n g s i na s h o r t t i m e .

( 3 m ; 1 b a r s h ; N a s j i . : t f i : s h w i t y y 4w a q t ) t ,

02 ( k i m m i l )e x : H e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h e w o r k . I g a v e h i m .

( k a m m i l , i L l i : 3 T i g t : A i t s - l u s )L l o a l l i t ' s e ! ! a h ' 1

4 0


46/574

A C C O R DA C C O R D ( 5 )

n . m . s g . ( i t t i f i h q ) t i l L ap l . ( i t t i f i : q i y i : t ) 4 L L 4 i a h

e x : T h e y s i g n e d a n a c c o r d b e t w e e nt h e m .

( S a N N u : i t t i f a s q m a : b i s p a l t - h u m )4 . 1 . i x J hO f o n e ' s 6 c c o r c ( 4 ) )( m i r - r a : s u : ) s we x : H e t o o k t h e d e c i a i o n t o l e a v e

o n h i s o w n a c c o r d .( c l a r r i r ! t s h y - t m s h i : m i x - r e : s u s )v . ;

T o b e i n a c c o r d ( 3 )( t i t t i f q i : n )e x : T h e y w e r e a l w a y s i n a c c o r d .

t i t k p i f q i : n )

A C C O R D I N G ( t o ) ( 2 )1 a d v . ( $ a s b m i : )

1 1 ,

e x : A c c o r d i n g t o w h a t h e s a i d , s h ew i l l b e l a t e .( $ a s b q a : l b i s h t j i : m m a x x a r )j u t ;

2 ( $ a s b )e x : A c c o r d i n g t o o r d e r s :

-( $ a s b 1 - a w a : m i r ) 0e x : A c c o r d i n g t o m c :

( $ a s b r a : y i : ) 1 1A C C u U C H E Y E N T ( 5 )

n . f . s g . ( w l i : d ; )p l . ( w l i i : d i : t )

A C C O U N T ( 2 )I . n . m . s q . ( $ 6 . 1 " 1 : 0

p l . ( S s t : b n : t )

5

r ,e x : I w a n t t o o p e n . a b a n k a c c o u n t .

( n - N i b n - O i l N s i : b f t l - b a s n k i i )X 1 1 :

2 n . f . s g . ( t ; s b i s c i a ) . . L . 1 1 4 0 1 5p l . ( t i l a b i s q a : t ) 4 7 , 1 4 4 . 1 . i

e x : H e g a v e m e 1 0 d i n a r s a n a c c o u n t .( 3 T a s - n i s 3 a p h r a d i m a t r e s t

t a a b i s c i a )1 ; t i g

O n a c c o u n t o f ( 1 )( 3 1 5 : x a : T i r )e x : I d i d n o t g o o n a c c o u n t o f t h e r a i n .

( m a : m s h i l t i s h 3 1 : m u T i r 1 - 1 m T a rS i b b i T Y e; r o i l j e v i - z i k a l :T o g i v e a n a c c o u n t o f s . t h . ( 2 )

3 1 i 0O k i : 3 1 1 0

t ; L ; k i r 1 1 . 1e x : W o u l d y o u g i v e m e a n . . . c c o u n t o f

t h e a c c i d e n t ?( t - n i ) j i m - s h i3 8 1 - N a : d a )0 0 .t o t wT o _ g 4 s n a c c o u n t o f t . 1 2 . 1 1 . 1 1 /e x p e n s e s( a 3 T i : V s 5 : b )( 3 T a : )

e x E v e r y o t h e r w e e k , t h e m a i d g i v e sm e a r a c c o u n t o f t h e e x p e n s e s b i l l .( k u l l i m 3 t i : n t - a 3 T i : n i :

Y a w l ) 1 - q a c i h y a )4 : : : 4 1 1 L . ; ! : : ' 1 t i Cy e A l T ; 0 6 . . y

T o t a u t i n t o a c c o u n t ( 2 )1 v . ( i 3 t b n r ) 3 . 4 P , ( 3 t h n r )


