Tuesday, February 3Tuesday, February 3rdrd

Bell WorkBell Work: Please pick up your notebook from the : Please pick up your notebook from the back table. Take a moment to copy down the EQ back table. Take a moment to copy down the EQ

and WOD. Then, along the front board you will see and WOD. Then, along the front board you will see yellow vocab posters. Please select one sheet and yellow vocab posters. Please select one sheet and

take it back to your seat. Your job is to take it back to your seat. Your job is to define/identify the term, illustrate it in some way define/identify the term, illustrate it in some way (symbol, picture, etc.) and explain how it relates (symbol, picture, etc.) and explain how it relates

to one of the course themesto one of the course themes

Course ThemesCourse Themes: : Human Interaction with Human Interaction with EnvironmentEnvironment; ; Development of CultureDevelopment of Culture; ; Political Political SystemsSystems; ; Economic SystemsEconomic Systems; ; Development of Development of

Social StructuresSocial Structures

Daily Agenda:Daily Agenda: Bell WorkBell Work: Vocab : Vocab

ReviewReview WODWOD repudiaterepudiate ActivatorActivator: Kahoot : Kahoot

ReviewReview LectureLecture: Classical : Classical

Indian SocietyIndian Society ProjectProject: Visual : Visual

MetaphorMetaphor

Essential QuestionEssential Question: :

Why was centralized Why was centralized rule more common in rule more common in Classical China than Classical China than India?India?

HomeworkHomework: Read : Read pgs. 201-208pgs. 201-208

RepudiateRepudiate – to take back; to reject; to disavow – to take back; to reject; to disavowPronunciation for WordPronunciation for Word

““Martin, do you or do you not REPUDIATE these Martin, do you or do you not REPUDIATE these books and the falsehoods they contain?” The place books and the falsehoods they contain?” The place was the Diet of Worms. The time was April 1521. was the Diet of Worms. The time was April 1521. The question posed by the papal legate Johann Eck The question posed by the papal legate Johann Eck required an answer. For Martin Luther, the moment required an answer. For Martin Luther, the moment of truthof truthhad finally arrived. How would had finally arrived. How would Luther respond?Luther respond?

Read-Aloud 2/3/2015, Block 1

Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms defends his writings against the papacy and says he will not recant his statements.

Kahoot ReviewKahoot Review If you have an electronic If you have an electronic

device with you today, you device with you today, you may take it out.may take it out.

Please go to Please go to kahoot.itkahoot.it You will be prompted to You will be prompted to

enter a game code and ID enter a game code and ID in a momentin a moment

At the conclusion of this At the conclusion of this review game, your review game, your electronic device must be electronic device must be turned offturned off

Classical Age IndiaClassical Age India

Culturally, linguistically, and Culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverseethnically diverse

14 major languages (most Indo-14 major languages (most Indo-European)European)

Indian culture synthesis of Harappan, Indian culture synthesis of Harappan, Aryan, and other influencesAryan, and other influences

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. --- Albert Einstein.

India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition. --- Mark Twain.

If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India . --- French scholar Romain Rolland.

Religions of South Asia

Religions of South Asia

HinduismHinduism

Early Aryan history Early Aryan history known as the known as the “Rig-Vedic” Period “Rig-Vedic” Period (1700-1000 BCE)(1700-1000 BCE)

Rig-Vedas are the Rig-Vedas are the earliest religious earliest religious texts of Hinduismtexts of Hinduism

Written in SanskritWritten in Sanskrit

Monotheism or Polytheism?Monotheism or Polytheism?

Over 3000 gods and goddessesOver 3000 gods and goddesses All considered aspects of Brahma, All considered aspects of Brahma,

the overall the overall

The Hindu Caste SystemThe Hindu Caste System

Brahmin (priests)Brahmin (priests) Kshatriyas (warriors Kshatriyas (warriors

and rulers)and rulers) Vaisyas (merchants)Vaisyas (merchants) Sudras (peasants Sudras (peasants

and laborers)and laborers) Untouchables Untouchables

(people without (people without caste, Chandala)caste, Chandala)

The four varnas (castes) originated in The four varnas (castes) originated in the sacrifice of the macrocosmic, the sacrifice of the macrocosmic, primeval man, according to the Rig primeval man, according to the Rig Veda.Veda.