47/574

e x t Y o u h a v e t o t a k e h i s s i c k n e s si n t o a c c o u n t .( y i l z m i k t - i 3 t b a i n a r d h u s )

J . . 1 4 ;2 v . ( I h t i m ) ( h a m )e x : Y o u h a v e t o t a k e a l l t h e d e t a i l s

i n t o a c c o u n t ,( y i l z m i k t - i h t i m b i t - t i f a : S i : 1

1 - k u l )0 j I 0u j o . . o . o m o t i j r i 4 ; 1 ;T o a c c o u n t f o r s . t h . ( 2 )

1 v . ( a s s i r ) . .e x : H e m u s t a c c o u n t f o r h i s b e h a v i o r .

( y i l z m u : y - f e s s i r . s i : r t u : ) _j AT o a c c o u n t f o r 5 . 0 ( 3 )a d j 0 m . a g . ( m a s - u : 1 ) j < .

f , s g . ( n a s - o : 1 ; ) L c i r a .p l . ( m a s - u : l i m ) C r e - - 1 1e x : H e i a i h e o n l y o n e w h o c a na c c o u n t f o r h e r .

( h u w w i 1 - m i s - u : 1 3 1 1 . 0 4 04 . 1 = ` 7 4 l t 4

A C C O U N T A N T ( 5 )n . m . f . w . 0 ( k n n T a : b 1 ) sc o m p t a b l e

A C C U Y U L A T E ( t o ) ( 2 )v . ( l i m ) ( J i m )

) 2 c : H e a c c u m u l a t e d a I n t l - -( l a m t h a r w a k b i : r a )

I C C I P U A T I O Nn . m . ( l a m m i i : n )

A C C U P . A C Y ( 3 )n o t ' . ( d i q q a )

f o r t u n e .

A C C U R A T E ( 3 ). 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 = M M I N I C I M R ,

A C C U S W A

J 0o o d o1 a d j . m . s g . ( m a t q u : n ) # i . , . . 1 .f . a g . ( m i l t q u s n i ) i . . . . : . 0 . : 1 ;

. . . . .p l . ( m i l i t q u : n i : n ) 4 1 1 1 i t 4 : 6e x : H e i s a v e r y a c c u r a t e w o r k e r .

( h u w w * x a d d e i s m a t q u s n y a s s i r )

2 ( 4 ) m . s g . ( m a d h b u : T ) . .f . ( m a d h b u : T a )p l . ( m a d h b u s T i : n )

e x : M y w a t c h i s a c c u r a t e .( m u n g L I t i : m a d h b u e r a )

o1 1 : 0 , . . " 1 0 4 ) 4 1 4 1 '

A C C U R A T E L Y ( 4 )I a d * . ( b - d i q q a )e x : T h e m a c h i n e r u n s a c c u r a t e l y .

t a a i x d i m b - d i q q a )1 : w ) 4 2 4 g i

2 ( b i t n t a g i s q )e x : M y w a t c h w o r k s a c c u r a t e l y

( m u n g a s l t i : b i t - t i t : 1 0 W3 - 1 4 1 : 1 1 , . 1 3 . 1 4 , f a . 2 4 1 1 4

A C C U S E ( t o ) ( 3 )v . ( i t h i m ) & I I ( t h i m )

e x : T h e y a c c u s e d h i m o f a i t i u e .( t i h m u s - h

; r i t e - A - 7 ,

A C C U S A T I O N ( )n . f . s g . ( t u h m ; ) _ _p l . ( t u h i i m )

t ' s . C U S T O M ( t n ) ( 3 )1 v .

o r 2 v . ( i s t i : n f t t )( s t i v i 4 s )

6 e l f - * n ve

o


48/574

A C C U S T O M E D A C I N T0e x : Y o u h a v e t o g e t a c c u s t o m e d t o 2 ( 4 ) ( t g a s s i l 3 1 6 ) t o L i j . ,h e c l i m a t e a n d b h e f o o d .

( y i l z m i k b i T - T a q s

6 4 , v V t .A C C U S T O M E D ( t b e ) ( 3 )* d i . m . s g . ( m m i : l y )f . ( m w ; : 1 6 )p l . ( m m i i : l f i : n )

e x : Y o u a r e a o t a c c u s t o m e d t o h o tf o o d .( m i 6 k i s h m m i : l i f b i l - m i : k " ;

1 - S i t r r a l .; i J . Q L S L .a d ) . m . s g . ( m i s t ; : n i s )

f ( m i s t e : n s ) - r Z t : : . ;p l . ( m i s t a : n r i s n )

A C E ( 5 )s g . ( l a S )

p l . ( 1 S u : S ) - -A C H E ( t o ) ( 5 )

0 ,v . ( u t j a 3 ) . . . . e . . . . . t . i l ( w j a 3e x : M y s t o m a c h a c h e s .

( l i r t h i : t - u : j a 3 ) . -L I E ( 5 )

n . f . s g . ( w 1 1 - 0 a )p l . ( w j i : y ; 3 )

e x : I h a v e a h e a d a c h e .( 3 a n d 1 : w j i : 3 a f t : r a : s h )

1 7 4 , 4 1 - 1 4 k i t s s t : 7

t t a ., 4 - 1

.

6 . . . 4 1 4 3

A C U 1 E V E ( t o ) ( 4 )1 v . ( $ a c n i c i )

e x : H e a c h i e v e d h i s g o a l .m t 3 o c )

U It i d il h a j A L N t i e w t j U r .

e x : H e . a c h i e v e d t h e p o s i t i o n o fa d i r e c t o r .( t N a S S i l 3 1 ; : m a n S i b m u l d i s r )A . r .; i 1 . 9 a a k a A k r w i l A m i a a

A C H I E V E M E N T . ( 5 )n . m . ( t a N i s q )

A C I D ( 5 )a d j . m . ( l i a m i d h )

f . ( g a m d b i )p l . . ( S a m d h i m )

e v : T h i s . o r a n g e h a s ' a n

0

a s i : L :i t t ;a c i d t a s t e .

( 1 4 1 - b u r d 6 a n i m I l i p m d b a )

A C I D I T Y ( 5 )

o r ( l i m u s k i y y l )A C K N O W L E D G E ( t o ) ( 4 )

v . ( i 3 t r a f b - - - )( 3 t r a f b - - - )

e x :

A7 W I r 7 A o r

t 4 7 4 0 4PIH e a c k n o w l e d g e d h i s m i s t a k e .

$ 1 5 1 . . . . 1 1

( 3 t r a f b - y l a I T T u s )A C K N O W L E D G M E N T ( 5 )

. n . m . s g . ( i 3 t i r a a )p l . ( i 3 t i r e s e i t )

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T ( w i t h m y - - - )( m 3 E : t a s h a k k u r a : t i : )

A C N E ( 5 )n . c o l l . ( ) l a b i h b i : b )

t S 2 L I E ! ( t o ) ( 3 )

4 ( 9

1 . 4 : 8 :4 1 .1 v . ( 3 a r r 1 f )

e x : H e w i l l a c q u a i m t y o u w i t hy o u r c o l l e a g u e t .


49/574

M R E L E S E L . , A C R O S Sy - 3 a r f i k b - z u m i l a t i O

2 ( i 3 l i m . 1 ( 3 l i m ) 1 1 7 ;e x : H e a c q u a i n t e d m e w i t h a l l t h a th a p p e n e d .

( 3 1 i m - n i : L - k u l m i : m i a 3 )t i j a 6 1 - 4 . s r 4 4 4 - ;L q t 1 A I N T E D ( t o b e ) ( 3 )

( k u : n m i n Z 1 2 - 5e x : W e a r e a c q u a i n t e d .