Brahmans: HeadBrahmans: Head Kshatriyas: ShouldersKshatriyas: Shoulders Vaisyas: ThighsVaisyas: Thighs Sudras: FeetSudras: Feet

Traditional Functions of the Traditional Functions of the CastesCastes

Brahman: priests, thinkers, Brahman: priests, thinkers, intellectualsintellectuals

Kshatriyas: rule, protect, maintain Kshatriyas: rule, protect, maintain orderorder

Vaisyas: commerce and agricultureVaisyas: commerce and agriculture Sudras: more menial tasksSudras: more menial tasks Untouchables: work with polluting Untouchables: work with polluting

substances: leather, excrement, filthsubstances: leather, excrement, filth

Castes and HierarchyCastes and Hierarchy

Hierarchical rank according to purity Hierarchical rank according to purity and pollutionand pollution

Rituals and ceremonies in each caste Rituals and ceremonies in each caste serve as caste identifiersserve as caste identifiers

Ultimate punishment: Ultimate punishment: excommunication from your casteexcommunication from your caste

Consequences of the Caste Consequences of the Caste SystemSystem

Individuals are judged by their caste, not Individuals are judged by their caste, not by their abilities. Caste interaction by their abilities. Caste interaction discourageddiscouraged

Benefits the top castes to the detriment of Benefits the top castes to the detriment of the lower castesthe lower castes

Some caste mobility through Some caste mobility through Sanskritization: groups within castes can Sanskritization: groups within castes can gradually raise their status by emulating gradually raise their status by emulating higher castes over several generationshigher castes over several generations

Caste System LegacyCaste System Legacy

The system has survived for centuries, The system has survived for centuries, meaning Hindu society remains stablemeaning Hindu society remains stable

Modern India has legal equality for all Modern India has legal equality for all and guarantees basic human rights, but and guarantees basic human rights, but cultural discrimination against lower cultural discrimination against lower castes and untouchables continuescastes and untouchables continues

Hindu Religious textsHindu Religious texts

RamayanaRamayana MahabarataMahabarata UpanishadsUpanishads Written in Written in

SanskritSanskrit

Siddhartha Gautama ca 563-Siddhartha Gautama ca 563-483 BCE483 BCE

Born the son of a Born the son of a Kshatriya chiefKshatriya chief

At age 29 assumed At age 29 assumed an ascetic lifestyle an ascetic lifestyle in search of Nirvana in search of Nirvana (Enlightenment)(Enlightenment)

Known as Buddha Known as Buddha “The Enlightened “The Enlightened One”One”

The Four Noble TruthsThe Four Noble Truths

1. All human life is 1. All human life is sufferingsuffering

2. All suffering is caused by 2. All suffering is caused by desiredesire

End suffering by ending End suffering by ending desiredesire

End desire by following the End desire by following the Eightfold Noble Path: right Eightfold Noble Path: right understanding, right understanding, right thought, right speech, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, action, right livelihood, right effort, right right effort, right mindfulness, and right mindfulness, and right concentration.concentration.

Buddhist PracticesBuddhist Practices

SelflessnessSelflessness Disapproval of Disapproval of

violence, meat violence, meat eating, animal eating, animal sacrifice, and warsacrifice, and war

Four Cardinal Four Cardinal Virtues: friendliness, Virtues: friendliness, compassion, joy, compassion, joy, and equanimityand equanimity

Buddhism and Hinduism Buddhism and Hinduism ComparedCompared

Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or “Universal Soul”“Universal Soul”

Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste systemsystem

Buddhism less patriarchal, women Buddhism less patriarchal, women have equal chance to achieve have equal chance to achieve Nirvana (can become monks as well)Nirvana (can become monks as well)

Two Types of BuddhismTwo Types of Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism: philosophy rather Theravada Buddhism: philosophy rather than religion. Buddha a man, not god, than religion. Buddha a man, not god, practiced primarily in Sri Lankapracticed primarily in Sri Lanka

Mahayana Buddhism: salvation religion. Mahayana Buddhism: salvation religion. Buddha became a god, good and devout Buddha became a god, good and devout people can become bhoddisatvas: people can become bhoddisatvas: potential future Buddhas.potential future Buddhas.

Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism spread through India spread through India to China, East Asiato China, East Asia

Emphasis on Emphasis on repetition of prayers repetition of prayers and devotions: and devotions: prayer flags, prayer prayer flags, prayer wheels, printing.wheels, printing.

Buddhism in the Subcontinent

Buddhism in the Subcontinent

Buddha’s head :

2c Pakistan

Buddha’s head :

2c Pakistan

Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif

Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif

Indian Contact with outside Indian Contact with outside WorldWorld

Hinduism encouraged Hinduism encouraged pilgrimagespilgrimages

Mixing of Aryans with Mixing of Aryans with indigenous cultures indigenous cultures encouraged syncretismencouraged syncretism

331 BCE Alexander the 331 BCE Alexander the Great marched to the Great marched to the edge of Indiaedge of India

Greek and Indian Greek and Indian culture began to culture began to intermixintermix

Chandragupta Maurya 321-297 Chandragupta Maurya 321-297 BCEBCE

Conquered Conquered Northern India, Northern India, Indus ValleyIndus Valley

Established Established Mauryan DynastyMauryan Dynasty

Ashoka 272-232 BCEAshoka 272-232 BCE

Last of the great Last of the great Mauryan EmperorsMauryan Emperors

Aggressive, cruel Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early conqueror in early lifelife

After the bloody After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted Ashoka converted to Buddhismto Buddhism

Ashoka’s IndiaAshoka’s India

Ashoka became a vegetarian and Ashoka became a vegetarian and renounced warfarerenounced warfare

State would rule by right or law, not State would rule by right or law, not mightmight

Religious tolerationReligious toleration Better treatment of women and lower Better treatment of women and lower

castescastes Encouaged Buddhist expansion Encouaged Buddhist expansion

throughout India and Asiathroughout India and Asia

Asoka’s law Asoka’s law codecode

Asoka’s law Asoka’s law codecode Edicts scattered inEdicts scattered in

more than 30 places more than 30 places in India, Nepal, in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. Pakistan, & Afghanistan.

Written mostly inWritten mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. Greek and Aramaic.

10 rock edicts.10 rock edicts.

Each pillar [Each pillar [stupastupa] is 40’-50’ high.] is 40’-50’ high.

Buddhist principles dominate his Buddhist principles dominate his laws.laws.

One of One of Asoka’Asoka’

ss

StupasStupas

One of One of Asoka’Asoka’

ss

StupasStupas

During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduismthreatened to wipe out Hinduism

After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declinedrevived and Buddhism declined

Reasons for India’s Religious Reasons for India’s Religious Shift After AshokaShift After Ashoka

Hindu syncretismHindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted : Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of womenenhanced the role of women

Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within Indialess active lives within India

Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta IndiaIndia

Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta IndiaIndia

Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c. Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.

He was following the pathHe was following the path of the Buddha. of the Buddha.

He reported the people to He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor. class that is doomed to menial labor.