( n - k u : n y : m i n b 3 a d h n i t )?

e x : I a m a c q u a i n t e d t o h i m .A s A( n - k u : n m i n - n u 0 . J . r :A c q , I n t o n e s e l f w i t h s . t h . ( 3 )e e I . 0( i L i a r r i f 3 1 s 1

( t 3 a r r i f 3 1 ; 0 ; , 4 ; 1 4 ; 1 , . ;e x : I n e e d s o m e t i m e t o a c q u a i n t

m y s e l f w i t h t h e w o r k .( y i l z i m - n i : s h w i i y y ; a a q t b i s h

n - i t 3 a r r i f 3 a 1 - x i d m a ). .

- 0 . IL i e " ; 6 1 " 0 " - ' ' . ) 4 0 " k e r g eT o b e c o m j E l a l l i t t d ( 4 )e x : W c b e c a m e a c q u a i n t e d i n 1 9 7 3 .

( t 3 a r r i f - n a : 3 1 a : b 3 a d h n a : f i :3 a : m 1 9 7 3 )

1 9 7 3 ' s r 1 1 ; 4 0 1 ; 4 4 . . ;A C T I A I N T A N C E ( 3 )

n . f . s g . ( m a 3 r 6 )p l , ( m 3 a : r i f ) A 4

P x 1 a m g l a d t o m a k e y o u ra c q u a i n t a n c e !( m a 3 r f a T a y y b i ) 6 1 , 4 4

I h a y ' , a l a r g e c i r c l e o fa c q u m i n t e n c e s

( 3 a n d i s b a r s h i i m 3 a : r i f )' ,

I t C Q U I R E ( t o ) ( 4 )I v . ( i j m a 5 ) . 4 4 0 , ( 0 0 )e x : H e a c q u i r e d a l a r g e f o r t u n e , _ _ _

( j m a 3 t h a r w a k b i : r a )g o ' ci eo s t o O U .

2 v . ( i t R a S S i l 3 l l s L 4 . 1 1 : 4 1 . . 0 4 . 4e x : H e a c q u i r e d a n e w . p o s i t i o n .

( t g a S S i l 3 1 1 b s m a n S i p j l i s d )' 4 g * - 4 4 1 0 4 : 6 . 1 0 . 1 u $ 4 , 4 1 " ;

A C Q U I T ( t o ) ( 4 )V . ( i 3 f i : 3 l i m a

( 3 6 : 3 1 0 .u L ; y r - P 1 .

e x : T h e y a c q u i t t e d h i m .( 3 f i : v 3 l L t h ) L i t 4 - 2 . ; "

A B U I T T A L ( 5 )n . m . ( 3 a f w )

A C R E ( 5 )I t ' s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f :( n u S - k T a s r )

A C R O S S ( 2 )p r e p , 1 ( m q a : b i l ) .e x : T h e h o t e l i s a c r o s s

L g . . ? lJ L 7 t U L . . :

m y h o u s e .( 1 - u : t i a o m q a d o i l .4 1 5

e x : S h e s a t a c r o s s t h e c l b l e f r o m m e .( 4 i a 3 d i t m 9 a s h l i t - n i : U T - T s : I d a )

2 . 4 7 " 1 1 . 9 1 4 . 1 j ;2 ( m i j - j A h T 1 - u x r a . ) ,e x : T h e s t o r e i s a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t .

( 1 - t a n u : t m i j - j i s h i 1 - u x r al o p t h - t h n i y y a ) 4E l i r ; ; L i


50/574

A C Tt o i t a . . . . A t a s s I t t k . , ( 2 )v . ( s h u q ) ( 3 1 4 4 4 )e x ; W e w a l k e d ! c r o s s t h e s t r e e t ' .

( s h a q - q i : : ) , a i . i t h - t h n i v i )L " " r i "A C T ( 4 )1 n . m . s g . ( 3 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 )

p l . f . ( 3 4 1 1 )e x : H e d i d m a n y g o o d a c t s .