India Under The Gupta Dynasty India Under The Gupta Dynasty 320-550 CE320-550 CE

Hinduism dominantHinduism dominant Heavy rice cultivation in Ganges valleyHeavy rice cultivation in Ganges valley Economic expansion due to Silk Road Economic expansion due to Silk Road

and Indian Ocean tradeand Indian Ocean trade Cultural FloweringCultural Flowering Indian cultural influence on Southeast Indian cultural influence on Southeast

AsiaAsia

International Trade International Trade Routes during the GuptasRoutes during the Guptas

International Trade International Trade Routes during the GuptasRoutes during the Guptas

Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:4c4c

Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:4c4c

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

GuptGuptaa

ArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The The earthearth

is roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

Gupta Gupta AchievemenAchievemen

tsts

Cave temple at ElephantaCave temple at Elephanta

Kalidasa, Gupta India’s Kalidasa, Gupta India’s greatest writergreatest writer

Greatest of Greatest of India’s Sanskrit India’s Sanskrit WritersWriters

Famous for 3 Famous for 3 plays and 2 Epic plays and 2 Epic PoemsPoems

Mauryan and Gupta Mauryan and Gupta SimilaritiesSimilarities

““Theater-State” System: Reign down Theater-State” System: Reign down riches on those areas most loyalriches on those areas most loyal

25% Agricultural Tax to finance govt.25% Agricultural Tax to finance govt. Government monopolies over key Government monopolies over key

industries (ship building, iron metallurgy, industries (ship building, iron metallurgy, armaments, etc.)armaments, etc.)

Both dynasties fade off into decentralized Both dynasties fade off into decentralized states (though not a decline in India)states (though not a decline in India)

MetaphorsMetaphors

What is the purpose of a What is the purpose of a metaphor?metaphor?

Can you explain this Can you explain this metaphor for time?metaphor for time?

Our Lives

The business of everyday

life

Can you Can you explain the explain the metaphor?metaphor?

Can you Can you explain the explain the metaphor?metaphor?

Top: “We are running out of time.”

Bottom: “Act now before it’s too late.”

Creating Creating a Visual a Visual MetaphMetaph

or:or:

Visual Metaphor Visual Metaphor ProjectProject:: Working on your own, create an extended visual Working on your own, create an extended visual

metaphor describing the Hellenic (Greek) society metaphor describing the Hellenic (Greek) society or Classical Rome based on the details from your or Classical Rome based on the details from your reading in Chapters 10-11. reading in Chapters 10-11.

Create a drawing that visually represents your Create a drawing that visually represents your civilization in the form of something else (tree, civilization in the form of something else (tree, garden, family, team, etc.)garden, family, team, etc.)

Each part of your drawing will represent some Each part of your drawing will represent some aspect of your chosen society. aspect of your chosen society.

Explain your connections with annotationsExplain your connections with annotations Be prepared to present and explain your Be prepared to present and explain your

metaphor Thursday.metaphor Thursday.

How to Start:How to Start: Read about the designated civilization in Chapter 10 or 11. Read about the designated civilization in Chapter 10 or 11. Choose something (non-history related) that you are familiar Choose something (non-history related) that you are familiar

with that has multiple componentswith that has multiple components ExampleExample: A football team : A football team Coach, quarterback, linemen, Coach, quarterback, linemen,

field, ball, opposing team, water boy, etc.field, ball, opposing team, water boy, etc. Next, identify the role of each component in that situation.Next, identify the role of each component in that situation. Match up the equivalent component in your chosen society Match up the equivalent component in your chosen society

(what would serve a similar role in that civilization).(what would serve a similar role in that civilization). ExampleExample: Neo-Confucianism is the ball that both sides use to : Neo-Confucianism is the ball that both sides use to

advance the society forward. advance the society forward. OROR The scholar-gentry are the The scholar-gentry are the quarterbacks leading the society closer to its goal.quarterbacks leading the society closer to its goal.

Daily objective:Daily objective:1.1. Read Chapter 10 or 11 and Read Chapter 10 or 11 and

complete notescomplete notes

2.2. Choose a topic to compare the Choose a topic to compare the society tosociety to

3.3. Plan your comparisons (what will Plan your comparisons (what will each thing in your drawing each thing in your drawing represent)represent)

4.4. Begin drawing metaphorBegin drawing metaphor

5.5. Annotate your drawing to explain Annotate your drawing to explain the connectionsthe connections