( q a : m b - b a r s h i l 3 m i : 1 T t y y b i )J

2 ( 4 ) n . m . s g . ( q a : n u : u )p l . ( q a v a s n i : n )

I 6 6W r 2 . 1 C ; a 6 4 3 1 ;

e x : T h e g o v e r n m e n t p a s s e d a n a c t t oi n c r e a s c t a x e s .( l - g u k u : r a S s d d r i : : q a : n u : n b L a bt - z i : d f i l - a d a a : t )

1 T : 3 l i e 0 4 . i d , : a t j a . i i% , 0 1 C P I , U P ' 4A C T ( t o ) ( 3 )

v . ( a l a l l g a : j e ) I" J " : 7 1 . m w( 3 m ; 1 1 N a d i ) 6 1 -e x : H e a l w a y s t h i n k s b e f o r e h e a c t s .y - x a s m i m q b a l y - a 8 t u i lj a )

A C T ( t o ) ( 4 )v . ( m a t h t h i l )e x : S h e l i k e s t o a c t t h i p a r t o f

t h c q u e e n .( t - g i b t - m i t h t h i l c l a w

t . 1 1 , 0 1 : 6 =P 4 . 0A C T I V E ( 3 )

n d j . m . s g . ( n e : s h i T )f . ( n a : s h T s )p l . ( n a : s h T i : n ) 1 ; . - 4 4 : 1 1

A C T I V I T Y ( 3 )1 n . m . s g . ( n a s h a : T )

0 0p i . ( a n s h T a )

A C U T Ea x : H e h a s m a n y a C t i v i t i e s .

O a n d u : b a r s h ; a n s h T e )

2 ( O r a )e x : T h e r e i s a l o t o f a c t i v i t y i nt h e s o u k s .

( t h i i m m i t ' s b a r s h i i 0 a r k i i f i l - l i q t ; : q )

A C T O R ( 4 ) 0a . m . ( m u m i i t h t h i l )f . ( m u m i i t h t h l i )

p l . ( m u a t h t h l i m )e x : S h e w a n t s t o b e c o m e a n a c t r e s s

( t - $ 1 b r u m i t h t h l a )4 . 4A C T U A L ( 3 )

a d j . m . a g . ( g a q 1 : 0 0 4 5 4 4f . C g a q i : q i y y )p l . ( $ a s p a g i v i s n )

e x : T e l l h i m t h e a c t u a l r e a s o n .( q u a l u : 3 a s s b i b e ,

A C T U A L L Y ( 3 )1 a d t . ( f i l - g q i s q a ) 4 4 0 : 1 4

e x : W e a c t u a l l y d o n ' t k n o w t h e h o u s e .( f i l - E q i : q a m e : n - s 3 r f u s a h i d - d a : r )1 0 A ' ? . .

A I I a i s ; - : 4 5 t . a t i a - a t t "2 a d v . ( b i l - m i n c i . d ) . - 1 , - - - . . . . 1 1 1 . 4 . 1 ce x : D o y o u a c t u a l l y t r u s t h i m ?

( A l - m i n j i d 3 a n d T i k t h i z i a f i s h )t

A C T U A L I T Y ( 3 ) e 0n . m . ( 1 - w i l : q a 3 ) 6 _ 4 1A C U T E ( 3 )

0gI a d i . m , 0 - 1 6 4 . j i ? 9 ; = ; i f . ( w a y y ; ) L - t r i


51/574

1 1 1 1 e M i o r m i

p a i n i n h i s b a c k .( 3 a n d u : w j i : 3 a q v i y y a f i : d b a h r u tS . , ) : .

. 0 - " " " 1 / 4 1 . k e 6 ' 1 4 V 1 4 4 )2 ( 4 ) m . ( O a : d ) 1

f . ( O a : d d l )e x : H e h a s a n a c u t e s i g h t .

( n a d h r u : O A : d )3 ( 3 ) m . ( m a b b i b ) Ix n e r e a s i f t a l

f . ( m a

Tunisian Dictionary

Documents

Transcript of Tunisian Dictionary